1 Crônicas 18
David Guzik · Citado em PreceptAustin
1 Crônicas 18
Guzik - When David became king, the Philistines were taking territory from God’s people. Under his leadership God’s people began to take territory from the enemy. Alan Redpath - David didn’t avoid fighting the Philistines because Israel had lost to them so many times before. “The thing that fascinates me about this complete victory is the utter contempt with which David treated the great power of his adversaries.” (ED: I would add that he was surely able to do so because he was confident that the LORD was with him!) James Butler summaries chapter 18 with alliteration - 1 Chronicles 18—Advancement of David. The growth and progress of David’s reign over Israel is cited. •Defeat of nations: Philistia, Moab, Zobah, Syria, and Edom were defeated. •Despoiling of foes: in the spoils of victory, David obtained much wealth from his foes. •Dedication of possessions: David dedicated to the building of the Temple much of what he gained in battle. •Diplomacy of allies: they brought presents and promoted peace with David. •Delegating of officials: this chapter closes by listing the main officials in David’s administration. Related Resources: Who were the Philistines? | GotQuestions.org Why were the Philistines and the Israelites always at war? | GotQuestions.org 1 Chronicles 18:2 He defeated Moab, and the Moabites became servants to David, bringing tribute. He defeated: Nu 24:17 Jdg 3:29,30 2Sa 8:2 Ps 60:8 Isa 11:14 tribute: 1Sa 10:27 1Ki 10:2,25 2Ki 3:4,5 Ps 68:29,30 72:8-10 Isa 16:1 Related Passage: 2 Samuel 8:2 He defeated Moab, and measured them with the line, making them lie down on the ground; and he measured two lines to put to death and one full line to keep alive. And the Moabites became servants to David, bringing tribute. (BOLD NOT IN CHRONICLES DESCRIPTION) Guzik - David’s war against Moab and his harsh treatment of their army seems out of place considering that David’s great-grandmother was a Moabite (Ruth) and that he entrusted his mother and father into the care of the Moabites (1 Samuel 22:3-4). It may be that the Moabites killed or mistreated David’s parents. DAVID DEFEATS THE MOABITES ON THE EAST He defeated Moab, and the Moabites became servants to David, bringing tribute - Moabites were descendants of Lot (Ge 19:36–38) and their land was on the EASTERN border of Israel posed constant military (and religious threat - pagan, idolatrous worship) to Israel (Nu 25:1-3; Jdg 3:12-30; 1Sa 14:47). It is interesting to recall that previously (probably some 10-20 years before) David had taken his parents to live in Moab to be safe from King Saul (see 1Sa 22:2-4+) Recall also that David had Moabite blood from his great grandmother Ruth the Moabitess (Ru 4:13-21), but this did not prevent him from attacking and defeating the Moabites. Those Moabites David spared became his subjects and paid taxes to him. Andrew Hill: David apparently leaves local leadership in place [ in the land of the Philistines and of Moab] but imposes annual tribute as a satellite state of Israel. Ron Daniel: The Moabites had been enemies of Israel ever since they hired Balaam the prophet to curse the Jews (Num. 22) as they wandered in the wilderness. When David defeated them, he made them subject to Israel, forced to pay tribute, which is essentially "protection money." Guzik on tribute - God did not want Israel to destroy every neighbor nation. Generally, God wanted Israel to be so blessed and strong that other nations were “taxed” by Israel, in recognition of their strength and dominance. Walton - tribute. When one state or other political entity conquered another or extended hegemony over its affairs, the result was the exaction of tribute payments from the subject people. This could take the form of precious metals (by weight or as jewelry or implements), farm produce (a significant portion of the harvest) or labor service. Not surprisingly, this draining of the economy was unpopular and was generally the reason for revolt or warfare. Extra-biblical documentation for this practice is widespread. For instance, the annals of the Assyrian kings often include lists of items received as tribute: the Black Obelisk inscription of Shalmaneser III (859-824 B.C.) contains Jehu’s tribute to Assyria of silver, gold, lead and hard woods; Tiglath-Pileser III (744-727 B.C.) received elephant hide, ivory, linen garments and other luxury items from his vassals in Damascus, Samaria, Tyre and elsewhere. (Page 334 IVP Background Commentary) 1 Chronicles 18:3 David also defeated Hadadezer, king of Zobah as far as Hamath, as he went to establish his rule to the Euphrates River. Zobah: 1Sa 14:47 2Sa 10:6 Ps 60:1 *title by the river: Ge 15:18 Ex 23:31 Related Passage: Genesis 15:18+ On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying, “To your descendants I have given this land, From the river of Egypt as far as the great river, the river Euphrates: Deuteronomy 