Lucas 22
Adam Clarke · Citado em PreceptAustin
Lucas 22
Clarke adds this note on lanterns - With these they had intended to search the corners and caverns, provided Christ had hidden himself; for they could not have needed them for any other purpose, it being now the fourteenth day of the moon’s age, in the month Nisan, and consequently she appeared full and bright. Constable on Roman cohort - The Romans stationed troops in the Fortress of Antonia during the Jewish feasts. It stood just north of the temple. Normally these troops resided in Caesarea on the Mediterranean coast, the Roman provincial capital. The NET Note adds that "Because of the improbability of an entire cohort being sent to arrest a single man, some have suggested that speira here refers only to a maniple, a force of 200. But the use of the word here does not necessarily mean the entire cohort was present on this mission, but only that it was the cohort which performed the task (for example, saying the fire department put out the fire does not mean that every fireman belonging to the department was on the scene at the time). These Roman soldiers must have been ordered to accompany the servants of the chief priests and Pharisees by Pilate, since they would have been under the direct command of the Roman prefect or procurator. It is not difficult to understand why Pilate would have been willing to assist the Jewish authorities in such a way. With a huge crowd of pilgrims in Jerusalem for the Passover, the Romans would have been especially nervous about an uprising of some sort. No doubt the chief priests and Pharisees had informed Pilate that this man Jesus was claiming to be the Messiah, or in the terms Pilate would understand, king of Israel." He approached Jesus to kiss Him - A kiss was frequently given when greeting someone. Luke 7:45; 15:20; Rom 16:16; 1 Cor 16:20; 2 Cor 13:12; 1 Pet 5:14. NET Bible Technical note on the Greek Text - Many manuscripts (D Θ f13 700 pm as well as several versional manuscript) add here, “for this is the sign he gave to them: Whoever I kiss is [the one].” This addition is almost certainly not original, since most of the important manuscripts lack it. It may be a copyist’s attempt to clarify the text, or the accidental inclusion of a marginal gloss. (IN ANY EVENT THE SAME PHRASE IS CLEARLY AUTHENTIC IN Mark 14:44.) Matthew Henry's Concise - Lk 22:47-53. Nothing can be a greater affront or grief to the Lord Jesus, than to be betrayed by those who profess to be his followers, and say that they love him. Many instances there are, of Christ's being betrayed by those who, under the form of godliness, fight against the power of it. Jesus here gave an illustrious example of his own rule of doing good to those that hate us, as afterwards he did of praying for those that despitefully use us. Corrupt nature warps our conduct to extremes; we should seek for the Lord's direction before we act in difficult circumstances. Christ was willing to wait for his triumphs till his warfare was accomplished, and we must be so too. But the hour and the power of darkness were short, and such the triumphs of the wicked always will be. ADDITIONAL DETAILS FROM JOHN'S GOSPEL While the Gospel of John does not describe the betrayal of Jesus by a kiss, John does record a discourse between Jesus and the approaching multitude which is not found in the three synoptic Gospels. While it is somewhat difficult to synchronize this conversation with the synoptic accounts, it appears to occur as Judas and the crowd were approaching. You will have to decide for yourself where you think this fits into these events in the Garden... So Jesus, knowing all the things that were coming upon Him, went forth and said to them, “Whom do you seek?” 5 They answered Him, “Jesus the Nazarene.” He said to them, “I am [He] (eimi).” And Judas also, who was betraying Him, was standing with them. 6 So when He said to them, “I am [He],” (JESUS' DIVINE NAME - cf Ex 3:14, AND REACTION OF THE JEWS IN Jn 8:58, 59, see also the "I Am's" of John 6:48, 8:12, 9:5, 10:9, 10:11-14, 10:36, 11:25, 14:6) they drew back and fell to the ground. (THIS CLEARLY IS THE EFFECT OF DIVINE POWER) 7 Therefore He again asked them, “Whom do you seek?” And they said, “Jesus the Nazarene.” 8 Jesus answered, “I told you that I am [He]; so if you seek Me, let these go their way,” 9 to fulfill the word which He spoke, “Of those whom You have given Me I lost not one.” (HIS PRAYER TO HIS FATHER = Jn 17:12 A PRAYER HE APPARENTLY SPOKE IN THE PRESENCE OF THE DISCIPLES) 10 Simon Peter then, having a sword, drew it and struck the high priest’s slave, and cut off his right ear; and the slave’s name was Malchus. 11 So Jesus said to Peter, “Put the sword into the sheath; the cup which the Father has given Me, shall I not drink it?” 12 So the Roman cohort and the commander and the officers of the Jews, arrested Jesus and bound Him, (APPARENTLY AT THIS TIME ALL THE DISCIPLES FLED INCLUDING PETER). (John 18:4-12+) Adam Clarke comments on the crowd falling to the ground - It is strange that, after this, they should dare to approach him; but the Scriptures must be fulfilled....Our Lord chose to give them this proof of his infinite power, that they might know that their power could not prevail against him if he chose to exert his might, seeing that the very breath of his mouth confounded, drove back, and struck them down to the earth. Fruchtenbaum - Throughout the Scripture when you find people in the presence of God they always fall on their faces in worship. Falling backward is not a sign of blessing but of judgment, or discipline. (Fruchtenbaum asks what does this suggest about "slain in the Spirit" where people fall backwards?) John Trapp on the crowd falling to the ground adds "Here our Saviour let out a little beam of the majesty of his Deity, and 500 men fell before him.”
