Deuteronômio 13
Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
Deuteronômio 13
Utley - dreamer of dreams - Divination (cf. Dt 18:14–15) or the attempt to understand, foreknow, or effect the will of god/gods was common in the ancient Near East. There were many ways to divine: dreams/trances (mental states), lots, sticks (man-made items), clouds/storms/droughts (weather), birds (flight of and type of), events in the sky (movement of constellations, comets, eclipses, etc.), condition of sheep’s liver (other sacrificial animals) (See Deuteronomy 13)
Deuteronômio 13
Utley - God puts humans in situations of testing or temptation in order to know and strengthen their faith/trust/obedience in Him (cf. Gen. 22:1–12; Exod. 15:25; 16:4; 20:20; Deut. 8:2, 16; Jdgs. 2:22; 3:1, 4; 2 Chr. 32:31). (See Deuteronomy 13)
Deuteronômio 13
Utley - YHWH is concerned with the pollution of His worship as Deuteronomy 12 clearly shows. If the worship of YHWH had become polluted here, the NT would not be a reality. God was concerned that His people perform their worship in the exact way He commanded (cf. Dt 4:2; 12:32). If it was not pure worship, the consequence was death, which included Canaanites and false prophets within Israel (cf. Dt 13:5, 9, 15). Seduction was possible for individuals within the community (cf. Dt 4:19; 13:5, 10). (See Deuteronomy 13) Later Israel did not apply capital punishment to false prophets except in rare situations (1Ki 18:40) because he has counseled rebellion against the LORD your God - Rebellion (sarah) has the root idea of turning aside and comes from another Hebrew word meaning to be stubborn, both of which give a good picture of the effect of the counsel of false prophets which might cause defection or apostasy (cf Jer 28:16, 32). God is a jealous God and the prophet who seeks to try to pull His possession Israel away from Him pays for it with their life. The teaching in Dt 7:26+ helps understand why the false prophet deserved the death penalty - "“You shall not bring an abomination into your house, and like it come under the ban (THAT IS UNDER DESTRUCTION); you shall utterly detest it and you shall utterly abhor it, for it is something banned." In other words if the false prophet led them to bring abominations into their house, they themselves would be an object of divine wrath, so their destruction of the prophet was proper. Who brought you from the land of Egypt and redeemed (padah; Lxx = lutroo) you from the house of slavery, to seduce you from the way in which the LORD your God commanded you to walk - Israel needed to remember what God did for them, paying a price to release them from bondage (the blood of a spotless lamb). He did not extract them from slavery to the Egyptians to be made slaves to false gods. Seduce means to be misled and was used in Dt 4:19+ in the warning to Israel to not look at the stars and be drawn away (nadach) to worship and serve them! Seduce (05080)(nadach) meaning to banish, to drive away, to scatter. It is used in various ways to indicate the idea of forcefully removing, impelling, or driving out: of the dispersion, the scattering of Israel into exile (Dt. 30:1, 4; Jer 23:2, 3, 8, 9, Jer. 40:12; 43:5; 46:28; Mic. 4:6, Da 9:7 "have driven them", Isa 56:8 = "dispersed of Israel"); of driving out something in a figurative sense (Job 6:13); Zion herself was considered an outcast, one driven out (Jer. 30:17). Dt. 22:1 = "your countryman’s ox or his sheep straying away". It means to be impelled to do something, e.g., by the lure of idolatry and false gods (Dt. 4:19; 30:17); Pr. 7:21 = "With her many persuasions she entices him". Utley says nadach "means “thrust.” These false prophets (Dt 13:1) and supposedly covenant members (Dt 13:6) were trying to impel believers away from YHWH to other national gods. Nadach (cf. Dt 13:5, 12; 4:19; 2 Ki 17:21) is parallel to “entice” of Dt 13:6. It is interesting that this same Hebrew root is used to describe the exile (i.e., scattering). Vine - "to drive out, banish, thrust, move." This word is found primarily in biblical Hebrew, although in late Hebrew it is used in the sense of "to beguile." Nādaḥ occurs approximately 50 times in the Hebrew Old Testament, and its first use is in the passive form: "And lest thou …shouldest be driven to worship them…" (Deut. 4:19). The implication