João 19
Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
João 19
Utley - The irony is stunning. These Jewish leaders were guilty of blasphemy, the very charge of which they accused Jesus. In the OT only God is King of His people (cf. 1 Sam. 8). Brian Bell - This (THE JEWS TURNING ON JESUS) must have taken Pilate’s breath away. The Jews abandoned every principle they had in order to eliminate Jesus. In their hatred they forgot all mercy, they forgot all sense of proportion, they forgot all justice, they forgot all their principles, they even forgot God! Never in history was the insanity of hatred so vividly shown. (William Barclay) Pilate washed his hands (Mt 27:24) At whatever point Pilate stubbornly tried to wash the stain of his decision away, it would follow him to his grave. And worse, beyond it! Face-to-face with the One whose life he washed his hands of. Seriousness of unbelief of Jesus? To reject Him as King of your life is just like washing your hands of Him. Spurgeon's expository comments - note there may be some repetition as this is simply a collection of all his thoughts on a given passage or section. John 19:15. But they cried out, away with him, away with him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? “How could you call him King, and bring against him a charge of setting up a rival kingdom when you, who would be his subjects, are all crying out, ‘Crucify him’? ‘Shall I crucify your King?”’ How false they were their own actions proved. John 19:15. The chief priests answered, we have no king but Caesar. They said this with all the coolness in the world. The mob had been stirred up and excited, but the chief priests, the principal ecclesiastics of the day, coolly said, “ We have no king but Caesar.” Did they not recollect that the scepter was not to pass away from Judah until Shiloh came, so that, as it had evidently passed away, Shiloh must have come? After all their Bible-reading, did they not know that? Oh, how easy it is to read much of Scripture and yet to know little about its teaching! Dear friends, let us not join the Jews in refusing to have Christ as King. They cried, “ Away with him, away with him,” when he was set before them as King. Let us not do that, but let us rather accept the Crucified as our Master and Lord, and cheerfully bow at his feet. John 19:15-17. But they cried out, Away with him, away with him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your king? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar. Then delivered he him therefore unto them to be crucified. And they took Jesus, and led him away. And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: The inspired writers seem to delight to give us the Hebrew names of these notable places that are linked with Christ’s last agonies, and they are still very precious to Christians, Gethsemane, Gabbatha, Golgotha, three names never to be forgotten by those who were redeemed with the precious blood of Christ. Caesar (2541) kaisar - of Latin origin) refers to the emperor of Rome. It was originally a surname of Julius Caesar, later taken as a title by the chief Roman ruler. Gilbrant on kaisar - The proper noun Kaisar is the Greek transliteration of the Latin word Caesar. “Caesar” was originally the family name of Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar was the final leader of the Roman Republic. He was assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C., by opponents in the Roman Senate who were concerned that he had amassed too much power. In his testament he had adopted his nephew Octavian, who assumed not only the name “Caesar” but also the military support and ultimately the political power previously held by Julius Caesar. By the year 27 B.C. Octavian had gained for himself the Republic’s ancient sacral title “Augustus” and was officially known as Imperator Caesar divi filius Augustus (“the Emperor Caesar Augustus, sacred son of god”). Caesar Augustus, as he was popularly called (cf. Luke 2:1), gradually consolidated virtual monarchic power in the imperial office, bringing the Roman Republic to a close and founding what is known as the “Principate.” Following his death in A.D. 14 each of his successors took the name “Caesar” as their imperial title. For an excellent brief summary of the political and military intrigue surrounding Julius and Augustus Caesar and the transition from the Republic to the Principate, see Koester, History, Culture and Religion of the Hellenistic Age, pp.298-307. Kaisar is used in the New Testament to refer to Augustus (Luke 2:1); Tiberius (Luke 3:1 - A.D. 14–37), who was emperor during Jesus’ ministry; Claudius (Acts 17:7 and Acts 18:2 - A.D. 41–54 ); and Nero (probably the Caesar to whom Paul appealed in Acts 25:8-12, mentioned specifically in the subscript to 2 Timothy - A.D. 54–68). As mentioned above, “Caesar” was a name when applied to Augustus, but a title when referring to his imperial successors. It is possible that the title “Caesar” is used figuratively to refer to any human ruler or to the state in general in Jesus’ famous aphorism, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s” (Mark 12:13-17; cf. Matthew 22:15-22; Luke 20:20-26). However, the context of the politically sensitive issue of paying taxes to support the Roman occupation makes this figurative use unlikely. (Complete Biblical Library) Marvin
