Deuteronômio 17
David Guzik · Citado em PreceptAustin
Deuteronômio 17
Guzik - God did not recognize the giving of cast-off, worthless items, as a true sacrifice unto Him. We have a tendency to always want to give God second best—if not third or fourth best. But God will not receive such a sacrifice.. There are countless jokes illustrating this point. One common on describes a farmer whose cow gave birth to twins, and he swore he would give one of the calves to God. He didn’t decide which one to give to God, until one day one of the calves died. He said to his wife: “Guess what? God’s calf died today!”. Israel did not always live up to this standard: And when you offer the blind as a sacrifice, is it not evil? And when you offer the lame and sick, is it not evil? Offer it then to your governor! Would he be pleased with you? Would he accept you favorably?” Says the LORD of hosts. (Malachi 1:8)i. David powerfully illustrated the idea behind this commandment went he refused to accept the threshing floor of Araunah as a gift, which David was going to give to the LORD as the place to build the temple. David said, nor will I offer burnt offerings to the LORD my God with that which costs me nothing (2 Samuel 24:24). David understood that if it didn’t cost something, it wasn’t a sacrifice. (Enduring Word Commentary - Deut 17) Detestable Things - Utley SPECIAL TOPIC: ABOMINATIONS “Abominations” (BDB 1072) can refer to several things: 1. things related to Egyptians: a. they loathe eating with Hebrews, Gen. 43:32 b. they loathe shepherds, Gen. 46:34 c. they loathe Hebrew sacrifices, Exod. 8:26 2. things related to YHWH’s feelings toward Israel’s actions: a. unclean food, Deut. 14:2 b. idols, Deut. 7:25; 18:9, 12; 27:15 c. pagan spiritists, Deut. 18:9, 12 d. burning children to Molech, Lev. 18:21–22; 20:2–5; Deut. 12:31; 18:9, 12; 2 Kgs. 16:3; 17:17–18; 21:6; Jer. 32:35 e. Canaanite idolatry, Deut. 13:14; 17:4; 20:17–18; 32:16; Isa. 44:19; Jer. 16:18; Ezek. 5:11; 6:9; 11:18, 21; 14:6; 16:50; 18:12 f. sacrificing blemished animals, Deut. 17:1 (cf. 15:19–23; Mal. 1:12–13) g. sacrificing to idols, Jer. 44:4–5 h. remarrying a woman whom you had previously divorced, Deut. 24:2 i. women wearing man’s clothes (possibly Canaan worship), Deut. 22:5 j. money from cultic prostitution (Canaanite worship), Deut. 23:18 k. Israel’s idolatry, Jer. 2:7 l. homosexuality (possibly Canaanite worship), Lev. 18:22; 20:13 m. use of false weights, Det. 25:16; Pro. 11:1; 20:23 n. food laws violated (possibly Canaanite worship), Deut. 14:3 3. Examples in Wisdom Literature: a. Proverbs 3:32; 6:16–19; 11:1, 20; 12:22; 15:8, 9, 26; 16:5; 17:15; 20:10, 23; 21:27; 28:9 b. Psalms 88:8 c. Job 30:10 4. There is a recurrent eschatological phrase “abomination of desolation,” which is used in Daniel (cf. Da 9:7; 11:31; 12:11). It seems to refer to three different occasions (multiple fulfillment prophecy): a. Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the interbiblical Maccabean period (cf. 1 Macc. 1:54, 59; 2 Macc. 6:1–2) b. the Roman general (later Emperor), Titus, who sacked Jerusalem and destroyed the temple in A.D. 70 (cf. Matt. 24:15; Mark 13:14+; Luke 21:20+) c. an end-time world leader called “the man of lawlessness” (cf. 2 Thess. 2:3–4) or “the Antichrist” (cf. 1 John 2:18; 4:3; Revelation 13) ED NOTE: I STRONGLY DISAGREE WITH UTLEY'S INTERPRETATION OF Mt 24:15+ as the Roman General Titus -- it does not even make good common sense in the context (remember context is the key for accurate interpretation) for Jesus Himself says that this "marker" (the "abomination of desolation") is like an eschatological stopwatch being started -- it begins the time Jesus refers to as the Great Tribulation and this time is further described by Jesus as a time that "has not occurred since the beginning of the world until now, nor ever will." (IN OTHER WORDS A ONCE IN A LIFETIME EVENT) (Mt 24:21+). I submit that the desolation that occurred in 70 AD pales in comparison to the Nazi Holocaust when was a time far worse than that inflicted by the Roman General Titus. But even the holocaust pales in comparison to the time of Jacob's Distress in the last 3.5 years of this present evil age in which 2/3's of the Jews will be exterminated (Zech 13:8-9+). In short the Abomination of Desolation in Mt 24:15+ is certainly the appearance of the Antichrist taking his place in the rebuilt holy temple in Jerusalem (read 2 Th 2:3-4+). If you are alive when this occurs dear reader, you need to get right with God immediately! Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ (Acts 16:31+), His death on the cross for you, His three days in the grave and then His resurrection from the grave. (Ro 10:9-10+). Deuteronomy 17:2 "If there is found in your midst, in any of your towns, which the LORD your God is giving you, a man or a woman who does what is evil in the sight of the LORD your God, by transgressing His covenant, in any of your towns - within any of thy gates: The expression, "within any of thy gates," denoted all residing in the cities, and all who went in and came out at the gates of them; so that it included the inhabitants of the whole land. man: De 17:5 13:6-18 29:18 transgressing: De 4:23 Dt 29:25 Dt 31:20 Lev 26:15,25 Jos 7:11,15 23:16 Jud 2:20 2Ki 18:12 Jer 31:32 Eze 16:38 Ho 6:7 8:1 Heb 8:9,10 Deuteronomy 17 Resources HIGH TREASON TRANSGRESSING COVENANT Summary - Dt 17:2–13 deal with administrative justice. Dt 17:2–7 deal with idolatry and legal witnesses. Dt 17:8–13 deal with the practical setup of the courts. If there is found in your midst, in any of your towns (lit - gates), which the LORD your God is giving you, a man or a woman who does what is evil (raʿ; Lxx = poneros) in the sight of (lit - eyes of) the LORD your God - How? (1) “transgressing (literally “passing over”) His covenant,” and (2) “has gone and served other gods and worshiped them,” (Dt 17:3) In short by committing idolatry (recall Moses has just mentioned the Asherah and the sacred pillars both associated with idolatry in Dt 16:21-22+). Towns (gates) (08179)(shaar) Basically, this word represents a structure closing and enclosing a large opening through a wall, or a barrier through which people and things pass to an enclosed area. The "gate" of a city often was a fortified structure deeper than the wall. This is especially true of strong, well-fortified cities by transgressing His covenant (beriyth; Lxx = diatheke) - Transgressing means to cross the line, God's mosaic covenant being the line, and to cross over this line is presumptuous sin. When God says "Here's the line. Don't cross over," we must obey. What is sad, it that the first generation said they would obey, because when Moses inaugurated the first covenant (Mosaic) with blood in Exodus 24:1-18 (cf Heb 9:18-22+), the entire nation of Israel vowed solemnly to keep the covenant (they said "we will do" in essence speaking to their "Husband" (ba'al) Yahweh (Jer 31:32+, Isa 54:5), their marriage vows much as we do today when we say "I do!" Exodus 24:3; 7+ Then Moses came and recounted to the people all the words of the LORD and all the ordinances; and all the people answered with one voice and said, “All the words which the LORD has spoken we will do!” (24:7) Then he took the book of the covenant and read it in the hearing of the people; and they said, “All that the LORD has spoken we will do, and we will be obedient!” Transgressing (05674)(abar) qal. pass through; niphal be forded; piel. cause to pass through or over; hiphil. make pass through. The main idea of this verb is that of movement; as a rule it is the movement of one thing in relation to some other object which is stationary, moving, or motivating. Some have said that the simplest translation of ʿābar is “to pass,” but this does not really cover the various nuances that ʿâbar may carry with it. It is used about 550 times.
