2 Coríntios 4
Kenneth Wuest · Citado em PreceptAustin
2 Coríntios 4:1-2
Wuest: Because of this, having this ministry [of the new testament] even as we were made the objects of mercy [in its bestowal], we do not lose courage, (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: Because of this, having this ministration, according as we did receive kindness, we do not faint, THEREFORE, SINCE WE HAVE THIS MINISTRY, AS WE RECEIVED MERCY, WE DO NOT LOSE HEART: Dia touto, echontes (PAPMPN) ten diakonian tauten, kathos eleethemen, (1PAPI) ouk egkakoumen, (1PPAI): Since: 2Co 3:6,12 2Co 5:18 Eph 3:7,8 As: 1Co 7:25 1Ti 1:13 1Pe 2:10 We do not lose heart: 2Co 4:16 Isa 40:30 Ga 6:9 Eph 3:13 Php 4:13 2Th 3:13 Heb 12:3 Rev 2:3 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: 1 Peter 2:10 for you once were NOT A PEOPLE, but now you are THE PEOPLE OF GOD; you had NOT RECEIVED MERCY, but now you have RECEIVED MERCY. 1 Timothy 1:13 even though I was formerly a blasphemer and a persecutor and a violent aggressor. Yet I was shown mercy because I acted ignorantly in unbelief; Isaiah 40:30-31 Though youths grow weary and tired, And vigorous young men stumble badly, 31 Yet those who wait for the LORD Will gain new strength; They will mount up with wings like eagles, They will run and not get tired, They will walk and not become weary. Ephesians 3:13 Therefore I ask you not to lose heart at my tribulations on your behalf, for they are your glory. Philippians 4:13 (READ CONTEXT = Php 4:11-12) I can do all things through Him who strengthens me. Hebrews 12:3 For consider Him Who has endured such hostility by sinners against Himself, so that you will not grow weary and lose heart. SURPASSING GLORY OF NEW COVENANT MINISTRY Paul Apple introduces this chapter - Easy for ministers of the gospel to get discouraged and lose heart. Look at all that Paul was facing: - attacks against his character - attacks against the legitimacy of his apostleship - attacks against the effectiveness of his ministry. In some sense all believers are ministers (small “m”) of the gospel – not just isolating some special paid clergy class; so these instructions apply to all of us Alfred Plummer comments on the poor chapter division - Here again, as between chapters 1 and 2, the division of chapters is unintelligently made. The first six verses of this chapter belong to the preceding one, and the close connexion between the two paragraphs is obvious: the opening verses of this chapter show how close it is, for the Apostle is still urging the claims of his office, especially against those who charge him with insincerity and self-commendation. The six verses run in couplets; the glory of the new ministry (2Co 4:1, 2); the condition of those who are too blind to see the glory of the Gospel (2Co 4:3, 4); the source of the glory (2Co 4:5, 6). A fresh departure is made at 2Co 4:7. With 2Co 4:1-6 compare 1Th 2:1-12, which is a similar vindication of Apostolic authority on behalf of St Paul and his colleagues, and contains several similar expressions. (Plummer, Alfred. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians. New York: Scribner. 1915) Brian Bell outlines Chapter 4 - A Great Light in Gloomy Darkness! A Great Treasure in Jars of Clay! A Great Glory in Light Affliction! Therefore reflects the combination of two Greek words (dia touto) which together signify a term of conclusion and are rendered for this reason, because of this or therefore. Refers back to the previous chapter in which Paul presented a superb synopsis of the surpassing glory of the ministry under the New Covenant as compared to the ministry of Moses under the Old Covenant. John MacArthur sees the "therefore" as pointing back to 2Co 3:18 commenting that "Strength to endure trials comes from the unveiled look into the face of Christ made possible under the New Covenant. That look was also the source of strength for Paul’s new covenant ministry." Paul Apple Look back at chapter 3 to see the nature of this New Covenant Ministry – one of life, one of the Spirit, one of hope, one of confidence, one of boldness, one of glory Dia touto - This idiom is used some 46 times in the NT - Mt 6:25 12:27 31 13:13 52 14:2 18:23 21:43 23:14 23:34 24:44 Mk 6:14 11:24 12:24 Lk 11:19 12:22 Jn 1:31 5:16 18 6:65 7:22 8:47 9:23 10:17 12:39 13:11 15:19 16:15 19:11 Ac 2:26 Ro 5:12 2Co 