João 19
Utley - From the Synoptic Gospels we learned that He shouted this with loud cry (cf. Mark 15:37; Luke 23:46; Matt. 27:50). This refers to the finished work of redemption. This form of the term (telos) in the Egyptian papyri was a commercial idiom for “paid in full.” The Gospel parallels in Mark 15:37 and Luke 23:46 have “He breathed His last.” The Hebrew word for “spirit” and “breathe” are the same. His last breath was viewed as His spirit leaving the body (cf. Gen. 2:7). Spurgeon's expository comments - note there may be some repetition as this is simply a collection of all his thoughts on a given passage or section. John 19:30. It is finished; Consummatum est. “The work is done, redemption is accomplished; the salvation of my people is forever secured.” What “it” was it that was finished? I will not attempt to expound it. It is the biggest “it” that ever was. Turn it over and you will see that it will grow, and grow, and grow, and grow, till it fills the whole earth: “It is finished.” Incarnate love has fulfilled its self-imposed task. Jesus, as the substitute for sinners, was condemned to die, and he died that he might finish the work of our redemption. It is not that he died, and that then his head fell forward; but while he yet lived, having before maintained an erect, noble bearing even in the pangs of death, he now, to show his perfect resignation to his Father’s will bows his head, and yields up that saved spirit of his which dwelt within his body. He did not give up the ghost, and then bow his head, because he was dead; but he bowed his head as though in the act of worship, or as leaning it down upon his Father’s bosom, and then gave up the ghost. Thus have we had two gospel pictures of our dying Lord. May we remember them, and learn the lessons they are intended to teach. The Cost When he had received the drink, Jesus said, “It is finished.” With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. John 19:30 Today's Scripture & Insight : John 19:25–30 Michelangelo’s works explored many facets of the life of Jesus, yet one of the most poignant was also one of the most simple. In the 1540s he sketched a pieta (a picture of Jesus’ mother holding the body of the dead Christ) for his friend Vittoria Colonna. Done in chalk, the drawing depicts Mary looking to the heavens as she cradles her Son’s still form. Rising behind Mary, the upright beam of the cross carries these words from Dante’s Paradise, “There they don’t think of how much blood it costs.” Michelangelo’s point was profound: when we contemplate the death of Jesus, we must consider the price He paid. The price paid by Christ is captured in His dying declaration, “It is finished” (John 19:30). The term for “it is finished” (tetelestai) was used in several ways—to show a bill had been paid, a task finished, a sacrifice offered, a masterpiece completed. Each of them applies to what Jesus did on our behalf on the cross! Perhaps that’s why the apostle Paul wrote, “May I never boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world” (Galatians 6:14). How could each meaning of tetelestai be applied to the cross of Jesus and what He accomplished there? Why does each one have meaning to you? Father, when I consider the sacrifice Jesus made on my behalf, I am humbled and deeply grateful. Thank You for Jesus, and thank You for the cross. NO NEED FOR ADDITIONS Jesus said, “It is finished.” With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. JOHN 19:30 Most Christians begin well; but finishing well—or even at all (ED: TO NO FINISH "AT ALL" WOULD BE WORRISOME - SEE Mt 24:13, Mk 13:13, Heb 3:6, Heb 3:14 Perseverance of the Saints)—is another matter entirely. Jesus was a finisher. He completed the work of redemption that he came to accomplish. He left nothing undone. In the closing hours of his life he could pray to his Father, “I have brought you glory on earth by finishing the work you gave me to do” (John 17:4). John Flavel shares this thought on the completed work of Christ. WALK WITH JOHN FLAVEL “Did Christ finish his work? How dangerous it is to join anything of our own to the righteousness of Christ, in pursuit of justification before God! Jesus Christ will never endure this; it reflects upon his work dishonorably. He will be all, or none, in our justification. “If he has finished the work, what need is there of our additions? And if not, to what purpose are they? Can we finish that which Christ himself could not complete? “Did he finish the work, and will he ever divide the glory and praise of it with us? No, no; Christ is no half-Savior. “It is a hard thing to bring proud hearts to rest upon Christ for righteousness. God