1:7+ ‘Turn and set your journey, and go to the hill country of the Amorites, and to all their neighbors in the Arabah, in the hill country and in the lowland and in the Negev and by the seacoast, the land of the Canaanites, and Lebanon, as far as the great river, the river Euphrates. Joshua 1:4+ “From the wilderness and this Lebanon, even as far as the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and as far as the Great Sea toward the setting of the sun will be your territory. DAVID DEFEATS ENEMIES ON NORTH TO THE EUPHRATES David also defeated Hadadezer, king of Zobah as far as Hamath (see far north in map above), as he went to establish his rule (yad = literally "hand") to the Euphrates River - 2Sa 8:3 says David "went to restore his control along the Euphrates River." (See note by Konkel below) Hamath was north of Damascus (capital of Syria), near the upper reaches of the great river Euphrates. Thus, God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:18+) had finally been partially fulfilled. The bend of the Euphrates (see map above) at Emar is most likely the area intended here. Hadadezer meant “Hadad (personal name of Canaanite storm god) is my help ('ezer) (cf Israel's "Eben-ezer" - 1Sa 7:12+) He was not much help (!!!) against David because David had the help of Jehovah the only true God (2Sa 8:6,14+)! Zobah was an Aramean (later called Syria) kingdom north of Damascus and more than 60 miles north of the Sea of Galilee. Note that David wrote Psalm 60 was to commemorate this battle (see below). Saul had previously fought against the kings of Zobah (1Sa 14:47) on Israel’s northern border and restore indicates David restored what Saul had controlled only briefly. The River refers to the Euphrates River which was listed as boundary to the land promised to Abraham (see passages above). See SPECIAL TOPIC: HAND (yad) F B
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Guzik - One needed two things to build the temple: security and money. These chapters show how David, though he could not build the temple himself, obtained the security and money necessary for his son to build the temple.....Even when God shuts the door for us to do a work, we may still be vitally involved in it – often by amassing treasure for that work, as David did for the temple his son would build. “To be willing to do the work of preparation, when not permitted to undertake the principal service, is proof of real devotion.” (Morgan) F B
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Guzik - Not every pagan nation surrounding Israel was hostile to Israel or their God, and David did not treat them as if they were hostile. We make a mistake if we treat every unbeliever as an openly hostile enemy of the Lord. 1 Chronicles 18:11 King David also dedicated these to the LORD with the silver and the gold which he had carried away from all the nations: from Edom, Moab, the sons of Ammon, the Philistines, and from Amalek. dedicated: 1Ch 22:14 26:20,26,27 29:14 Ex 35:5,21-24 Jos 6:19 2Sa 8:11,12 1Ki 7:51 2Ki 12:18 2Ch 5:1 Mic 4:13 the children: 1Ch 20:1,2 Amalek: 1Sa 27:8,9 30:13,20 Ps 83:6,7 DAVID CONSECRATES TREASURE TO YAHWEH King David also dedicated these to the LORD - NET Note - “also them King David made holy to the LORD.” Dedicated is the verb qadash (Lxx - hagiazo) which means to set apart or consecrate, and so David declared the tribute as consecrated to God was separated from all profane use. As one has written "Rather than assume the victor's right of property, David acknowledged the Source of the victory. God gave their spoil to David and David returns it to the Giver and the ultimate Possessor! Not to us, O LORD, not to us, But to Your name give glory Because of Your lovingkindness, because of Your truth. -- Ps 115:1+ THOUGHT - It all belongs to the LORD! Is that your (my) mindset? We are simply stewards of His treasure (time and talents included). We will be held accountable for how we stewarded His resources (2Co 5:10+, 1Pe 4:10-11+) - for our selfish ends or for His glory. "Possessions come from God and should be used to express gratitude to Him. David believed his victories resulted from God's care for him. He acknowledged his gratitude and his dependence on God by dedicating valuables taken in battle." with the silver and the gold which he had carried away from all the nations: from Edom, Moab, the sons of Ammon, the Philistines, and from Amalek. - So David did not just dedicate the tribute from Toi, but from all the nations over which the LORD had given him victory. Today we would call David a "generous giver," a great pattern to emulate and surely another reason David is called by God a man after His Own heart! O, to be such a man or woman. Let it be so in our life. Amen NET Note on from Edom - The parallel text of 2 Sam 8:12 of the Masoretic Text reads “Aram.” However, a few Hebrew Manuscripts along with the LXX and Syriac of 2 Sam 8:12 read “Edom” in agreement with 1 Chr 18:11 (cf. 