1 Crônicas 20
Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
1 Crônicas 20
Utley writes "1 Chronicles 18-20 deals with David's military victories which were accomplished by YHWH's power (cf. 1 Chr. 17:10). These chapters seem to be out of chronological order. They follow, to some extent, the parallels in 2 Samuel 11-12. The final defeat of the Ammonites was summarized in 1 Chr. 18:11, continued in 1 Chronicles 19, and finalized in 1 Chr. 20:1-3. The account of David's sin with Bathsheba and his murder of Uriah are omitted (cf. 2 Samuel 11-12). This is characteristic of the Chronicler's literary purposes of magnifying David and his dynasty. The last literary unit of this chapter documents a victory over the giants. This would demonstrate God's power and promise through David and by association, his military. Then it happened in the spring, (cf Joseph - Ge 39:11-13 "now it happened") - Literally = "at the return of the year." or "Heb "it was at the time of the turning of the year, at the time of the going out of kings." The spring was the usual the time for military activities because the rainy season had just passed (1Ki 20;22,26; 1 Chr. 20:1). And remember since God is sovereign and in control of everything, including the events in time, nothing "just happens" by accident. This was a providential happening, one that would change the trajectory of David's life (see diagram above). Prior to this "happening" David's life and been marked primarily by TRIUMPH, but hereafter it would be marked often by TROUBLE. at the time when kings go out to battle, that Joab led out the army and ravaged the land of the sons of Ammon, and came and besieged Rabbah - David's armies marched 40+ miles to the NE of Jerusalem, across the Jordan River, laid siege to Rabbah the capital city of the Ammonites. It was located at the same site as modern Amman in Jordan. Recall that in 2Sa 10:14+ "When the sons of Ammon saw that the Arameans fled, they also fled before Abishai and entered the city." The Ammonites had fled to the walled city of Rabbah but Joab laid siege to the city. . TECHNICAL NOTE on "kings" - Utley writes "the NOUN "kings" is not in the Masoretic Text but the spelling of a similar term, "messengers." king ‒ מלך messenger ‒ מלאך. Although the Masoretic Text has "messengers," the Masoretic scholars suggested it be read as "kings" (Qere). The Septuagint has "Kings." NET NOTE adds "Codex Leningrad (B19A), on which BHS (Biblica Hebraica Stuttgartensia) is based, has here “messengers” (הַמַּלְאכִים, hammal’khim), probably as the result of contamination from the occurrence of that word in 2Sa 11:4. The present translation (NET Bible) follows most Hebrew Manuscripts and the ancient versions, which read “kings” (הַמֶּלָאכִים, hammela’kim)." But (Term of contrast) But is a hinge word, a small word that can open big doors and none would be bigger than this one for King David! In fact this is undoubtedly one of the most strategic terms of contrast in David's life. Remember that "but" marks a change of direction, an "about face" if you will, and this "but" (as alluded to above) would mark a change of direction that would affect the remainder of David's life. Small moments can have momentous consequences! The hinge word BUT in this context opened the door for David to a dusty, dirty road. Henry Ward Beecher said "If you are idle, you are on the road to ruin, and there are few stopping-places upon it. It is rather a precipice than a road." David stayed at Jerusalem - I like the nuance of the KJV rendering which says "David tarried still at Jerusalem." To tarry means to be late or tardy in beginning or doing anything. If you review the last section of the previous chapter in which there were several military battles, note that in the last battle with the Arameans we read "Now when it was told David, he gathered all Israel together and crossed the Jordan, and came to Helam. And the Arameans arrayed themselves to meet David and fought against him." (2Sa 10:17+) So clearly at that time David had personally led his forces, but this time it just happened that he stayed at Jerusalem which was very unusual, for David was expected to accompany his troops. Idle hands are the devil's