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Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
1 Reis 9
Utley - Notice how idolatry is characterized. (1) turn away from following Me (you or your children), (2) not keep commandments, (3) serve other gods, 1Ki 9:9, (4) worship them, 1Ki 9:9, (5) adopt them, (1Ki 9:9) Utley CONSEQUENCES OF IDOLATRY "Beware, lest your hearts be deceived" ‒ BDB 834, KB 984, Qal IMPERFECT, cf. Job 31:27 "turn away" ‒ BDB 693, KB 747, Qal PERFECT with waw, cf. Exod. 32:8; Deut. 9:12; 17:11,17; Jer. 5:23 "serve other gods" ‒ BDB 712, KB 773, Qal PERFECT with waw, cf. Deut. 7:4,16; 8:19; 11:16; 13:6,13; 17:3; 28:14,36,64; 29:26; 30:17; 31:20; Josh. 23:16; 24:2,16; Jer. 11:10; 13:10; 16:11,13; 22:9; 25:6; 35:15 "to worship" ‒ BDB 1005, KB 295, Hithpael (Owens, p. 805), Hishtaphel (Parsing Guide, p. 146), PERFECT with waw Obviously this was a recurrent tendency on Israel's part (notice all the parallels)! The consequences for idolatry were severe. “the anger of the Lord will be kindled against you" ‒ BDB 354, KB 351, Qal PERFECT with waw, cf. Exod. 4:14; 22:24; 32:10; Num. 11:1,10; 12:9; 32:10; Deut. 6:15; 7:4; 11:17; 29:27; Josh. 23:11 "He will shut up the heavens so that there will be no rain." ‒ BDB 783, KB 870, Qal PERFECT with waw. This is part of the curse for disobeying the covenant, cf. Lev. 26:19; Deut. 28:24; 2 Chr. 6:26-28; 7:13 "the ground will not yield its fruit" ‒ results of no rain "you will perish quickly from the good land" ‒ BDB 1, KB 2, Qal PERFECT with waw, cf. Deut. 4:26; 7:4; 8:19,20; 28:20,22; 30:18; Josh. 23:13,16 There is no middle option! God presents His covenant as fully compliant or in default (cf. Deut. 27:26; Gal. 3:10). Fallen humanity cannot obtain this level of consistent or complete obedience (cf. Josh. 24:19). Therefore, there was/is a need for a new covenant based on God's mercy and His performance (cf. Jer. 31:31-34; Ezek. 36:22-36; Rom. 3:9-18,23; 5:12-21; Galatians 3)! The Mosaic Covenant presented mankind with a stark choice—"obey and live," disobey and die." It became known as "the two ways" (cf. Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 28; 30:15,19; Psalm 1). 1 Kings 9:7 then I will cut off Israel from the land which I have given them, and the house which I have consecrated for My name, I will cast out of My sight. So Israel will become a proverb and a byword among all peoples. Will I cut: Lev 18:24-28 De 4:26 29:26-28 2Ki 17:20-23 25:9,21 Jer 7:15 Jer 24:9 Eze 33:27-29 Lu 21:24 The house: 1Ki 9:3 2Ki 25:9 2Ch 7:20 36:19 Jer 7:4-14 26:6,18 52:13 La 2:6,7 Eze 24:21 Mic 3:12 Mt 24:2 Lu 21:24 Israel: Dt 28:37 Ne 4:1-4 Ps 44:14 Isa 65:15 Jer 24:9 La 2:15,16 Joel 2:17 Related Passages: 2 Chronicles 7:19-20+ “But if you turn away and forsake My statutes and My commandments which I have set before you, and go and serve other gods and worship them, 20 then I will uproot you from My land which I have given you, and this house which I have consecrated for My name I will cast out of My sight and I will make it a proverb and a byword among all peoples. Deuteronomy 4:26; 27+ (MOSES WARNS) I call heaven and earth to witness against you today, that you will surely perish quickly from the land where you are going over the Jordan to possess it. You shall not live long on it, but will be utterly destroyed. 27 “The LORD will scatter you among the peoples, and you will be left few in number among the nations where the LORD drives you. 2 Kings 25:11; 21+ Then the rest of the people who were left in the city and the deserters who had deserted to the king of Babylon and the rest of the people, Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away into exile.....21 Then the king of Babylon struck them down and put them to death at Riblah in the land of Hamath. So Judah was led away into exile from its land. Deuteronomy 28:37+ “You shall become a horror, a proverb, and a taunt among all the people where the LORD