Lucas 22
Clarke writes "the Talmud states (Sanhedrin. C.iv. S.1) that ‘Criminal processes can neither commence nor terminate, but during the course of the day. If the person be acquitted, the sentence may be pronounced during that day; but, if he be condemned, the sentence cannot be pronounced till the next day. But no kind of judgment is to be executed, either on the eve of the Sabbath, or the eve of any festival." Not only was the gathering illegal the high court of Judaism met to sentence to death a Man Who had not even been indicted! Talk about a "miscarriage of justice!" This was the greatest miscarriage in the of world. Peter was following at a distance - This is discussed in the notes under Luke 22:55 (see note). Bob
Lucas 22
Clarke comments that "all this evil sprung from the fear of man. How many denials of Christ and his truth have sprung since, from the same cause!” Denied (720)(arneomai from "a" = negation + rheo = say) literally means "to say no", to say one does not know about or is in any way related to some person or some thing. Webster says that to deny implies a firm refusal to accept as true, to grant or concede or to acknowledge the existence or claims of. (1) deny Lk 8:45; Jn 1:20; 2 Ti 3:5; 1 JN 2:22. disregard oneself Lk 9:23, but be untrue to oneself 2 Ti 2:13 (2) repudiate, disown Mt 10:33; 1 Ti 5:8; 2 Ti 2:12; Titus 1:16 (3) refuse Heb 11:24. ARNEOMAI - 28V - denied(10), denies(5), deny(12), denying(2), disowned(3), refused(1). Matt. 10:33; Matt. 26:70; Matt. 26:72; Mk. 14:68; Mk. 14:70; Lk. 8:45; Lk. 12:9; Lk. 22:57; Jn. 1:20; Jn. 18:25; Jn. 18:27; Acts 3:13; Acts 3:14; Acts 4:16; Acts 7:35; 1 Tim. 5:8; 2 Tim. 2:12; 2 Tim. 2:13; 2 Tim. 3:5; Tit. 1:16; Tit. 2:12; Heb. 11:24; 2 Pet. 2:1; 1 Jn. 2:22; 1 Jn. 2:23; Jude 1:4; Rev. 2:13; Rev. 3:8 RECALL PETER'S BRASH WORDS SET HIM FOR FAILURE JOHN 13:36-38+ Simon Peter *said to Him, “Lord, where are You going?” Jesus answered, “Where I go, you cannot follow Me now; but you will follow later.” 37 Peter *said to Him, “Lord, why can I not follow You right now? I will lay down my life for You.” 38 Jesus *answered, “Will you lay down your life for Me? Truly, truly, I say to you, a rooster will not crow until you deny Me three times. Mt 26:70+ (FIRST DENIAL) But he denied it before them all, saying, “I do not know what you are talking about.” Mk 14:68+ (FIRST DENIAL) But he denied it, saying, “I neither know nor understand what you are talking about.” And he went out onto the porch. Lane comments: “Peter denied the charge, using the form common in rabbinical law for a formal, legal denial.” Jn 18:17+ (FIRST DENIAL) Then the slave-girl who kept the door said to Peter, “You are not also one of this man’s disciples, are you?” (FIRST DENIAL) He said, “I am not.” 18 Now the slaves and the officers were standing there, having made a charcoal fire, for it was cold and they were warming themselves; and Peter was also with them, standing and warming himself. QUESTION - What was the reason behind Peter's denial of Jesus? ANSWER - The story of Peter’s threefold denial of Christ is found in all four Gospel accounts: Matthew 26:69–74, Mark 14:66–72, Luke 22:55–62, and John 18:15–18, 25–27. But why would the chief of the disciples deny even knowing Him? There were two main reasons why Peter denied Jesus: weakness and fear. Peter’s denial was based partially on weakness, the weakness born of human frailty. After the Last Supper, Jesus took His disciples to the Garden of Gethsemane to await His arrest. He told them to stay awake and pray while He went off to pray alone. When He returned to them, He found them sleeping. He warned Peter to stay awake and pray because, although his spirit might be willing, his flesh was weak. But he fell asleep again, and, by the time the soldiers had come to arrest Jesus, it was too late to pray for the strength to endure the ordeal to come. No doubt his failure to appropriate the only means to shore up his own weakness—prayer—occurred to him as he was weeping bitterly after his denials. But Peter learned his lesson about being watchful, and he exhorts us in 1 Peter 5:8, “Be on the alert, because your adversary, the devil, prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour.” Peter’s weakness had caused him to be “devoured” momentarily as he denied his Lord because he hadn’t been prepared through prayer and he underestimated his own weakness. A second reason for Peter’s failure was fear. To his credit, although