playground! The devil finds work of idle hands! -- Cambridge Dictionary This led to his seeing Bathsheba, lusting for her (adultery in his mind), committing physical adultery and then killing her husband Uriah. Hertsberg points out, “It is significant that Chronicles, which follows the text of Samuel chapter by chapter throughout, omits this incident almost certainly because of the serious blemish which it leaves on David’s reputation. Chuck Swindoll writes that David is "like a seawall standing against a pounding sea of temptation. And the water is about to pour through his weakest points. His failure can be traced to three breaches- (1) Polygamy and Lust - David make have been following the cultural norm for monarchs in his day, but by accumulating wives and concubines, he was violating God's higher standard. In Dt 17:17+ God said that Israel's king should not "multiply wives for himself, lest his heart turn away."...As his harem grew, so did his lust. The more a person indulges the sexual appetite, the more it increases (ED: WOE! MEN YOU MAY WANT TO READ THAT SENTENCE AGAIN!) For David, this meant that even a houseful of women was not enough to keep his eyes from wandering. (2) Vulnerability - David's military prowess had expanded his scope of power from the Euphrates River to the Red Sea. No enemy could stand against his mighty hand (ED: WITH ONE EXCEPTION - THE ENEMY WITHIN! OUR FALLEN FLESH - cf 1Pe 2:11+, Ro 6:12-13+), for "the LORD helped David wherever he went." (2Sa 8:6, 14+). Vassal kings brought him tribute, with money and honor flowing in like a river of gold. Success, however, can be deceptively dangerous, particularly when we credit ourselves for it and get a swollen head. Never are we more vulnerable to the temptations of pride, self-indulgence, and unaccountability (ED: JONATHAN, HIS KINDRED SPIRIT WAS DEAD - 1Sa 18:3+) than when we have it all, and David was no exception. (3) Indulgence - When his troops marched off to war, David did not share the hardships of battle with them but remained at Jerusalem (2Sa 11:1).....While most kings were fighting alongside their men in battle, David cushioned himself in his palace, savoring the sweet wine of success. Susceptibility to lust, vulnerability to pride, and idleness. A dangerous combination--one that primed David for disaster." (Bolding added - Borrow David - Man of A Passion, Man of Destiny). Satan finds some mischief still for idle hands to do. - Isaac Watts If you are idle, be not solitary, if you are solitary, be not idle. -- Samuel Johnson Warren
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Utley notes that "David gave the spoils of his earlier victories to the temple treasury for the building of the future temple of YHWH, but this spoil he apparently retained for himself." SPECIAL TOPIC: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN WEIGHTS AND VOLUMES Ron Daniel on David took the crown of their king from his head - Although David is beginning to slip as a righteous leader, Joab doesn't take the opportunity to rebel against him. He remains committed to him, even to the point of bringing David up for the final victory. We read in 2 Samuel 12 that once the city was nearly defeated, Joab was actually concerned that if he led the final capture of it, then he would be taking the glory away from David (2Sam. 12:28). So he sent for David to come and at least make a ceremonial showing that this was his victory. This level of loyalty and submission is practically unheard of today. Oh, it's not difficult to find a man who claims loyalty. But as soon as you slip up, look out, because odds are he's going to use your back as a stepladder to move himself up. As soon as he sees that he can take the city without you, he will. God describes men like this in Hosea, saying, Hos. 6:4 ...your loyalty is like a morning cloud and like the dew which goes away early. Jamieson, Fausset and Brown agrees with Daniel writing "Joab could have added points to his own honor by capturing the city, but instead, he invited David to lead the final assault in order to receive the credit. Joab may have felt that David needed a boost of morale after the affair with Bathsheba. But this we are not told."