4:1 7:13 13:10 Ep 1:15 5:17 6:13 Col 1:9 1Th 3:7 Philemon 1:15 He 1:9 2:1 1Jn 3:1 4:5 Rev 7:15 12:12 Since we have this ministry (diakonia), as we received mercy, we do not lose heart - I like the NRSV rendering "since it is by God's mercy that we are engaged in this ministry, we do not lose heart." NEB renders it "we have been entrusted with this commission, which we owe entirely to God’s mercy, we never lose heart." NIV has "since through God's mercy we have this ministry we do not lose heart." This rendering begs the simple question why do "we have this ministry?" The simple answer is it is a gift of God's mercy. Have (or possess) is present tense indicating this ministry was Paul's continuing possession. Ministry (service) (diakonia) as discussed below is a Greek word that described menial labor, like waiting tables (see Acts 6:1-2+). It was service that was not highly esteemed by the cultured Greeks. Paul's ministry (like ours) was based not on his adequacy but on the adequacy on the omnipotent, indwelling Spirit of God (2Co 3:5-6+). His (our) ministry (diakonia) was in turn for the equipping of the saints for their work of ministry (diakonia) and the building up the body of Christ (Eph 4:12+). Received is aorist (past completed action - first on the "Road to Damascus") and is passive voice (divine passage) indicating it is a gift from God. They had received mercy for salvation and service (which should be the natural outflow of salvation - see Eph 2:8-9+ = salvation and Eph 2:10+ = service). THOUGHT - Paul presents us a great example in crediting the mercy of God for the effectiveness of his ministry. We may be saved by grace but we still have the rotten flesh which loves adulation and praise and recognition. It loves to take credit for a "job well done!" Paul's testimony should cause us all to pause (frequently) to take inventory on whether His New Covenant ministry has been replaced by "our" ministry. Anything we do by grace is a reflection of God's infinitely inexhaustible mercy, for none of us knows the depths of the evil of our flesh which colors even our motivations for ministry. Thank God for His mercy. Without it none of us would have any eternal efficacy in ministry. Ralph Harris - God put Paul in the ministry. He did not choose it for himself. He always considered he received that honor as an act of mercy and grace I thank Christ Jesus our Lord, who has strengthened me, because He considered me faithful, putting me into service, 13 even though I was formerly a blasphemer and a persecutor and a violent aggressor. Yet I was shown mercy because I acted ignorantly in unbelief;(1 Timothy 1:12, 13). Broomall - Note three things: (1) our riches—we have this ministry; (2) our reminder—even as we obtained mercy (ASV; cf. I Tim 1:13, 16); (3) our resource—we faint not (cf. the same verb in 2 Cor 4:16; Lk 18:1; Gal 6:9; Eph 3:13; 2 Thess 3:13). (Wycliffe Bible Commentary online 2 Corinthians 4) William
2 Coríntios 4:1-2
Wuest: but we have renounced the hidden things of shame, not ordering the manner of our lives in the sphere of craftiness, nor even adulterating the word of God [by an admixture of error], but by means of an open declaration of the truth commending ourselves to every variety of the conscience of men in the sight of God. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: but did renounce for ourselves the hidden things of shame, not walking in craftiness, nor deceitfully using the word of God, but by the manifestation of the truth recommending ourselves unto every conscience of men, before God; renounced: 1Co 4:5 shame, Ro 1:16 6:21 Eph 5:12 not: 2Co 1:12 2:17 11:3,6,13-15 Eph 4:14 1Th 2:3-5 by: 2Co 5:11 6:4-7 7:14 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Paul had fended off previous attacks at his character and integrity... 2 Corinthians 1:17+ Therefore, I was not vacillating when I intended to do this, was I? Or what I purpose, do I purpose according to the flesh, so that with me there will be yes, yes and no, no at the same time? 2 Corinthians 2:17+ For we are not like many, peddling the word of God, but as from sincerity, but as from God, we speak in Christ in the sight of God. 2 Corinthians 3:1+ Are we beginning to commend ourselves again? Or do we need, as some, letters of commendation to you or from you? NO HOCUS POCUS PERMITTED OR PRACTICED!