all the others had fled (Mark 14:50), Peter still followed Jesus after His arrest, but he kept his distance so as not to be identified with Him (Mark 14:54). There’s no question that fear gripped him. From the courtyard, he watched Jesus being falsely accused, beaten, and insulted (Mark 14:57–66). Peter was afraid Jesus would die, and he was fearful for his own life as well. The world hated Jesus, and Peter found that he was not prepared to face the ridicule and persecution that Jesus was suffering. Earlier, Jesus had warned His disciples as well as us today, “If the world hates you, keep in mind that it hated me first” (John 15:18; cf. Matthew 24:9). Peter quickly found he wasn’t nearly as bold and courageous as he had proclaimed, and in fear he denied the One who had loved him. We might well wonder why Jesus allowed Peter to fail so miserably and deny his Lord three times that night. Jesus revealed to Peter that Satan had asked for permission to sift Peter like wheat (Luke 22:31). Jesus could have easily protected Peter and not allowed Satan to sift him, but Jesus had a higher goal. He was equipping Peter to strengthen his brothers (Luke 22:32). Not only did Peter strengthen the other disciples, but he became the pillar of the early church in Jerusalem, exhorting and training others to follow the Lord Jesus (Acts 2). And he continues to this day to strengthen us through his epistles, 1 and 2 Peter. As with all our failures, God used Peter’s many failures, including his three denials of Christ, to turn him from Simon, a common man with a common name, into Peter, the Rock. Luke 22:58 A little later, another saw him and said, "You are one of them too!" But Peter said, "Man, I am not!" KJV Luke 22:58 And after a little while another saw him, and said, Thou art also of them. And Peter said, Man, I am not. Another saw him and said - Mt 26:71-72; Mark 14:69-70; John 18:25 Luke 22 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Excellent Diagram/Map of Jesus' Arrest, Trial and Crucifixion Related Passages: Matthew 26:71-72+ (SECOND DENIAL) When he had gone out to the gateway, another servant-girl saw him and *said to those who were there, “This man was with Jesus of Nazareth.” 72 And again he denied it with an oath, “I do not know the man.” Mark 14:69-70+ (SECOND DENIAL) The servant-girl saw him, and began once more to say to the bystanders, “This is one of them!” 70 But again he denied it. And after a little while the bystanders were again saying to Peter, “Surely you are one of them, for you are a Galilean too.” John 18:25+ (SECOND DENIAL) Now Simon Peter was standing and warming himself. So they said to him, “You are not also one of His disciples, are you?” He denied it, and said, “I am not.” PETER'S SECOND ACCUSATION AND DENIAL Mark 14:68+ also tells us Peter changed his location writing "he went out onto the porch" (Mt 26:71 has "out to the gateway") presumably to avoid further exposure by the light of the courtyard fire. This would have been a covered passageway leading to the street (One wonders if he was planning for a possible quick escape if necessary? We'll have to wait until heaven to ask him.) A little later - How much later? We can estimate this denial as occurring at about 2 AM. How do we arrive at that time? Compare the next passage (Lk 22:59) which says after about an hour had passed Peter uttered his third and final denial and the rooster crowed. Roosters would crow about 3 AM, so one hour earlier would be about 2 AM. What we can say with reasonable confidence is that all three denials occurred over about a 2 hour period, from about 1 AM to about 3 AM. Another saw him - Luke does not tell us who another is. The Greek word for another is heteros which normally means another, including another of a different kind. In addition heteros is a masculine pronoun and indicates that this refers to a man speaking to Peter. The NET Bible translates it as "a little later someone else saw him and said..." Mark 14:69 has "The servant-girl saw him, and began once more to say to the bystanders, “This is one of them!” Matthew 26:71 has "When he had gone out to the gateway, another [servant-girl] saw him and said to those who were there, “This man was with Jesus of Nazareth.” Comment: In Mt 26:71 the Greek word for another is the feminine pronoun allos which means another of the same kind. The words "servant girl" are not in Greek text but are added by many of the translations (ESV, NET, NLT).