Deuteronômio 17
Guzik - We may comfort ourselves that we would never judge someone guilty of murder so quickly, without proper evidence. Yet many will murder someone’s reputation in their own mind or in the minds of others with no witnesses, much less one. God is concerned about the murder of reputation, as well as physical murder, and commands that one should not receive an accusation against an elder except from two or three witnesses (1 Timothy 5:19)—the same standard as for proving murder. Remember 1 Timothy 5:19 does not say “except from two or three gossips”; it says except from two or three witnesses. If a matter is false, it does not become true because many people hear it or many people repeat it. (Enduring Word Commentary - Deut 17) Witnesses in the ancient court system. The task of serving as a witness occurs in a variety of legal contexts and is a solemn duty which is not to be abused (Ex 20:16; Num 35:30; Deut 19:16–19). It can involve hearing testimony, signing commercial or civil documents, or testifying on a legal matter (laws of Ur-Nammu, Code of Hammurabi and the Middle Assyrian laws). Witnesses serve an essential purpose in verifying business transactions (Jer 32:44; Hammurabi), such as the sale of property, marriages and changes in social status (Middle Assyrian laws). Occasionally, they function as representatives of the people in matters brought before a god (Ex 24:9–11; Hammurabi). (IVP Bible Background Commentary) Deuteronomy 17:7 "The hand of the witnesses shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people. So you shall purge the evil from your midst. of the witnesses: De 13:9 Ac 7:58-59 So : De 17:12 13:5 19:19 24:7 Judges 20:13 1Co 5:13 Deuteronomy 17 Resources Related Passage: Acts 7:58-59+ When they had driven him out of the city, they began stoning him; and the witnesses laid aside their robes at the feet of a young man named Saul. 59 They went on stoning Stephen as he called on the Lord and said, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit!” 1 Corinthians 5:13+ But those who are outside, God judges. REMOVE THE WICKED MAN FROM AMONG YOURSELVES. Leviticus 24:14+ “Bring the one who has cursed outside the camp, and let all who heard him lay their hands on his head; then let all the congregation stone him. Dt 13:9+ But you shall surely kill him; your hand shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. WITNESSES CAST FIRST STONES The hand of the witnesses shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people - The two or three witnesses are to throw the first stones. If the witnesses were "bearing false witness," that was their first sin and their second would be murder for shedding innocent blood. There's a modern saying that it takes a village to raise a child. Moses is saying it takes a village to remove the corruption. Cast the first stone is an idiom in English - throw the first stone. Be quick to blame, criticize, or punish, as in She's always criticizing her colleagues, casting the first stone no matter what the circumstances. The term comes from the New Testament (John 8:7), where Jesus defends an adulteress against those who would stone her, saying “He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her.” Also see people who live in glass houses; pot calling the kettle black. Guzik adds " the witnesses had to be so certain of what they saw, that they were willing to initiate the actual execution. This made certain that no one would be executed for a crime they did not commit.This puts the words of Jesus regarding the woman taken in adultery in John 8 in perspective: He who is without sin among you, let him throw a stone at her first (John 8:7). Jesus asked for the official witness to step forward and identify themselves on record as having witnessed this act of adultery, yet was hypocritical enough to bring the woman and not the man. (Enduring Word Commentary - Deut 17) So you shall purge the evil from your midst - See Dt 17:7, 12; 19:19; 21:21; 22:21; 24:7 (the death penalty is implied in these cases). Purge (remove, burn) (01197) ba'ar literally to burn, but most uses in Deuteronomy describe the state or action of destroying an entity into non-existence as a figurative extension of fire consuming an object. Thus it often means to kill. The first 3 uses in Deuteronomy describes Mt Sinai = "the mountain burned with fire to the very heart of the heavens." (Dt 5:23, 9:15). What will be purged? False prophet (Dt 13:5), false worshiper (Dt 17:7), one who show contempt for a judge (Dt 17:12), murderer (Dt 19:13), false witness (Dt 19:19), people's bloodguiltiness for an unsolved murder (Dt 21:6), a stubborn, rebellious son (Dt 21:21), girl who lied when she married and was not actually a virgin (Dt 22:21), kidnapper (Dt 24:7). Evil (07451) רַע raʿ, רָעָה rāʿāh: An adjective meaning bad, evil. It means bad in a moral and ethical sense and is used to describe, along with good, the entire spectrum of good and evil; hence, it depicts evil in an absolute, negative sense, as when it describes the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Ge 2:9; 3:5, 22). ESVSB - Just as Israel is to destroy all pagans from the land, so are they to purge any apostate Israelites, like they would a contagious infection (cf. excommunication in 1 Cor. 5:13). Capital punishment therefore is not only retributive but also protective of the community. Ryrie - they had to be sure enough of their own testimony to be willing to cast the first stones. In a stoning, the victim was stripped naked and his hands bound; then he was paraded out of town, where he was placed on a scaffold about nine feet high. The first witness pushed him off the scaffold; the second dropped a large stone on his head or chest. Then bystanders pelted the dying man with stones. No mourning was permitted for the dead man. Jack Deere - New Testament churches have a similar responsibility to keep themselves pure. A Christian offender should be “cut off” from his local church’s fellowship if a thorough investigation proves his sin and he is unwilling to repent of it. If he is a genuine believer he will not lose eternal life. But he will suffer loss on earth and receive less reward in heaven (Matt. 18:15–20; 1 Cor. 3:10–15; 5; 1 Tim. 5:19).