seems to be that an inner "drivenness" or "drawing away," as well as an external force, was involved in Israel's potential turning toward idolatry.Nādaḥ expresses the idea of "being scattered" in exile, as in Jer. 40:12: Even all the Jews returned out of all places whither they were driven…." Job complained that any resource he once possessed no longer existed, for it "is … driven quite from me" (Job 6:13). Evil "shepherds" or leaders did not lead but rather "drove away" and scattered Israel (Jer. 23:2). The enemies of a good man plot against him "to thrust him down from his eminence" (Psa. 62:4, rsv). Nadach - 53v - banish(1), banished(3), banished one(3), bring down(1), dispersed(1), drawn away(2), drive(3), driven(11), driven away(5), hunted(1), led...astray(1), outcast(2), outcasts(6), scatter(1), scattered(4), seduce(2), seduced(1), seduces(1), straying away(1), swinging(1), swings(1), thrust(1), thrust down(1), will not be cast out(1). Deut. 4:19; Deut. 13:5; Deut. 13:10; Deut. 13:13; Deut. 19:5; Deut. 20:19; Deut. 22:1; Deut. 30:1; Deut. 30:4; Deut. 30:17; 2 Sam. 14:13; 2 Sam. 14:14; 2 Sam. 15:14; 2 Chr. 13:9; 2 Chr. 21:11; Neh. 1:9; Job 6:13; Ps. 5:10; Ps. 62:4; Ps. 147:2; Prov. 7:21; Isa. 8:22; Isa. 11:12; Isa. 13:14; Isa. 16:3; Isa. 16:4; Isa. 27:13; Isa. 56:8; Jer. 8:3; Jer. 16:15; Jer. 23:2; Jer. 23:3; Jer. 23:8; Jer. 24:9; Jer. 27:10; Jer. 27:15; Jer. 29:14; Jer. 29:18; Jer. 30:17; Jer. 32:37; Jer. 40:12; Jer. 43:5; Jer. 46:28; Jer. 49:5; Jer. 49:36; Jer. 50:17; Ezek. 4:13; Ezek. 34:4; Ezek. 34:16; Dan. 9:7; Joel 2:20; Mic. 4:6; Zeph. 3:1 So you shall purge the evil from among you - As a pathologist I ran the Cancer conference and one thing that we would always say is that the best way to cure cancer is to make sure it is completely cut out (if it is the type of malignancy that can be subjected to radical surgery). These prophets were evil and their evil leaven would spread if not completely obliterated. Purge means to consume (used of burning bush "not consumed" - Ex 3:2-3) and in the Septuagint is aphanizo meaning to cause to disappear, make invisible or unrecognizable. Purge the evil is a key phrase only in this book, but one used repeatedly by Moses calling for Israel to be a "pure" nation - Deut. 13:5; Deut. 17:7; Deut. 17:12; Deut. 19:19; Deut. 22:21; Deut. 22:22; Deut. 22:24; Deut. 24:7
Deuteronômio 13
Utley has an interesting comment - This text has several possible interpretations. The phrase can refer to: (1) the Canaanite gods, whether in the north or south of Canaan (“earth” = “land”), (2) foreign gods, whether in Mesopotamia or Palestine (“near you or far from you”) or (3) particular caution against the worship of astral gods, whether the sun, moon, stars, planets, constellations, comets, shooting stars, novas, eclipses, etc. (things that rise and set) (See Deuteronomy 13) Deuteronomy 13:8 you shall not yield to him or listen to him; and your eye shall not pity him, nor shall you spare or conceal him. you shall not yield : Ex 20:3 Pr 1:10 Ga 1:8,9 1Jn 5:21 shall not pity him: De 7:16 19:13 Eze 5:11 9:5,6 Deuteronomy 13 Resources RESPONSE TO SEDUCTION Here we see a list of five negatives of how one is to treat the person who is seeking to follow false gods. you shall not yield to him or listen to him - The first response is don't yield (become willing, consent acquiesce, desire). Then don't even listen ( shama) which conveys the sense of to hear and heed (or respond). These two responses are closely linked for if you listen, you might be tempted and if tempted you might yield. Utley comments on turning in a loved one to be stoned! - This is the heart of individual covenant responsibility. This is a radical statement in the context of the cultural structure where family was most important (cf. Matt. 10:34–39; Luke 14:25–27). (See Deuteronomy 13) and your eye shall not pity him, nor shall you spare or conceal him - The next responses are no sympathy, no sparing (from punishment) and no covering up for him. Do not let your human emotions affect your actions required by God. One might tend to show mercy and/or cover up if they were relatives, but were not to do so! Shall not pity - Deut. 7:16; Deut. 13:8; Deut. 19:13 Not show pity - Deut. 19:21; Deut. 25:12 God’s commands were to rule over human feelings. - Jack Deere Deuteronomy 