2 Sam 8:14). Walton - Dedication of the precious metals to the Lord means that they were donated to the sanctuary’s treasury and became part of the assets administered by the priests rather than going into the royal treasuries. Specially selected objects such as ceremonial weapons or important cultic objects would have been kept, while many of the smaller items would be melted down. (Page 334 IVP Background Commentary) August Konkel: The wars against the Ammonites and the Arameans granted David control of the territory east of the Jordan as far north as the kingdom of Tou at Hamath, on the Orontes River (1 Chron 18:9–11). Dedicated (consecrated, sanctified) (06942) qadash means to set apart for a specific use. Removed from common use. To be holy. To show one's self to be holy. To consecrate or dedicate. To set apart a person or thing from all common or secular purposes to some religious use. Everything consecrated to God was separated from all profane use. Webster's Dictionary definition #2 for consecrate is convicting - " make or declare sacred; esp devote irrevocably to worship of God by a solemn ceremony." Qadash could refer to anything reserved exclusively for God (Ex 13:2, 12, 13; Nu 18:15) Qadash signifies an act or a state in which people or things are set aside for use in the worship of God, i.e., they are consecrated or made sacred for that purpose. They must be withheld from ordinary (secular) use and treated with special care as something which belongs to God (Ex 29:21). Otherwise, defilement makes the sanctified object unusable (cf. Dt 22:9; Eze 44:19; 46:20). Qadash is used with various objects: people of Israel - Ex 19:10, 14; Joshua 7:13; altar in the Temple - Ex 29:36; 1Ki 8:64; priests - Ex 28:41; 29:1;1Sa 7:1; mountain - Ex 19:23; Sabbath - Ge 2:3; Ex 20:8; new building - Neh 3:1; fast - Joel 1:14; 2:15. 1 Chronicles 18:12 Moreover Abishai the son of Zeruiah defeated 18,000 Edomites in the Valley of Salt. Moreover: 1Ch 2:16 11:20 1Sa 26:6,8 2Sa 3:30 10:10,14 16:9-11 19:21,22 20:6 2Sa 21:17 23:18 Abishai: Heb. Abshai, 1Ch 19:11 *marg: Edomites: 2Sa 7:13 8:13,14 Ps 60:1 *title Ps 60:8,9 the valley of Salt: 2Ki 14:7 2Ch 25:11 ABISHAI'S SLAUGHTER OF EDOMITES Moreover Abishai the son of Zeruiah defeated 18,000 Edomites in the Valley of Salt - The Valley of Salt is probably south of the Dead Sea (see map above). The parallel passage in 2Sa 8:13+ attributes the victory to David = "David made a name for himself when he returned from killing 18,000." Abishai was David's nephew and Joab's brother, and according to the title of Ps. 60, was also involved in this victory. Ps 60:1+ Title - For the choir director; according to >Shushan Eduth. A Mikhtam of David, to teach; when he struggled with Aram-naharaim and with Aram-zobah (THIS WOULD BE IN THE NORTH - NE OF DAMASCUS), and Joab returned, and smote twelve thousand of Edom in the Valley of Salt. Comment - 1Ch 18:12 says Abishai but Ps 60:1 says Joab and 2Sa 8:13+ says David! How do you resolve? The only thing I can see is that Abishai was Joab's brother, so it is possible both were present in this victory. Believer's Study Bible note seems to agree noting that "Expositors debate whether the Edomite victory referred to should be credited to David, Joab, or Abishai. The most plausible solution is as follows: (1) David, as king, was commander-in-chief of all the armies of Israel; (2) Joab was probably in charge of this particular Edomite campaign; (3) Abishai likely was serving as the field commander under Joab." August Konkel: The subjugation of all the north and east side of Jordan provided David with the opportunity to subdue Edom and establish garrisons there. This not only granted Israel a strategic seaport to the south; it also secured the southern border. By this description, David had created a small empire. He had enlarged the size of his territory in the conquest of Philistia, and had secured subordination and contribution of tribute from all the surrounding nations. Psalm 60:1+ For the choir director; according to >Shushan Eduth. A Mikhtam of David, to teach; when he struggled with Aram-naharaim and with Aram-zobah, and Joab returned, and smote twelve thousand of Edom in the Valley of Salt. O God, You have rejected us. You have broken us; You have been angry; O, restore us. 2 You have made the land quake, You have split it open; Heal its breaches, for it totters. 3 You have made Your people experience hardship; You have given us wine to drink that makes us stagger. 4 You have given a banner to those who fear You, That it may be displayed because of the truth. Selah. 5 That Your beloved may be delivered, Save with Your right hand, and answer us! 6 God has spoken in His holiness: “I will exult, I will portion out Shechem and measure out the valley of Succoth. 7 “Gilead is Mine, and Manasseh is Mine; Ephraim also is the helmet of My head; Judah is My scepter. 