drives you. Jeremiah 24:9 ‘I will make them a terror and an evil for all the kingdoms of the earth, as a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse in all places where I will scatter them. Jeremiah 7:14 therefore, I will do to the house which is called by My name, in which you trust, and to the place which I gave you and your fathers, as I did to Shiloh. THE PROPHETIC WARNING CUT OFF & CAST AWAY! The three consequences described in this verse are in a sense just a summary of the devastating curses that Israel will experience as Moses warned about in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 27-28. Then - If the conditions of disobedience are met, God will fulfill His promised warning. God is faithful to fulfill His warning promises and His blessing promises. Obedience will lead to blessing, Disobedience will lead to chastening. I will cut off (karath; Lxx - exairo = remove) Israel from the land which I have given them - God promises that Israel will be exiled from the Promised Land God had given them. Iain Provan - A dark cloud now looms quite visibly over the Solomonic empire, for all the glory of 1 Kings 3–8. The temple is no sooner built than we hear of its inevitable end; the empire is no sooner created than we hear of its inevitable destruction. (See 1 & 2 Kings (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series) - Page 29) And the house which I have consecrated (qadash; Lxx - hagiazo) for My name, I will cast out (shalach - send away; Lxx - apopipto) of My sight (2Ki 24:20 - God promises His Temple will be destroyed, thrown away, out of His sight. His Shekinah glory cloud would depart from the Temple before the destruction. Cast out (shalach) is the same Hebrew verb used to describe a man giving his wife a certificate of divorce and then he "sends her out (shalach) from his house." (Dt 24:1, 3, 4+) Indeed, Israel was the wife of Jehovah (Jer. 3:14-20; Isa. 54:1) in the OT and here we see that Jehovah will "send out" her prized place of worship because of detestable idolatrous worship! See discussion of Israel The Wife of Jehovah. Chosen Nation's Fall, A Warning to All! So - Term of conclusion. The conclusion based on fulfillment of God's promised warnings is now stated. Israel will become a proverb (marshal) and a byword (sheninah) among all people - Moses had warned that as consequence of disobedience "You (ISRAEL) shall become a horror, a proverb, and a taunt among all the people where the LORD drives you." (Dt 28:37+, cf Isa 14:4, Mic 6:16+, Lev 26:14-38+, Dt 4:45, 63+) Israel would become an object of scorn of the Gentile nations. The idea of a proverb" (משל - marshal) is that Israel would be a warning, a lesson, or a cautionary tale, becoming an example of what happens when a nation turns away from God (ED: DO YOU HEAR THAT AMERICA?) The idea of a byword (שנינה - sheninah) is to become a mockery, a taunt, or an object of scorn, as other nations ridiculed Israel for its downfall and exile. This prophetic warning was fulfilled with (1) The Fall of Israel (722 B.C.) – The Northern Kingdom was conquered by Assyria, and the Israelites were exiled, (2) The Fall of Judah (586 B.C.) – The Southern Kingdom was destroyed by Babylon, and the Temple was burned. and (3) Scattering of the Jews (Diaspora) – Throughout history, Jews faced exile, persecution, and ridicule. Paul House says "becoming a byword in ancient times was a calamity, since all personal and national self-respect or international respect disappeared. Even strangers in the land would know that these disasters came about because of Israel’s unfaithfulness to their covenant with their Lord." (Borrow 1-2 Kings page 150) The Living Bible paraphrase has “Israel will become a joke to the nations and an example and proverb of sudden disaster.” THOUGHT - Even as Israel was warned of the consequences of disobedience and unfaithfulness to Yahweh, so too believers today need to understand