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Utley - Ancient warfare was terrible and vindictive. Whole populations were killed in shocking ways or were taken into slavery (cf. 2 Sam. 12:31). It is possible that 2 Sam. 12:31 really refers to "putting them to work" in construction. But this is conjecture J.A. Thompson: The citizens of Rabbah were brought out and consigned to forced labor with saws, iron picks, and axes (cf. 2 Sam 12:31). One more kingdom was thus added to David's jurisdiction, and his prestige was further enhanced. Rich Cathers: But others (me included) tend to think it means what it says in the King James and NASB versions, that David slaughtered these prisoners. (ED: IF THIS IS TRUE THEN HE DID THE SAME TO ALL THE AMMONITE CITIES. THIS WAS WHAT ISRAEL WAS SUPPOSED TO DO WHEN THEY ENTERED THE PROMISED LAND, BUT THERE WERE NOT INSTRUCTED TO ANNIHILATE OTHER PEOPLES THAT THEY DEFEATED.)
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Utley on giants - There are several references to the "giants." "giants," 1Ch 20:4, Rephaim; "brother of Goliath," 1 Chr. 20:5 (cf. 1Sa 17:4-7; 2Sa 21:16,19), "giants," 1Ch 20:6 ‒ a different descendant of Raphah, "giant," 1Ch 20:8 ‒ a race of tall, powerful men from Gath. This is the type of people that the ten spies, sent by Moses, feared in Num. 13:28 (i.e., sons of Anak; also note Deut. 1:26-28; 2:10-11,20). 1 Chronicles 20:5 And there was war with the Philistines again, and Elhanan the son of Jair killed Lahmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver's beam. Jair: 2Sa 21:19, Jaare-oregim Goliath: 1Sa 17:4 21:9 22:10 2Sa 21:19 Related Passages: 2 Samuel 21:19 (PARALLELS 1 CHRONICLES 20) There was war with the Philistines again at Gob, and Elhanan the son of Jaare-oregim the Bethlehemite killed Goliath the Gittite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam. And there was war with the Philistines again - This is an additional war distinct from 1Chr 20:4. and Elhanan the son of Jair killed Lahmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver's beam Thompson - This verse presents some textual problems. According to 2 Sam 21:19, Elhanan slew Goliath. The text of 2 Sam 21:19 names the father of Elhanan as Jaareoregim. The word oregim is identical in the Hebrew text to the last word of the verse, “weavers,” in the phrase “like a rod of weavers.”49 Furthermore, in 2 Sam 21:19 Elhanan’s father is called a Bethlehemite, written bêt hallaḥmî, which easily could be confused with the name laḥmî (“Lahmi”). All this suggests the verse has suffered transcriptional difficulties. We do not know the exact reading of the original, but it likely is to have been closer to this text in Chronicles (note the NIV translation of 2 Sam 21:19). NET Note - The Hebrew text reads, “Elchanan son of Jair killed Lachmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite.” But it is likely that the accusative marker in front of לַחְמִי (lakhmi, “Lachmi”) was originally בֵּית (bet), and that אֶת־לַחְמִי (ʾet lakhmi) should be emended to בֵּית הַלַּחְמִי (bet hallakhmi, “the Bethlehemite”). See long note on 2 Sam 21:19 = The Hebrew text as it stands reads, “Elhanan son of Jaare-Oregim the Bethlehemite killed Goliath the Gittite.” Who killed Goliath the Gittite? According to 1 Sam 17:4-58 it was David who killed Goliath, but according to the MT of 2 Sam 21:19 it was Elhanan who killed him. Many scholars believe that the two passages are hopelessly at variance with one another. Others have proposed various solutions to the difficulty, such as identifying David with Elhanan or positing the existence of two Goliaths. But in all likelihood the problem is the result of difficulties in the textual transmission of the Samuel passage. The parallel passage in 1 Chr 20:5 reads, “Elhanan son of Jair killed Lahmi the brother of Goliath.” Both versions are textually suspect. The Chronicles text appears to have misread “Bethlehemite” (בֵּית הַלַּחְמִי, bet hallakhmi) as the accusative sign followed by a proper name אֶת לַחְמִי (ʾet lakhmi). (See the note at 1 Chr 20:5.) The Samuel text appears to have misread the word for “brother” (אַח, ʾakh) as the accusative sign (אֵת, ʾet), thereby giving the impression that Elhanan, not David, killed Goliath. Thus in all probability the original text read, “Elhanan son of Jair the Bethlehemite killed the brother of Goliath.” 