2 Coríntios 4:1-2
Wuest explains is "the personality of the Christian woman as made beautiful by the ministry of the Holy Spirit in glorifying the Lord Jesus and manifesting Him in and through her life."(Wuest Word Studies - Eerdman Publishing Company Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3 - used by permission) Krupto - 17x in 15v in NAS - Mt 6:4, 6; 10:26 Mk 4:22 Lk 8:17; 12:2 Jn 7:4, 10; 18:20 Ro 2:16, 29 1Co 4:5 14:25 2Co 4:2 1Pe 3:4. NAS = hidden(5), inwardly(1), secret(7), secrets(2), things hidden(2). Shame (152) (aischune from aischos = shame, disfigurement, disgrace) means shame resulting from exposure of sin for example. Paul is describing that which brings humiliating disgrace or disrepute. The idea is one acts in defiance of social and moral standards, with resulting disgrace, embarrassment, and shame. Zodhiates has 3 sense - (1) Subjectively meaning a sense of shame resulting from exposure of one’s weaknesses or sins. It is that feeling which leads one to shun what is unworthy out of the prospect and anticipation of dishonor, fear of disgrace (Luke 14:9) (2) Objectively meaning disgrace, reproach (Heb. 12:2; Sept.: Job 8:22; Ps. 69:20; Is. 50:6). (3) Cause of shame, i.e., a shameful thing or action, disgraceful conduct. Hidden things of shame, clandestine conduct of which the disciples of Christ should be ashamed (2 Cor. 4:2). See also Phil. 3:19; Heb. 12:2; Jude 1:13. “Shameful nakedness” (Rev. 3:18 [a.t.]). See also Sept.: 1 Sam. 20:30. In Classic Greek - “Shame, dishonor, and disgrace” are all valid translations of aischunē in classical Greek (cf. the verb aischunō [152]). Shame can be a result of some act done to or by someone. It may also be used of a “feeling of shame” Webster's 1828 on shame - A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt, or of having done something which injures reputation; or by the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal. Shame is particularly excited by the disclosure of actions which, in the view of men, are mean and degrading. Hence it is often or always manifested by a downcast look or by blushes, called confusion of face. Aischune - 6x in 6v in NAS - Luke 14:9; 2 Cor 4:2; Phil 3:19; Heb 12:2; Jude 1:13; Rev 3:18. NAS = disgrace(1), shame(5).
2 Coríntios 4:3-4
Wuest: But if also, as is the case, our gospel has been covered, in the case of those who are perishing it has been covered, . (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: and if also our good news is veiled, in those perishing it is veiled, Our: Ro 2:16 1Th 1:5 1Ti 1:11 it is: 2Co 4:4 2:15,16 3:14 Mt 11:25 1Co 1:18 2Th 2:9-11 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries WHY DOESN'T EVERYONE RESPOND POSITIVELY TO THE GOSPEL? And even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing - Paul continues to use the plural pronoun (drawing attention away from himself). "Our gospel" in 1Th 1:5+ is used in a different sense for 1Th 1:1 introduces "Paul and Silvanus and Timothy" which is reflected in his use of "our". In other passages Paul calls the Gospel “my Gospel” indicating that the special emphasis he gave the good news in his ministry. (Ro 2:16+, Ro 16:25, 26+ 2Ti 2:8+) Can you say like Paul could say with assurance that it is "your" Gospel (you possess it and it possesses you)? Paul Apple points out that "The Light of the Gospel Will Never Penetrate the Non Elect! No human way to reach this target group successfully; takes the pressure off us; No reason to get discouraged by a lack of response to the gospel; Still we are responsible to make the offer available to all men Is veiled to those who are perishing - KJV = "it is hid to them that are lost". GWT = "hidden from those who are dying." Amplified = "hidden [only] to those who are perishing and obscured [only] to those who are spiritually dying and veiled [only] to those who are lost." Weymouth = " the veil has been on the hearts of those who are on the way to perdition". Barclay = "veiled in the case of those who are doomed to perish' Is veiled is two verbs, the first is (estin) is the present tense signifying continuous action or effect. Veiled (kalupto) is in the perfect tense which speaks of the permanent state of this veiling. These verbs do not present a happy picture! In fact it should break our hearts these individuals (some of whom are sadly likely to be our own family members and/or close acquaintances) are separated from God's fellowship (Jn 1:12+ Gal 3:26+ 2Co 6:18+) and are unable to recognize Jesus as the Messiah, the Redeemer (Job 19:25 Ps 19:14+) of Adam's lost race (cp Ro 5:12+, 1Co 15:22+).
