Êxodo 5
John MacArthur · Citado em PreceptAustin
Êxodo 5
MacArthur says that "Pharaoh saw this (THREE DAYS JOURNEY) simply as a ruse to reduce the hours put in by his slave work force." (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) Get back to your labors!" - This command is even directed at Moses and Aaron -- they are to to get back to work! Mattoon - This message is still echoed today. Christians are in the way of Satan's schemes. We are to be the salt of the earth. We are in the way when we speak about political corruption, educational corruption, and social corruption such as abortion, homosexuality, gambling, immorality, pornography, and alcohol. The message that the world screams at us is, "Conform to our ways. Do what we say! Live like us!" Such a message is pure hypocrisy and a total contradiction of the world's other message which says, "Do your own thing! Be yourself! You are your own boss!" This world is very confused about what it believes because those without Christ follow the author of confusion, Satan. He is their father and all that he can offer is emptiness, burdens, and destruction. His cookies may seem sweet at first, but they eventually become bitter. Exodus 5:5 Again Pharaoh said, "Look, the people of the land are now many, and you would have them cease from their labors!" Ex 1:7-11 Pr 14:28 Exodus 5 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Again Pharaoh said, "Look, the people of the land are now many - Notice Pharaoh's name for the sons of Israel is the people of the land which is most likely a denigrating description. This Pharaoh was not afraid of their great numbers as was the Pharaoh described in Exodus 1:9-14. Their numbers mean a vibrant Egyptian economy! and you would have them cease from their labors!" - To Pharaoh it was all about the economic machinery! Pharaoh implies that the loss of so much labor would cripple the economy. Exodus 5:6 So the same day Pharaoh commanded the taskmasters over the people and their foremen, saying, taskmasters - literally oppressors. Ex 5:14. Ex 5:10,13,15,19 1:11 Pr 12:10 their foremen Ex 2:14. Nu 11:16 De 1:15 16:18 Jos 8:33 24:1,4 2Ch 26:11 Exodus 5 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Parallel - Exodus 1:11+ (see also Ex 3:7+) So they appointed taskmasters over them to afflict them with hard labor. And they built for Pharaoh storage cities, Pithom and Raamses. FUMING PHARAOH ISSUES COMMANDS So the same day - Pharaoh is fuming and wastes no time in reacting to the command from God through Moses and Aaron. One effect of Pharaoh's immediate reaction was to demonstrate his authority, in effect saying "I AM THE BOSS IN EGYPT!" NET Note - In Ex 5:6–14 the second section of the chapter describes the severe measures by the king to increase the labor by decreasing the material. The emphasis in this section must be on the harsh treatment of the people and Pharaoh’s reason for it—he accuses them of idleness because they want to go and worship. The real reason, of course, is that he wants to discredit Moses (v. 9) and keep the people as slaves. Pharaoh commanded the taskmasters over the people and their foremen, saying - The taskmasters are the Egyptian bosses (slave drivers mentioned in Ex 1:11+), while the foremen () are Hebrews with some degree of authority. The Septuagint of foremen (writers) is the Greek word grammateus which in the NT describes scribes, suggesting these Hebrews were keeping records of the slaves and the brick production (See Constable's note above). These Hebrew foremen had been selected for their ability to keep proper records of the work done and who had to ensure that the work done came up to what was expected. Taskmasters (drive hard)(05065)(nagas) is actually a verb meaning to oppress, to require payment and refers to forcing someone to do something, as when forcing persons to labor (Isa 58:3); of forcing or exacting payment of money (2 Ki 23:35). Taskmasters were responsible for keeping slaves productive and Egyptian taskmasters of the Israelites whom Moses led from the land of Goshen are mentioned five times (Exo. 3:7; 5:6, 10, 13f). There is also a good taskmaster (overseer) for nagas is used figuratively of righteousness being a good foreman or overseer (Isa. 60:17) in a restored Jerusalem. Nagas is used to describe the Messiah, the Suffering Servant, in Isa 53:7+ as "oppressed (nagas) and He was afflicted." Nagas - 23x in 23v - drive hard(1), driver(1), exact(2), exacted(1), hard-pressed(2), oppressed(2), oppressor(4), oppressors(2), overseers(1), ruler(1), taskmaster(1), taskmasters(5). Exod. 3:7; Exod. 5:6; Exod. 5:10; Exod. 5:13; Ex 5:14; Deut. 15:2; Deut. 15:3; 1 Sam. 13:6; 1 Sam. 14:24; 2 Ki. 23:35; Job 3:18; Job 39:7; Isa. 3:5; Isa. 3:12; Isa. 9:4; Isa. 14:2; Isa. 14:4; Isa. 53:7; Isa. 58:3; Isa. 60:17; Dan. 11:20; Zech. 9:8; Zech. 10:4 Foreman (07860)(shoter) means a scribe, an official, a magistrate, a record keeper, and an officer. The word is used primarily to denote an officer or overseer. TWOT says shoter "is a general term, widely used for an official in many areas of government and society. It names the Jewish sub-offcials under the Egyptian overseers who drove the Hebrews to hard labor (Exodus 5:6, 10), being accountable for both the amount and quality of the work (Exodus 5:14-19). During the years of wandering in the wilderness (Numbers 11:16), it designates the sub-offcials of the seventy elders of Israel whom the Lord gave to Moses to share the weight of administration (Deut. 1:15). Throughout the early days of Israel, they seem particularly attached to the elders, sometimes in the civil administration (Deut. 31:28) or in matters relative to military affairs (Deut. 20:5ff.; Joshua 1:10; Joshua 3:2). The position apparently continues into the united and divided monarchies where they are involved in military affairs (1 Chron. 