humbles the proud by calling sinners wholly from their own righteousness to Christ for their justification.” WALK CLOSER TO GOD If these thoughts from the apostle Paul are the expression of your heart, pray them back to God “I want to know Christ—yes, to know the power of his resurrection and participation in his sufferings, becoming like him in his death … I do not consider myself yet to have taken hold of it. But one thing I do: Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 3:10,13–14). SEE NIV, Once-A-Day: Walk with Jesus: 365 Days in the New Testament Finished! When Jesus had received the sour wine, He said, "It is finished!" And bowing His head, He gave up His spirit. —John 19:30 Today's Scripture : John 19:16-30 The Lord Jesus ended His work and suffering on the cross of Calvary with the words “It is finished!” (Jn. 19:30). In the original language in which John recorded these words, only one word is spoken by the Lord Jesus—tetelestai. Not three words but one—finished. It was the cry of consummation, the cry of victory and of completion. In this one word, the Savior declared a fact, a truth so wonderful that Satan has been busy ever since trying to hide from the minds of men and women the meaning of Jesus’ last triumphant cry. As a result, there are millions of earnest, sincere, seeking souls who long for peace and rest but have not yet realized that salvation is a completed work. There is nothing more to be done. Yet these dear souls work and sacrifice, doing things they feel will merit for them the favor of God. Lifted up was He to die, "It is finished," was His cry; Now in heaven exalted high: Hallelujah, what a Savior! —Bliss Salvation cannot be earned; it must be accepted. Adding To A Masterpiece When Jesus had received the sour wine, He said, "It is finished!" — John 19:30 Today's Scripture : Ephesians 2:1-10 Could you improve on a masterpiece? Imagine that you are walking through the Louvre museum in Paris. As you approach the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, would you think about taking a palette and brushes and touching up the painting? Maybe put some more color in her cheeks? Perhaps change her nose a little? “That’s ridiculous!” you say. For nearly 500 years the Mona Lisa has been considered one of the greatest artistic works of all time. How absurd to think we could add anything to this masterpiece! Yet that’s what many people try to do with Christ’s masterpiece—salvation. They think they must improve on it with some work of their own. But that masterpiece was completed when Jesus said, “It is finished,” while hanging on the cross (John 19:30). Then He proved that His work of redemption was done when He rose from the dead. When you hear that Jesus paid the price for your sin and that you don’t have to do anything to merit God’s grace, do you think it’s too good to be true? Do you think there’s something you must do to earn it? Christ's work for my salvation is complete! No work of mine can add to what He's done; I bow to worship at the Master's feet, And honor God the Father's only Son. —Hess Salvation is a gift to be received—not a goal to be achieved. He said, "It is finished!" JOHN 19:30 Author Joseph Conrad had just finished writing a lengthy and intense novel about domination and rescue. Because Conrad's native language was Polish, the task of working out precise English words and phrases was very difficult. When he finally completed the book, he scrawled a single word across the last page. it was not the word Finished or Completed, but the word Victory! And that became the title of the novel. LIFTED UP TO DIE, "IT IS FINISHED!" WAS CHRIST'S CRY. Done! When Jesus had received the sour wine, He said, "It is finished!" — John 19:30 Today's Scripture : John 19:25-30 So many of our hopes and dreams remain unfulfilled. Composer Franz Schubert departed this world leaving behind his “Unfinished Symphony.” Similarly, prolific author Charles Dickens was unable to fully develop the plot of his novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood. We too undoubtedly have aspirations that we will be unable to fulfill. But what a blessing to know that the work of our redemption was totally and perfectly accomplished by Jesus on the cross. The last words of Jesus, “It is finished,” are actually a single word in the original language (John 19:30). But that word holds oceans of meaning. What Jesus gasped was “Completed!” or “Ended!” That cry from the cross announced that not only had His suffering come to an end but also His redemptive work was eternally accomplished. All that He had come to achieve in His human life was finished. Done! We can do nothing to add to His sacrifice. Christ’s self-giving death was all-sufficient. We stretch out the empty hand of faith, and God in grace puts into it the gift of eternal life. "It is finished," Jesus cried, Then on Calvary's cross He died; Christ the Lord atonement made, And sin's debt was fully paid. —Hess Christ's sacrifice was what God desired