2 Coríntios 4:3-4
Wuest: in whom the god of this age blinded the minds of the unbelievers to the end that the light of the good news of the glory of the Christ who is the derived image of God should not dawn upon them, (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: in whom the god of this age did blind the minds of the unbelieving, that there doth not shine forth to them the enlightening of the good news of the glory of the Christ, who is the image of God; the god: Mt 4:8,9 Jn 12:31,40 14:30 16:11 1Co 10:20 Eph 2:2 6:12 1Jn 5:19 Rev 20:2,3 blinded: 2Co 3:14 1Ki 22:22 Isa 6:10 Jn 12:40 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: 2 Corinthians 3:14 But their minds were hardened; for until this very day at the reading of the old covenant the same veil remains unlifted, because it is removed in Christ. THE POWERFUL REALITY OF SPIRITUAL BLINDNESS In whose case - Referring to those who are in a persistent state of spiritual ruin even though they are still physically alive (2Co 4:3)! Paul proceeds to pull the curtain back on spiritual warfare for human souls behind the scenes (so to speak). The god of this world - More literally this is "the god of this age" ("World" is aion [word study] = age). This epithet (a characterizing phrase occurring in place of the name) refers to "the great dragon (who) was thrown down (to occur at mid-point of "Daniel's 70th Week" see chart for events at "Midpoint"), the serpent of old (Ge 3:1) who is called the devil and Satan" (Rev 12:9-+) (See also the discussion of the 3 mortal enemies of our soul - world, flesh, devil). As discussed below God has granted Satan temporary "squatter's rights" over the earth, but never forget that God is still on His Throne and the earth ultimately belongs to Him (eg, see Pr 24:1, 1Ti 1:17). To be sure, Satan has very real power and authority but he can only do what the Lord permits (eg see Job 1:6, 7, 8, 9 10 11 12). John MacArthur rightly reminds us that although Paul uses the same Greek word theos here to describe the devil, the truth is that "Satan, of course, is not a god but a created being. He is called a god because his deluded followers serve him as if he were one. Satan is the archetype of all the false gods in all the false religions he has spawned. (2Corinthians Commentary)
2 Coríntios 4:3-4
Wuest comments: The penalty of living in the darkness is not merely that one does not see, but that one goes blind. The neglected faculty is atrophied. Compare the mole, the crustacea in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Commenting on the words “has blinded,”
2 Coríntios 4:5-6
Wuest: for we do not proclaim ourselves but Christ Jesus as Lord; but we proclaim ourselves as your slaves for the sake of Jesus, (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: for not ourselves do we preach, but Christ Jesus -- Lord, and ourselves your servants because of Jesus; we: Mt 3:11 Jn 1:21-23 3:27-31 7:18 Ac 3:12,13 8:9,10 10:25,26 Ac 14:11-15 Ro 15:17,18 1Co 1:13-15,23 3:5,6 10:33 Php 1:15 1Th 2:5,6 Tit 1:11 1Pe 5:2-5 2Pe 2:3 Christ: 2Co 1:19 Mt 23:8 Ac 2:36 5:31 10:36 Ro 14:8,9 1Co 1:23 2:2 8:6 1Co 12:3 15:47 Php 2:11 and: 2Co 1:24 5:14,15 Mt 20:25-27 Lk 22:25,26 Jn 13:14,15 Ro 15:1,2 1Co 9:19-23 Ga 5:13 2Ti 2:10 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries IT IS NOT ABOUT US BUT ABOUT HIM! For we do not preach (kerusso) ourselves but Christ Jesus as Lord, and ourselves as your bond-servants for Jesus' sake - Not is Greek "ou" signifying absolute negation. We...ourselves continues Paul's use of plural pronouns to minimize drawing attention to himself (eg, his oratorical ability, etc) and away from Christ Jesus. Paul did not preach a personal, private program but a Person, the primary Person of all eternity, Christ Jesus our Lord. Not (ou) signifies absolute negation. Paul continues his staunch defense of the authenticity of his ministry adamantly denying that he is preaching self when in fact his sole focus is the Savior. It's all about Him, not us! We are not capable of saving anyone; we are not looking for praise and attention. If that is your goal or desire go to Hollywood and become a star in the movies! The focus in ministry should never be on ourselves! Are you as convicted as I am? Given the fact that we are not capable of saving anyone, should not be seeking the praise or attention of men but should be "moonlight ministers" always reflecting the light of the Son! Paul's practice (preaching Savior, not self) was diametrically opposed to that of the false teachers at Corinth about whom he wrote somewhat satirically... Not that we [have the audacity to] venture to class or [even to] compare ourselves with some who exalt and furnish testimonials for themselves! However, when they measure themselves with themselves and compare themselves with one another, they are without understanding and behave unwisely. (2Co 10:12+, Amplified, read the context 2Co 10:13-18). Comment: Paul, a man of great humility (2Co 1:9+), went to great lengths to avoid self-promotion (Not commending himself - 2Co 3:1-3+). From this verse we see Paul's adversaries thought quite a lot of themselves! However, these false teachers did not compare themselves with the divine standard exemplified by Christ, but artificially set their own standards, mere human standards. As John