that God will chasten us if we disobey Him (see Hebrews 12:5-11+). Proverb (04912) mashal [Singular = mashal, Plural = misle] from the verb mashal - to rule [e.g., Ge 1:18] or more generally indicates idea of comparison, likeness or equality and thus to speak a proverb or popular saying comparing 2 objects, attitudes or activities - Ps 49:12+, Ezek 16:44, 18:2, 24:3) usually conveys the meaning of a wise saying (or a pithy maxim which suggest special insight and authority), but in two occurrences of the connotation of parable or allegory (as defined above) is clearly evident (viz. Ezek 17:2ff = a parable centering on two eagles, Ezek 17:12 representing Babylon and Ezek 17:15 representing Egypt, as well as centering on a vine Ezek 17:6), both in indictments against Israel for her sin. In Nu 23: 7, 18, 24:3ff. mashal refers not to a popular or common saying but to Balaam’s prophetic oracles (the first 7 uses in Scripture). In Isa 14:4 the context is after Israel's return to the land and the song is one of contempt or taunting (mashal) directed at the king of Babylon. A proverb is a truth expressed in brief and striking words, like "Pride cometh before a fall." Byword (08148) (sheninah from shanan = to sharpen)means "ridicule," "taunt," connoting a "sharp or cutting word," a "taunt," an "insult." In the OT, shenînāh is typified as the cutting remark concerning Israel by her enemies. It always occurs in parallel with mashal, "proverb." If the Covenant were not honored, Israel would be cursed, becoming a taunt among the nations (Dt. 28:37). Although Solomon had built an imposing Temple, Israel's failure to serve God would result in disaster. The nation would become a taunt. People would marvel at what had happened (1 Ki. 9:7). In a second appearance to Solomon, the Lord reiterated what had been declared at the temple's dedication: "If you turn away..." what would follow with respect to the Temple would become a taunt (2 Chr. 7:19f). Because of their spiritual intransigence, Zedekiah and his people in Jerusalem would experience this consequence (Jer. 24:9). Here are the 4 uses Deuteronomy 28:37 “You shall become a horror, a proverb, and a taunt among all the people where the LORD drives you. 1 Ki. 9:7; then I will cut off Israel from the land which I have given them, and the house which I have consecrated for My name, I will cast out of My sight. So Israel will become a proverb and a byword among all peoples. 2 Chr. 7:20 then I will uproot you from My land which I have given you, and this house which I have consecrated for My name I will cast out of My sight and I will make it a proverb and a byword among all peoples. Jer. 24:9 ‘I will make them a terror and an evil for all the kingdoms of the earth, as a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse in all places where I will scatter them. Bob Utley - "Israel will become a proverb and a byword among all peoples" YHWH's judgment on His covenant people for their disobedience (cf. Deut. 29:25-28; 1 Kgs. 9:9; Jer. 2:10-13) will be a revelation to the nations. This negative revelation is characterized in several idiomatic ways. a proverb ‒ 2 Chr. 7:20; Jer. 24:9; Ezek. 14:8 a byword ‒ 2 Chr. 7:20; Ps. 44:14; Joel 2:17 a horror ‒ Deut. 28:37; Jer. 25:9; 29:18; 49:17; 50:13 a taunt ‒ Deut. 28:37; Jer. 24:9 astonished ‒ 2 Chr. 7:21; Jer. 18:16; 19:8 sneer at ‒ Ps. 22:7 a reproach ‒ Ps. 44:13; 79:4; Jer. 24:9; 29:18; Joel 2:17; Micah 6:16 a scoffing ‒ Ps. 44:13; 79:4 a derision ‒ Ps. 44:13; 79:4; Micah 6:16 laughingstock (lit. "shaking of the head") ‒ Ps. 44:14; Jer. 18:16 hissing ‒ Jer. 18:16; 19:8; 25:9; 29:8; 50:13; Lam. 2:15; Zeph. 2:15 a terror ‒ Jer. 24:9; 29:8 a curse ‒ Jer. 24:9; 29:8 everlasting desolation ‒ Jer. 25:9; Micah 6:16 clap their hands ‒ Lam. 2:15 shake their heads ‒ Ps. 22:7; Lam. 2:15; Isa. 37:22; Jer. 18:16 Israel was meant to be a revelation of YHWH to bring the nations to Him, but their disobedience caused her