8 “Moab is My washbowl; Over Edom I shall throw My shoe; Shout loud, O Philistia, because of Me!” 9 Who will bring me into the besieged city? Who will lead me to Edom? 10 Have not You Yourself, O God, rejected us? And will You not go forth with our armies, O God? 11 O give us help against the adversary, For deliverance by man is in vain. 12 Through God we shall do valiantly, And it is He who will tread down our adversaries. 1 Chronicles 18:13 Then he put garrisons in Edom, and all the Edomites became servants to David. And the LORD helped David wherever he went. garrisons: 1Ch 18:6 1Sa 10:5 13:3 14:1 2Sa 7:14-17 23:14 2Co 11:32 all the Edomites: Ge 25:23 27:29,37,40 Nu 24:18 Thus the Lord: 1Ch 18:6 Ps 18:48-50 121:7 144:10 DAVID FOUGHT BUT YAHWEH GAVE VICTORY Then he put garrisons (netsib) in Edom, and all the Edomites became servants to David. And the LORD helped David wherever he went - We see this same idea our part and God's part in Ps 127:1 "Unless the LORD builds the house (GOD'S PART), They labor in vain who build it (MAN'S RESPONSIBILITY); Unless the LORD guards the city, The watchman keeps awake in vain." Guzik - Israel possessed more of the land God promised to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21) under David’s reign than at any other time. David was able to accomplish so much against God’s enemies because he, unlike Saul, was not consumed with fighting against the people of God. (ED: NOT TO MENTION THAT HE SOUGHT THE LORD NOT HIS SELF-INTERESTS LIKE SAUL). Walton - Placing garrisons in annexed territories or in vassal countries allowed a country to extend its supply line and to monitor activities and maintain control. Food supplies and arms could be stored there, and the military personnel could be ready to deal with any deviation from treaty stipulations or to put down any uprisings. Likewise tribute could be collected and merchant activity controlled (Page 335 IVP Background Commentary) Iain Duguid: In all these battles, the key element is that “the Lord gave victory [Hb. verb yashaʻ] to David wherever he went.” God’s actions through David provide for postexilic hearers an example of his answer to the cry of 1 Chronicles 16:35: “Save (yashaʻ) us . . . from . . . the nations.” (Forms of yashaʻ occur over 350 times in the MT, describing “salvation, deliverance, victory, help.” The LXX almost always has a form of sōzō, common in a variety of contexts in the NT with similar English translations, including “healing.”) J. Parker: Spoils from Edom If we have conquered an enemy we must hold the conquest as an illustration of the power of God rather than of the skill of our own might or hand. The idols which we bring away from the lands of darkness are to be set up in God’s house, and are to mark points in the progress of Christian civilization. They are to be regarded as indications of a universal conquest which Christ has yet to win over the nations of the whole world. If we have brought back spoils--such as art, music, or any form of pleasure by which the popular mind can be touched and moved in an upward direction-- we are to remember that in all these spoils we are to see the Divine power, and not proofs of our own military genius. Related Resources: What is the significance of Edom in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org Who were the Edomites? | GotQuestions.org SPECIAL TOPIC: EDOM AND ISRAEL. Garrisons (pillar)(05333)(netsib from natsab = to take one's stand) means a pillar, prefect, garrison, post. Most uses point to a military unit of troops (e.g., 1Sa 10:5; 1Ch 11:16). There are two times that the noun should be translated "governor" or "officer" (1 Ki. 4:19)(2 Chr. 8:10).The basic sense of the Niphal stem of nāṣab, the root of netsib, is well illustrated in God's order to Moses to "stand (i.e. station himself) by the river's brink" to meet Pharaoh (Ex 7:15). Netsib - 11v - deputy(1), garrison(4), garrisons(5), officers(1), pillar(1). Gen. 19:26; 1 Sam. 10:5; 1 Sam. 13:3; 1 Sam. 13:4; 2 Sam. 8:6; 2 Sam. 8:14; 1 Ki. 4:19; 1 Chr. 11:16; 1 Chr. 18:13; 2 Chr. 8:10; 2 Chr. 17:2 F B
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Guzik - David was able to accomplish so much against God’s enemies because he, unlike Saul, was not consumed with fighting against the people of God. Zadok served in the Tabernacle at Gibeon (1Ch 16:39), whereas Abiathar served in the temporary tent in Jerusalem. NET NOTE on the parallel text - 2Sa 8:17 which reads "Ahimelech the son of Abiathar -- Here (in 2Sa 8:17) Ahimelech is called “the son of Abiathar,” but NCV, CEV, and REB reverse this to conform with 1Sa 22:20. Most recent English versions (e.g., NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) retain the order found in the MT. The NIV Study Note on Ahimelech and Abiathar - "These two names may have been transposed (see also 1Ch 24:6). Abiathar is referred to as “son of Ahimelech” in 1 Sa 22:20+. Or it may be that the Abiathar of 1 Sa 22:20 could have had a son named Ahimelek (after his grandfather)."