2 Coríntios 4:5-6
Wuest adds that a doulos as "the most abject, servile term used by the Greeks to denote a slave. The word designated one who was born as a slave, one who was bound to his master in chords so strong that only death could break them, one who served his master to the disregard of his own interests, one whose will was swallowed up in the will of his master. Paul was born a slave of sin at his physical birth, and a bondslave of his Lord through regeneration. (+: There was another word, andrapodon which described a person taken prisoner in war and sold into slavery) The cords that bound him to his old master Satan, had been rent asunder in his identification with Christ in the latter’s death (Ro 6:6-+ Gal 2:20-+). The cords that bind him to his new Master will never be broken since the new Master will never die again, this One who is now his life (Php 1:21-+,Col 3:3,4-+). He has changed masters because he has a new nature (2Co 5:17-+, 2Pe 1:3,4-+), the divine, and the evil nature which compelled him to serve the Devil has had its power over him broken (Col 1:13-+, Heb 2:14, 15-+). Paul’s will, at one time swallowed up in the will of Satan, now is swallowed up in the sweet will of God. The reader will observe how wonderfully God has watched over the development of the Greek language so that at the time it was needed as the medium through which He would give His New Testament revelation to the human race, its words were fit receptacles and efficient instruments for the conveyance of His message to man. Paul calls himself a bondslave of Christ Jesus...The apostle is proud of the fact that he is a slave belonging to his Lord. There were certain individuals in the Roman empire designated “Slaves of the Emperor.” This was a position of honor. One finds a reflection of this in Paul’s act of designating himself as a slave of the King of kings. He puts this ahead of his apostleship.(Wuest Word Studies - Eerdman Publishing Company Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3 - used by permission) To summarize the doulos... Was owned by and totally possessed by his master. Existed for his master and no other reason. Had no personal rights. Was at the master’s disposal "24/7". Had no will of his own but was completely subservient to the master. A Tale Of Two Cities - It was the largest of congregations; it was the smallest of congregations. That’s the best way to describe two services I attended within 24 hours. The first was an evangelistic outreach in Washington, DC, attended by nearly 20,000 people. A man preached, and hundreds of people responded to the invitation to put their faith in Christ. The next night I was in a small country church service attended by about 50 people. A man preached, and at the end of the sermon no one responded openly to the invitation. Both men were called of God and doing what He equipped them to do. Was one more successful or valuable to God than the other? I think not. What I saw in those 2 days was the beauty of God’s direction. He called both men to specific ministries in specific places. His hand was on each. Neither could take pride in results or be disappointed by the lack of them, because only God gives the increase (1Co 3:6, 7). Are you discouraged in the ministry God has called you to? Are you intimidated by the more obvious results of some Christian “superstars”? It’s time to turn your eyes away from numbers and people and redirect them toward Jesus (2Co 4:5). Stay close to Him. Keep seeking His will. His smile of approval is all you need. — by Dave Branon The Lord gives each of us a task He wants us to fulfill; To love and serve Him faithfully Accomplishes His will. —Sper Man crowns success; God crowns faithfulness! Service And Witness - While serving as a maid in London, England, in the early part of the 20th century, Gladys Aylward had other dreams. Her goal was to be a missionary to China. Having been rejected by a Christian missionary organization as “unqualified,” Gladys decided to go there on her own. At the age of 28, she used her life savings to purchase a one-way ticket to Yangcheng, a remote village in China. There she established an inn for trade caravans where she shared Bible stories. Gladys served in other villages as well and became known as Ai-weh-deh, Chinese for “virtuous one.” The apostle Paul also spread the gospel to distant regions of the world. He extended himself as a servant to meet the needs of others (2 Cor. 11:16-29). He wrote this about serving: “We do not preach ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord, and ourselves your bondservants for Jesus’ sake” (4:5). Not all of us are called to endure hardship to spread the gospel in distant lands. But each of us is responsible as a servant of God to share Christ with people in our sphere of influence. It’s our privilege to help our neighbors, friends, and relatives. Ask God for openings to serve and to talk about Jesus who gave Himself for us.