1 Chronicles 20:6 Again there was war at Gath, where there was a man of great stature who had twenty-four fingers and toes, six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot; and he also was descended from the giants. of great stature: Heb. of measure, 2Sa 21:20 Related Passage: 2 Samuel 21:20 (PARALLELS 1 CHRONICLES 20) There was war at Gath again, where there was a man of great stature who had six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in number; and he also had been born to the giant. 21 When he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimei, David’s brother, struck him down. 22 These four were born to the giant in Gath, and they fell by the hand of David and by the hand of his servants. Again there was war at Gath, where there was a man of great stature who had twenty-four fingers and toes, six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot; and he also was descended from the giants (rapha) Giants (07498)(see more detailed discussion of rapha) refers to a Philistine whose descendants warred with the Israelites in the time of David (1 Chr. 20:6, 8). Rapha is usually translated as “the giant,” but “Rapha” is may be the family name. Rapha was a descendant of Benjamin (1 Chr. 8:2) ISBE says "(1) In the Revised Version margin these names are substituted for "the giant" in 1 Ch 20:4,6,8 and in 2 Sam 21:16,18,20,22. The latter passage states that certain champions of the Philistines who were slain by David's warriors had been born to the raphah in Gath. The text is corrupt; Raphah is probably an eponym. Originally the name of one of the Philistines who was of the body "Rephaites" stood in the text. The plural of this word, or at least a plural of this stem, is REPHAIM. (2) Raphah (the King James Version "Rapha"), a descendant of Saul (1 Ch 8:37) (See also Rephaite in Wikipedia) Rapha - 7v - giant(4), giants(3). 2 Sam. 21:16; 2 Sam. 21:18; 2 Sam. 21:20; 2 Sam. 21:22; 1 Chr. 20:4; 1 Chr. 20:6; 1 Chr. 20:8 Giants (07498)(rapha from raphah = sink, relax) is a proper noun designating Rapha. The father of several giants among David's enemies (2Sa 21:16, 18, 20, 22; 1 Chr. 20:6, 8). giant(4), giants(3). RAPHA, RAPHAH - ra'-fa (rapha'): (1) In the Revised Version margin these names are substituted for "the giant" in 1 Ch 20:4,6,8 and in 2 Sam 21:16,18,20,22. The latter passage states that certain champions of the Philistines who were slain by David's warriors had been born to the raphah in Gath. The text is corrupt; Raphah is probably an eponym. Originally the name of one of the Philistines who was of the body "Rephaites" stood in the text. The plural of this word, or at least a plural of this stem, is REPHAIM (which see). Bob Utley - SPECIAL TOPIC: TERMS USED FOR TALL/POWERFUL WARRIORS OR PEOPLE GROUPS (GIANTS) These large/tall/powerful people are called by several names. Nephilim (giants, BDB 658, KB 709) ‒ Gen. 6:4 (see SPECIAL TOPIC: Sons of God in Genesis 6); Num. 13:33. LXX translates it as "giants" (cf. 1 Enoch 6-19) See also SPECIAL TOPIC: NEPHILIM Rephaim (giants, BDB 952 II, KB 1274) ‒ Gen. 14:5; 15:20; Deut. 2:11,20; 3:11,13; Josh. 12:4; 13:12; 2 Sam. 21:16,18,20,22; 1 Chr. 20:4,6,8 See also SPECIAL TOPIC: REPHAIM Zamzummin (BDB 273, KB 266), ‒ Gen. 14:5; Deut. 2:20 Who were the Zamzummim? | GotQuestions.org Emim (BDB 34), ancient inhabitants of Moab. The name may be related to the Hebrew root (BDB 33), "terror" ‒ Gen. 14:5; Deut. 