to be a negative witness, showing only YHWH's judgment. The NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 273 (Borrow volume 1, page 273), offers a good list of the VERBS used to describe the divine removal of the covenant people from the land of Canaan because of their covenant disobedience (I have expanded below its list). be spewed out ‒ Lev. 18:28 perish quickly ‒ Deut. 4:26; 7:4 be destroyed ‒ Deut. 6:15; Josh. 23:15; 1 Kgs. 13:34; Amos 9:8 be torn from ‒ Deut. 28:63 be plucked from ‒ Deut. 28:63 scatter you ‒ Deut. 28:64 be uprooted ‒ Deut. 29:28; 1 Kgs. 14:15; 2 Chr. 7:20; Jer. 12:14; 45:4 will perish ‒ Josh. 23:13; Deut. 8:19-20 be cut off ‒ 1 Kgs. 9:7 blot it out ‒ 1 Kgs. 13:34 be carried away ‒ 2 Kgs. 17:6,23; 25:21; Jer. 13:19; 20:4; 39:9; 52:27 has removed ‒ Isa. 6:12 1 Kings 9:8 "And this house will become a heap of ruins; everyone who passes by will be astonished and hiss and say, 'Why has the LORD done thus to this land and to this house?' at: 2Ch 7:21 Isa 64:11 Jer 19:8 49:17 50:13 Da 9:12 Why: De 29:24-26 Jer 22:8,9,28 Related Passages: 2 Chronicles 7:20-21+ then I will uproot you from My land which I have given you, and this house which I have consecrated for My name I will cast out of My sight and I will make it a proverb and a byword among all peoples. “As for this house, which was exalted, everyone who passes by it will be astonished and say, ‘Why has the LORD done thus to this land and to this house?’ GLORY REDUCED TO DUST! And this house will become a heap of ruins - Imagine Solomon's thoughts as he heard this sobering warning and recalled the years of labor that went into the construction. And all that would be left was a heap of ruins! One would think this horrible thought which was a divine warning would have been a constant reminder to Solomon to seek to walk with a whole heart like his father David. The fact that he did not shows the power of fallen flesh to cause "amnesia" toward the solemn warnings of God (I can certainly identify with this thought!). This is just another reason we must daily be in the Word so that we are reminded not only of the goodness of God and His promises and blessings for obedience but also the warnings for disobedience. NET NOTE on the phrase "heap of ruins" - Hebrew literally reads "and this house will be high [or elevated]." The statement makes little sense in this context, which predicts the desolation that judgment will bring. Some treat the clause as concessive, "Even though this temple is lofty [now]." Others, following the lead of several ancient versions, emend the text to, "this temple will become a heap of ruins." (ED: ANOTHER SENSE MIGHT BE "THIS HOUSE SHALL BE CONSPICUOUS AS AN EXAMPLE.") Everyone who passes by will be astonished (shamen/samen) and hiss (sharaq)(in scorn and horror) and say, 'Why has the LORD done thus to this land and to this house? (cf Dt 29:24, 25; Jer 22:8) - Hiss refers to a derisive sound one would make when taunting an object of ridicule (cf Jer 19:8). Moses had warned the second generation of Israel of the consequences and national humiliation of disobedience. “All the nations will say, ‘Why has the LORD done thus to this land? Why this great outburst of anger?’ 25 “Then men will say, ‘Because they forsook the covenant of the LORD, the God of their fathers, which He made with them when He brought them out of the land of Egypt. 26 ‘They went and served other gods and worshiped them, gods whom they have not known and whom He had not allotted to them. (Deut 29:24-26+) William