and what our sin required. Shout Of Triumph It is finished! —John 19:30 Today's Scripture : John 19:28-37 Recently I read about Aron Ralston, a hiker who was trapped alone at the bottom of a remote canyon. With scant hope of being found and his strength ebbing away, he had to take drastic measures to save his life. During a moment of excruciating pain, he shouted in agony and in victory, because he had freed himself and now had a chance to escape and live. Those who witnessed the crucifixion of Jesus saw His hours of agony and heard Him cry out in a loud voice, “It is finished!” as He gave up His spirit (John 19:30). His final words from the cross were not a cry of painful defeat but a shout of triumph, because He had accomplished all that the Father sent Him to do. When Jesus died, He shared in what all of us must experience. But far beyond that, He did what none of us can do. He paid the price for our sins that we might be forgiven and have eternal life through faith in Him. “It is finished!” was the Lord’s shout of victory because now, through Him, we can escape the power of sin; we can live and be free. How Will You Finish? In 1981 Bill Broadhurst entered the Pepsi Challenge 10,000-meter road race in Omaha, Nebraska. Ten years earlier, surgery for a brain aneurysm left him paralyzed on his left side. But on a misty July morning, he stood with 1,200 lithe-looking men and women at the starting line. The gun cracked. The crowd surged ahead. Bill threw his stiff left leg forward and pivoted on it as his right foot hit the ground. His slow plop-plop-plop rhythm seemed to mock him as the pack disappeared into the distance. Sweat rolled down his face, pain pierced his ankle, but he kept going. Six miles, two hours, and twenty-nine minutes later, Bill reached the finish line. A man approached from a small group of bystanders. Bill recognized him from pictures in the newspaper. "Here," the man said. "You've worked harder for this than I have." With those words, Bill Rodgers, the famous marathon runner, put his newly won medal around Broadhurst's neck, proclaiming him a winner. The sight of Jesus hanging "helpless" on a cross looked like a tragic defeat. But three little words from His lips amounted to a victory shout: "It is finished!" Three days later the truth of His words would be known. The empty tomb confirmed His claim. He had finished His work by defeating death and atoning for sin. We are judged by what we finish, not by what we start. Henry
João 19
Utley - “(for the Sabbath was a high day)” This has been interpreted in two ways: (1) the Passover meal and the Sabbath coincided this particular year (Jews used a lunar calendar) or (2) the feast of Unleavened Bread coincided with the Sabbath this year. The feast of Passover and Unleavened Bread (cf. Exod. 12) had become an eight-day festival. A T Robertson on for the Sabbath was a high day - A double reason therefore for wanting the bodies removed before sunset when the Sabbath began. Asked Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away - Once again we see these hypocritical legalists seeking to keep their religious laws even while they kill the only One Who ever perfectly kept the law. Here is the OT passages which motivated their request... “If a man has committed a sin worthy of death and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree, 23 his corpse shall not hang all night on the tree, but you shall surely bury him on the same day (for he who is hanged is accursed of God), so that you do not defile your land which the LORD your God gives you as an inheritance. (Dt 21:22-23+) Crucifixion usually caused death by asphyxiation so breaking the legs caused this almost immediately because the person could not push up on his legs to breathe. The legs were necessary to allow one to exhale. Edwards explains that "With elbows flexed and shoulders adducted and with weight of body on nailed feet, exhalation is accomplished as active, rather than passive, process. Breaking legs below knees would place burden of exhalation on shoulder and arm muscles alone and soon would result in exhaustion asphyxia." (Death of Jesus) ESV Study note - The Romans typically left decaying bodies on crosses long after death (see note on crucifixion on Mt. 27:35+). However, on certain ceremonial occasions (such as the emperor’s birthday, see Philo, Against Flaccus 83 - scroll down to #83), they could take the bodies down early, and breaking the legs would facilitate a quick death by preventing a person from prolonging his life by pushing himself up with his legs to be able to breathe. Arm strength soon failed, and asphyxiation ensued. The excavated bones of a crucified man from Givat ha-Mivtar (discovered near Jerusalem in 1968), whose legs had been broken, provide confirmation of this practice. (BORROW The ESV Study Bible page 2068) A T
João 19
Utley - This verse is a comment by John, who was the only eyewitness to all the events of (1) the night trials, (2) the Roman trial; and (3) the crucifixion. A T