2:10-11 Anakim (sons of Anak, the long-necked ones, BDB 778 I, KB 859 II) ‒ Num. 13:33; Deut. 1:28; 2:10-11,21; 9:2; Jos. 11:21-22; 14:12,15; 15:14; Jdgs. 1:20 See also SPECIAL TOPIC: ANAKIM Notice how Gen. 14:5 mentions three of these groups of large men (cf. LXX, Vulgate). The term Rephain is also used of those living in Sheol (cf. Job 26:5; Ps. 88:10-11; Isa. 26:14,19). Related Resources: Was Goliath one of the Nephilim? | GotQuestions.org Who / what were the Nephilim? | GotQuestions.org Are there descendants of the Nephilim in the world today? | GotQuestions.org Are the demons the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim? | GotQuestions.org Who were the Rephaim? | GotQuestions.org 1 Chronicles 20:7 When he taunted Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimea, David's brother, killed him. he taunted, 1Sa 17:10,26,36 Isa 37:23 Shimea: 1Ch 2:13, Shimma, 1Sa 16:9, Shammah Related Passage: 1 Samuel 17:10; 26; 36 Again the Philistine said, “I defy the ranks of Israel this day; give me a man that we may fight together.”....26 Then David spoke to the men who were standing by him, saying, “What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the reproach from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should taunt the armies of the living God?”....36 “Your servant has killed both the lion and the bear; and this uncircumcised Philistine will be like one of them, since he has taunted the armies of the living God.” 2 Samuel 21:21 (PARALLELS 1 CHRONICLES 20) When he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimei, David’s brother, struck him down. 22 These four were born to the giant in Gath, and they fell by the hand of David and by the hand of his servants. When he taunted (charaph; Lxx - oneidizo) Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimea, David's brother, killed him - Shimea was the third son of Jesse, indicating that at least some of his brothers fought with him. Taunted (reproached, reviled, scorned) (02778) charaph means to reproach or to agitate someone about something, especially to cast blame or scorn on them. It refers to sarcastic challenge in a mocking or insulting manner. It suggests a jeeringly provoking insult or challenge. As explained below this word actually as 3 senses. Vine says the idea "to say sharp things, reproach." The root with the meaning "to be sharp" is found in Northwest and South Semitic languages. In Hebrew the verb refers to a manner of speech, i.e., to reproach someone. The word appears about 50 times in the Old Testament, once in Psa. 42:10: "As with a sword in my bones, mine enemies reproach me; while they say daily unto me, Where is thy God?"" Charaph is more than mere rude talk, this strong verb denotes demeaning something or someone by complete devaluation, defiance, or despising. Baker explains that charaph has 3 different meanings - (1). (ED: BY FAR THE MOST COMMON MEANING) A verb meaning to reproach. It means to taunt or agitate someone about something (Ps. 119:42), e.g., the psalmist was the object of taunting from his enemies. Nehemiah is the object of reproaches from his enemies (Neh. 6:13). Israel as a whole was taunted and reproached by the Philistine, Goliath. God is the object of His enemies' reproaches or revilings (2 Ki 19:4, 16, 22, 23; Ps. 79:12) and by the enemies of His people. To reproach one's own life (soul) is to stake one's faith or trust in something and support it (Jdg. 5:18; 1Sa 17:10, 25, 26; Ps. 89:51). 1 Chronicles 20:8 These were descended from the giants in Gath, and they fell by the hand of David and by the hand of his servants. they fell: Jos 14:12 Ec 9:11 Jer 9:23 Ro 8:31 GIANTS WERE NOT TOO BIG FOR DAVID AND HIS MEN These were descended from the giants in Gath, and they fell by the hand of David and by the hand of his servants (soldiers) - One point would seem to be that big men are no match for men with a big God! David