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Utley has an interesting comment which may or may not be fact - Josephus Antiq. 8.5.3 (see below). Says they were in western Galilee close to Tyre. As a matter of fact, Josephus Antiq. 8.5.3. gives an elaborate explanation about a bet between Solomon and Hiram concerning riddles. These cities and Hiram's gold were part of the wager. Josephus Antiq. 8.5.3 When Solomon had completed all this in twenty years time,7 because Hiram King of Tyre had contributed a great deal of gold, and more silver to these buildings; as also cedar wood, and pine wood, he also rewarded Hiram with rich presents: corn he sent him also year by year, and wine, and oil; which were the principal things that he stood in need of, because he inhabited an island, as we have already said. And besides these, he granted him certain cities of Galilee, twenty in number, that lay not far from Tyre: which when Hiram went to, and viewed, and did not like the gift, he sent word to Solomon that he did not want such cities as they were. And after that time these cities were called the land of Cabul: which name, if it be interpreted according to the language of the Phenicians, denotes what does not please. Moreover the King of Tyre sent sophisms and enigmatical sayings to Solomon, and desired he would solve them, and free them from the ambiguity that was in them. Now so sagacious and understanding was Solomon, that none of these problems were too hard for him; but he conquered them all by his reasonings; and discovered their hidden meaning, and brought it to light. Menander also, one who translated the Tyrian archives out of the dialect of the Phenicians, into the Greek language, makes mention of these two Kings, where he says thus; “When Abibalus was dead his son Hiram received the Kingdom from him: who when he had lived fifty three years, reigned thirty four. He raised a bank in the large place, and dedicated the golden pillar which is in Jupiter’s temple. He also went and cut down materials of timber out of the mountain called Libanus, for the roof of temples: and when he had pulled down the ancient temples, he both built the temple of Hercules, and that of Astarte: and he first set up the temple of Hercules in the month Peritius, he also made an expedition against the Euchii [or Titii] who did not pay their tribute: and when he had subdued them to himself he returned. Under this King there was Abdemon, a very youth in age; who always conquered the difficult problems which Solomon King of Jerusalem commanded him to explain.” Dius also makes mention of him, where he says thus; “When Abibalus was dead, his son Hiram reigned. He raised the eastern parts of the city higher; and made the city it self larger. He also joined the temple of Jupiter, which before stood by it self, to the city, by raising a bank in the middle between them; and he adorned it with donations of gold. Moreover he went up to mount Libanus, and cut down materials of wood for the building of the temples.” He says also, that “Solomon, who was then King of Jerusalem, sent riddles to Hiram; and desired to receive the like from him: but that he who could not solve them should pay money to them that did solve them: and that Hiram accepted the conditions; and when he was not able to solve the riddles, [proposed by Solomon,] he paid a great deal of money for his fine. But that he afterward did solve the proposed riddles by means of Abdemon, a man of Tyre: and that Hiram proposed other riddles; which when Solomon could not solve, he paid back a great deal of money to Hiram.” This it is which Dius wrote. 1 Kings 9:12 So Hiram came out from Tyre to see the cities which Solomon had given him, and they did not please him. they did not please him: , Nu 22:34 Jdg 14:3 SOLOMON'S PAYMENT NOT PLEASING TO HIRAM So Hiram came out from Tyre to see the cities which Solomon had given him, and they did not please him - The literal reading is they "were not right in his eyes." Why did they not please Hiram? The text is not clear, but they may have been a rugged or less fertile region (See meaning of "Cabul" below). Not all gifts are appreciated. What Solomon considered a fair deal, Hiram saw as unworthy. 