(The Bible Knowledge Commentary) What does the Bible say about stoning? Stoning is a method of execution during which a group of people, usually peers of the guilty party, throws stones at the condemned person until he or she dies. Death by stoning was prescribed in the Old Testament Law as a punishment for various sins. Both animals and people could be the subjects of stoning (Exodus 21:28), and stoning seems to have been associated with sins that caused irreparable damage to the spiritual or ceremonial purity of a person or an animal. Some sins that resulted in stoning in the Old Testament were murder (Leviticus 24:17), idolatry (Deuteronomy 17:2–5), approaching near to Mount Sinai while the presence of God was there (Exodus 19:12–13), practicing necromancy or the occult (Leviticus 20:27), and blaspheming the name of the Lord (Leviticus 24:16). Stoning was probably the punishment for various types of sexual sin, as well (Deuteronomy 22:24); the related passages in Leviticus 20 do not specify the method of execution, only that the guilty party was to be “put to death.” The Mosaic Law specified that, before anyone could be put to death by stoning, there had to be a trial, and at least two witnesses had to testify: “On the testimony of two or three witnesses a person is to be put to death, but no one is to be put to death on the testimony of only one witness” (Deuteronomy 17:6). Those witnesses “must be the first in putting that person to death, and then the hands of all the people” (verse 7). In other words, those who testified against the condemned person in court had to cast the first stone. Examples of stonings in the Old Testament are the deaths of Achan and his family (Joshua 7:25) and Naboth, who was condemned by false witnesses (1 Kings 21). Stoning was the method of execution chosen by the unbelieving Jews who persecuted the early Christians. Stephen, the church’s first martyr, was stoned to death outside of Jerusalem by the Sanhedrin. On that occasion, a young man named Saul, who later became the apostle Paul, held the coats of those who cast the stones (Acts 7:54–60). In another famous passage of Scripture, the Pharisees tried to entrap Jesus into granting approval for the stoning of a woman caught in the act of adultery. Significantly, the adulterous man was absent—the Law prescribed death for both the guilty parties. Jesus’ response is interesting. The woman was clearly guilty, but Jesus understood the duplicity of His enemies. Instead of giving them a direct answer, Jesus turned to those who had dragged the woman before Him and said, “Whichever of you is free from sin, throw the first stone” (John 8:1–11). By this, Jesus is asking for the witnesses to step forward—the witnesses, bound by an oath, were the ones to cast the first stones. He also shows the compassionate heart of God toward the sinner and silences the mob’s hypocritical allegations. Another mode of execution that was also considered stoning involved throwing the guilty party headlong down a steep place and then rolling a large stone onto the body. This is exactly what a mob in Nazareth tried to do to Jesus after His speech in their synagogue. Hearing His claim to be the Messiah, “they got up, drove [Jesus] out of the town, and took him to the brow of the hill on which the town was built, in order to throw him off the cliff” (Luke 4:29). Jesus’ deliverance from this angry mob was miraculous: “He walked right through the crowd and went on his way” (verse 30). It was not the Lord’s time to die (see John 10:18), and He could never have died by stoning because the prophecy said none of His bones would be broken (John 19:36). Stoning is a horrible way to die. That particular manner of execution must have been a strong deterrent against committing the sins deemed offensive enough to merit stoning. God cares very much about the purity of His people. The strict punishment for sin during the time of the Law helped deter people from adopting the impure practices of their pagan neighbors and rebelling against God. The wages of sin is death (Romans 6:23), and Israel was given a stern commandment to stay pure: “You must purge the evil from among you” (Deuteronomy 17:7). GotQuestions.org Related Resources: What does the Bible say about the death penalty / capital punishment? Why did God mandate capital punishment for murder (Genesis 9:6)? The stoning of Stephen - Why were the Jews allowed to stone Stephen but had to go through Pilate to kill Jesus? Deuteronomy 17:8 "If any case is too difficult for you to decide, between one kind of homicide or another, between one kind of lawsuit or another, and between one kind of assault or another, being cases of dispute in your courts, then you shall arise and go up