27:1; 2 Chron. 26:11) and as Levites, in judicial and religious matters (1 Chron. 23:4; 1 Chron. 26:29; 2 Chron. 19:11; 2 Chron. 34:13)." atterson) Gilbrant - From the Syriac, we recognize an association with the art of writing used in very ancient times forensically, hence, the idea of "judge," "magistrate" or "prefect" of the people. Especially, shātar is used for the prefects of the people of Israel in Egypt, translated "the taskmasters of the people, and their officers" (cf. Exo. 5:6-19). Clearly, these men were leaders responsible for oversight of the group, in this case, the Israelite slaves who made bricks for Egyptian architectural projects. The prefects were beaten when the work slacked off (v. 14). Overseers are noted also in the desert after Israel's departure from Egypt, such as the seventy "elders" who received a portion of the spiritual anointing of Moses (Num. 11:16), the officers who spoke to the army before battle (Deut. 20:9) and the officers who accepted God's covenant in the land of Moab (29:10). Moses commanded that all the elders and prefects of the people assemble to hear and learn the words of his song which bore witness to the testimony of God's laws (31:28). Joshua commanded the officers of the people to prepare the people for the crossing of the Jordan River (Josh. 1:10), and these same officers instructed the people regarding the procedures for following the Ark of the Covenant into the river (3:2ff). The officers are included and named as participants in the ceremonial blessings and cursings on Mounts Ebal and Gerizim (8:30-34). In his old age, Joshua summoned all the leaders of Israel, including elders, heads, judges and officers, to admonish them to serve the Lord only (23:2, 11). Shātar is also used of magistrates, such as the judges to be appointed in all the towns of Israel in Palestine, to "judge the people with just judgment" (Deut. 16:18). These magistrates were commanded not to pervert justice, not to show partiality and not to take bribes. Magistrates are mentioned in the organization of the Levites who were designated for service in the time of King David (1 Chr. 23:4ff). Certain Levites appointed for magistrate's duties are named in 26:29. Jehoshaphat appointed certain Levites as magistrates in Jerusalem, "for the judgment of the Lord" and to decide disputed cases (cf. 2 Chr. 19:8, 11). Josiah also appointed Levites for prefect or magistrate work (34:13). Ants seem a wise and diligent group who work hard without the apparent oversight of prefects or magistrates, so why not the lazy person (cf. Prov. 6:6-9)? (Complete Biblical Library Hebrew-English Dictionary) Exodus 5:7 "You are no longer to give the people straw to make brick as previously; let them go and gather straw for themselves. Straw - Ge 24:25 Jdg 19:19 Exodus 5 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries PHARAOH RATCHETS UP THE PRESSURE You are no longer to give the people straw to make brick as previously - Pharaoh ratchets up the pressure by reducing the provision of straw to the Hebrew slaves. "Chopped straw was mixed in with the clay to make the bricks more pliable and stronger by first binding the clay together and then by decaying and releasing a humic acid similar to glutamic or gallotanic acid. This acid, also known as tannin, is also used in tanning animal skins to make leather. What it does is produce compounds that resist decomposition. When mixed with clay, it causes the clay of the brick to dry and harden. This is why it was important. This straw was provided by the Egyptians, but now Pharaoh tells them to get their own, believing they are goofing around because they want to do something he thought was a waste of time. The world today still has the same attitude as the Pharaoh. Society believes that worship is a waste of time. They still wonder why Christians go to church on Sunday and Wednesdays, etc." (Mattoon) MacKay - The bricks were made of red clay gathered from the soil near the Nile. Chopped straw was mixed in with the clay to keep it workable, and also to help bind it together. The bricks that were formed were larger than modern bricks. (MC) Let them go and gather straw for themselves - This will make the labor even more onerous. Pharaoh is actually being irrational for he wants more bricks but makes it now more difficult to fill the quotas! MacKay - The totalitarian government seeks to keep the people under control by giving them more to do. (MC)
Êxodo 5
MacArthur - Whether Moses and his brother remonstrated with the foremen about their strong and wrong evaluation remains a moot point. Rather, the focus is upon Moses, who remonstrated with the Lord in prayer. Evidently, Moses did not anticipate what effect Pharaoh’s refusal and reaction would have upon his own people. Confrontation with Pharaoh so far had provoked both angry resentment of Israel by the Egyptians and of Moses by Israel—this was not the expected scenario! (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) Steven