1 Kings 9:13 He said, "What are these cities which you have given me, my brother?" So they were called the land of Cabul to this day. my brother: 1Ki 5:1,2 Am 1:9 Cabul:Jos 19:27 CITIES CALLED "CABUL" IN CONTEMPT He said, "What are these cities which you have given me, my brother?" - My brother expresses friendly relations between the two kings, despite Hiram's displeasure. However, earthly alliances have limits and even strong political alliances can have tensions or unmet expectations (because both groups are composed of fleshly, selfish sinners). Solomon later renovated these undesirable cities for Israel's use (2 Chronicles 8:2). Presumably Solomon repaid Hiram in some other way, but there is no mention of it in the Biblical record. So they were called the land of Cabul to this day - Cabul is believed to mean "worthless," "good as nothing," displeasing, or dirty. Josephus says that Cabul in the Phoenician language, signifies [ouk areskon] displeasing; and that these cities were situated in the neighbourhood of Tyre. Paul House makes an interesting assessment of Solomon's interactions with Hiram - Apparently he has offered Hiram cities instead of the food that was given in previous years (cf. 1 Kgs 5:10–12). These cities were “Cabul,” meaning “worthless,” constituting a poor payment to a “brother” (1Ki 9:13). Hiram had sent gold to Solomon and received “Cabul” in return. This episode shows a conniving side of Solomon. Readers may wonder whether he is completely trustworthy. Still, Hiram continues to work with Solomon (cf. 1Ki 9:26–28). (Borrow 1-2 Kings page 156) (Bolding added) Dale Ralph Davis: Hiram toured the area and was unimpressed. Not much he could do about it but object. He could tell Solomon he thought they were sorry samples of towns. But Hiram is no dunce. He’s not about to be so upset that he would boycott joining Solomon in a lucrative sea trade (1Ki 9:26–28). Warren
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Utley - This is the Hebrew VERB herem (charam) (BDB 355 I, KB 353). It is used of things devoted to God and, thereby they become too holy for common use and must be sacrificed/destroyed (BDB 356, cf. Lev. 27:21,28,29; Num. 18:14; Deut. 7:26; 13:17; Josh. 6:17-18; 7:1,11,12,13,15). The same root (BDB 355, KB 354) means "to completely destroy" (cf. Exod. 22:20; Lev. 27:28,29; Num. 21:2,3; Deut. 2:34; 3:6; 7:2; 13:15; 20:17; Jer. 25:9; 50:21,26; 51:3). This is "holy war" terminology (i.e.., YHWH as Divine Warrior, cf. Isa. 59:16-17). The God who fought for Israel in the Exodus conquest of Joshua later fights against idolatrous Israel/Judah and especially Jerusalem (i.e., the very place He caused His name to dwell, cf. Deut. 12:5,11,14,18,21,26). 1 Kings 9:22 But Solomon did not make slaves of the sons of Israel; for they were men of war, his servants, his princes, his captains, his chariot commanders, and his horsemen. the sons of Israel: Lev 25:39 for they were men of war: 1Ki 4:1-27 1Sa 8:11,12 2Ch 8:9,10 Related Passages: 1 Kings 5:13-14+ Now King Solomon levied forced laborers from all Israel; and the forced laborers numbered 30,000 men. 14 He sent them to Lebanon, 10,000 a month in relays; they were in Lebanon a month and two months at home. And Adoniram was over the forced laborers. (These men worked without pay for one month at a time, then had two months to work in their own fields. This forced labor became one of the causes of civil war 1Ki 12:4, 18) 1 Kings 12:4; 18+ “Your father made our yoke hard; now therefore lighten the hard service of your father and his heavy yoke which he put on us, and we will serve you.” 18 Then King Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the forced labor, and all Israel stoned him to death. And King Rehoboam made haste to mount his chariot to flee to Jerusalem. But Solomon did not make slaves ('ebed) of the sons of Israel - In the building of the temple, Solomon did resort to conscription of Israelites, but he did not enslave them (cf. 1Ki 5:13-14+). Apparently this was enough to cause the unrest described in 1Ki 12:4, 18+ John