to the place which the LORD your God chooses. arise: De 1:17 Ex 18:26 1Ki 3:16-28 2Ch 19:8-10 Hag 2:11 Mal 2:7 between blood: De 19:4,10,11 Ex 21:12-14,20,22,28 22:2 Nu 35:11,16,19-34 get thee up: De 12:5 19:17 Ps 122:4,5 Deuteronomy 17 Resources NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN SECULAR AND SACRED If any case is too difficult for you to decide, between one kind of homicide or another (Hebrew “between blood and blood.”), between one kind of lawsuit or another (Heb - between claim and claim"), and between one kind of assault or another ( Heb "between blow and blow"), being cases of dispute in your courts, then you shall arise and go up to the place which the LORD your God chooses - NET - If a matter is too difficult for you to judge– bloodshed, legal claim, or assault– matters of controversy in your villages– you must leave there and go up to the place the LORD your God chooses." To the central sanctuary (cf. Dt 12:5, 11, 13). HCSB - The presence of priests and a judge makes clear that there was no separation between the secular and the sacred and that every violation of the law was a violation of the covenant between the Lord and His people. In the theocracy of OT Israel, sin and crime were one and the same. (Holman Christian Standard Bible Study Bible - Nice notes)
Deuteronômio 17
Guzik - Each of these issues (MULTIPLICATION) is a matter of balance. The king had to have some military power, but not too much; one wife and certain comforts, but not too much; some personal wealth, but not too much. Such balances are often the hardest to keep. i. Solomon was a notorious breaker of these commands. He had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots (1 Kings 4:26), and Solomon had horses imported from Egypt (1 Kings 10:28). He had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines; and his wives turned away his heart (1 Kings 11:3). He surpassed all the kings of the earth in riches (1 Kings 10:23).. Yet, all along, we might see Solomon knowing the commands of Deuteronomy 17, yet deceiving himself by asking the self-justifying questions, “How much is ‘multiply’? I can handle this. I haven’t gone too far.” It might seem self-evident that 700 wives and 300 concubines is multiplying wives to yourself, but one should never underestimate the ability of the human heart to deceive itself in such situations.i. Each of these three areas reflects the places where many modern Christian leaders fall: In regard to power, pleasure, or money. God’s commands for leaders have not changed; and neither has the need to be on guard against the self-deception in these things which felled Solomon. (Enduring Word Commentary - Deut 17) Deuteronomy 17:18 "Now it shall come about when he sits on the throne of his kingdom, he shall write for himself a copy of this law on a scroll in the presence of the Levitical priests. shall: 2Ki 11:12 shall write for himself a copy: De 31:9,25,26 2Ki 22:8 2Ch 34:15 Deuteronomy 17 Resources A SECOND COPY OF THE LAW Now Moses ends this section (Dt 17:18-20) by focusing on the king's relationship with Yahweh, which would be predominantly through Yahweh's Book of the Law. Now it shall come about when he sits on the throne of his kingdom, he shall write for himself a copy of this law on a scroll in the presence of the Levitical priests - The original copy was deposited in the central sanctuary (Dt 31:9). Did this refer only to the book of Deuteronomy or the entire Pentateuch? Guzik - It is striking to think of the king of Israel, laboring over parchment with a pen, making a personal copy of the law of Israel. This shows how greatly God wanted the word of God to be on the hearts of His rulers; God wanted every king to also be a scribe. (Enduring Word Commentary - Deut 17) A copy of this law - Hebrew = "Mishneh hattorah hazzoth," "a duplicate of this law." translated by the Septuagint as "to deuteronomion touto" literally rendered "this Deuteronomy," from which the Vulgate and all the modern versions have taken this as the name of the book. NET NOTE - Or “instruction.” The LXX reads here τὸ δευτερονόμιον τοῦτο (to deuteronomion touto, “this second law”). From this Greek phrase the present name of the book, “Deuteronomy” or “second law” (i.e., the second giving of the law), is derived. However, the MT’s expression מִשְׁנֶה הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת (mishneh hattorah hazzo’t) is better rendered “copy of this law.” Here the term תּוֹרָה (torah) probably refers only to the book of Deuteronomy and not to the whole Pentateuch.
Deuteronômio 17
Guzik - It is striking to consider that reading a book—the Great Book, the Bible—can keep a person from sin. We may not understand all the spiritual work behind the word of God, but staying in the word will keep one from sin. It has been well written in many Bibles: “This book will keep you from sin. Sin will keep you from this book.”. Luther said he would rather live in hell with the Bible than to live in Paradise without the Bible. (Enduring Word Commentary - Deut 17) He shall read it all the days of his life (cp Dt 8:3, 32:47): If Israel would be the people God desired them to be, they must be a people of the Book, a people filled with & guided by His holy Word. If they were to have the leadership they needed and that God desired for them, they must follow God in the choice of who would be king. What was the ONE thing that the king was instructed to do for himself (and by implication the most important thing)?