13:9 "But you shall surely kill him; your hand shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. But: De 17:2-7 Mt 10:37 Lu 14:26 hand: De 17:7 Joh 8:7 Ac 7:58 Deuteronomy 13 Resources Related Passage: Deuteronomy 17:7+ “The hand of the witnesses shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people. So you shall purge the evil from your midst. EXECUTION OF RELATIVES OR FRIENDS WHO ENTICE But - Stark term of contrast. Not compassion but execution! you shall surely kill him - In Hebrew the verb for to kill is twice ("kill kill") for emphasis and is reflected in the translation "surely kill." Kill him is by stoning as shown in next passage. See similar penalty in Dt 17:2-7+. Imagine killing your relative with your own hand! This shows how sinister is the seductive influence seeking to draw them to worship false gods. It had to be totally eradicated. Your (the accuser's) hand shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people - Imagine casting the first stone against your relative! But to do so was clear testimony that the accused was guilty for this stipulation would inhibit false testimony (cf Dt 5:20+). In other words a false accuser would not want to cast a stone at an innocent person (to do so they themselves would be guilty of premeditated murder!)The reason all the people needed to cast stones was to show they agreed with God's statutes against idolatry. Deuteronomy 13:10 "So you shall stone him to death because he has sought to seduce you from the LORD your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. stone him: De 21:21 Lev 20:2,27 24:14-16,23 Nu 15:35,36 Jos 7:25 2Ch 24:21 brought: Ex 20:2 Deuteronomy 13 Resources Related Passage: Zechariah 13:3+ “And if anyone still prophesies, then his father and mother who gave birth to him will say to him, ‘You shall not live, for you have spoken falsely in the name of the LORD’; and his father and mother who gave birth to him will pierce him through when he prophesies. So you shall stone him to death because he has sought to seduce (nadach) you from the LORD your God - Literally the Hebrew reads "Stone him with stones." Enticement of others to follow other gods was simply not tolerated and had to be completely exterminated because of its leaven like effect on the family or tribe. Stoning was the method of killing the offender for in this way all the adults could participate and in essence "cast their vote" against the worship of idols! Utley - Stoning was a capital punishment which was done by the whole covenantal community (cf. Lev. 20:2, 27; 24:13–23; Num. 15:32–36; Deut. 13:10; 21:21; Josh 7:22–26). This is not the regular term used for judicial capital punishment. This term speaks of the urgency of immediate, radical purging of evil (cf. Exod. 32:27; Lev. 20:15, 16; Num. 25:5; Deut. 13:10; Ezek. 9:6). Persons were stoned by the community for: idolatry, Lev. 20:2–5 (also possibly 6–8); Deut. 13:1–5; 17:2–7, blasphemy, Lev. 24:10–23; 1 Kings 11–14; Luke 4:29; Acts 7:58 (both reflect Exod. 22:28); also note John 8:59; 10:31; 11:8, rejection of parental authority, Deut. 21:18–21 (possibly Lev. 20:9), marital unfaithfulness, Deut. 22:22, 23–27 (possibly Lev. 20:10–16, treason (known disobedience to YHWH), Joshua 7 (See Deuteronomy 13; See SPECIAL TOPIC: STONE TO DEATH)
Deuteronômio 13
Utley - Notice the flow of thought: 1. Idolatry deserves judgment (i.e., holy war, all that breathes, dies), Dt 13:12–15. 2. All the spoils of the city are given to YHWH as a whole burnt offering (i.e., in holy war, all valuables given to YHWH), Dt 13:16–17 3. Obedience brings blessing, Dt 13:17–18: a. He turns from His burning anger b. He shows mercy, cf. Dt 30:3 c. He has compassion d. He brings abundance e. He fulfills oath to the fathers 4. Blessing is conditional on obedience, Dt 13:18 Deuteronomy 13:18 if you will listen to the voice of the LORD your God, keeping all His commandments which I am commanding you today, and doing what is right in the sight of the LORD your God. keeping: De 12:25,28,32 Ps 119:6 Mt 6:33 7:21,24 Deuteronomy 13 Resources if you will listen to the voice of the LORD your God, keeping all His commandments which I am commanding you today, and doing what is right in the sight of the LORD your God - This is a conditional clause, the promise of the condition being in v17.