— by Dennis Fisher My life is a painting created by God, And as such I’ve nothing to boast; Reflecting the image of Christ to the world Is what I desire the most. —Sper We serve God by sharing His Word with others. To Tell The Truth - When you think of the term evangelism, what picture flashes onto the wall of your mind? A large stadium filled with people? A small booklet with a set of diagrams? A Christian wearing a pin with the symbol of a fish? A zealous believer playing intellectual chess with a pagan opponent? A salesman convincing a reluctant person to “try Jesus”? Evangelism is a 10-letter dirty word to some of us. While we think it’s a dandy idea for others, we’re sure it isn’t for us. We’re not cut out to sell, nor shrewd enough to play intellectual games with non-Christians. Evangelism, though, isn’t about being a huckster who cons people into buying what they don’t need. It has nothing to do with grabbing people by the lapels and shoving on them a faith that goes no deeper than the shirt pocket. What a grim indictment resides in the remark, “You could identify the people she had witnessed to by their haggard look.” Evangelism is simply sharing with others what we know about Jesus. “We do not preach ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord” (2 Corinthians 4:5). No tricks. No deception. Speak the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth—in love. Then leave the results with God.— by Haddon W. Robinson It's not our task to force God's truth On those who may the truth detest, But we are asked to share Christ's love And let God's Spirit do the rest. —D. De Haan We who know the joy of salvation should not keep it to ourselves. 2 Corinthians 4:6 For God, Who said, "Light shall shine out of darkness," is the One who has shone in our hearts to give the Light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. (NASB: Lockman) Greek : hoti o theos o eipon, (AAPMSN) Ek skotous phos lampsei, (3SFAI) os elampsen (3SAAI) en tais kardiais hemon pros photismon tes gnoseos tes doxes tou theou en prosopo [Iesou] Christou. Amplified: For God Who said, Let light shine out of darkness, has shone in our hearts so as [to beam forth] the Light for the illumination of the knowledge of the majesty and glory of God [as it is manifest in the Person and is revealed] in the face of Jesus Christ (the Messiah). [Gen. 1:3.] (Lockman)
2 Coríntios 4:5-6
Wuest: because the God who said, Out of darkness light shall shine, shined in our hearts, resulting in an illumination being given of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: because it is God who said, Out of darkness light is to shine, who did shine in our hearts, for the enlightening of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. Who said "Light": Ge 1:3,14,15 Ps 74:16 136:7, 8, 9 Is 45:7 Has shone: Eph 1:17 5:8 2Pe 1:19 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Genesis 1:3, 14, 15 Then God said, “Let there be light”; and there was light....14 Then God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years...15 and let them be for lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth”; and it was so Isaiah 9:2+ The people who walk in darkness Will see a great light; Those who live in a dark land, The light will shine on them. 2 Peter 1:19+ So we have the prophetic word made more sure, to which you do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star arises in your hearts. THE CREATOR BRINGS LIGHT OUT OF DARKNESS For God - Paul explains why he does not preach himself (ourselves) but Christ as Lord and why he is their servant. God is the only One Who is able to shine light into spiritually dark hearts. For - Notice the little preposition "for" (there are over 7000 "for's" in Scripture) and if the context indicates, as it does in this passage, that the "for" is a term of explanation, pause and ask yourself what is the Spirit seeking to explain? In fact, stop reading right now and observe 2Cor 4:6 and see if you can determine what Paul is explaining. Notice how pausing to ponder will always force you to examine the context. You can (and should) practice this simple discipline every time you encounter a for, and while not every instance is a term of explanation, a "for" at the beginning of a verse is almost always is used with that grammatical sense. I guarantee that if you begin to "pause and ponder," you will radically rejuvenate your "Read Through the Bible in a Year" program! You might even get a small journal and begin to keep notes on what the Spirit illuminates (see 1Cor 2:10-13) and how this truth can be applied to your daily life. As you practice interrogating the text (for, therefore, but, so that, etc) with 5W/H questions such as "What's the for explaining?", you will begin to learn to (1) Read the Bible inductively (power point overview) and to (2) Meditate (see also Primer on Biblical Meditation) on the Scripture. Meditation or "chewing the cud" (pondering the passage) of the Scripture (cf Mt 4:4, Job 23:12-+, Jer 15:16) so to speak is a vanishing discipline in our fast paced, hi tech, low touch society, but a spiritual discipline which God promises to greatly bless (See Ps 1:1-+, Ps 1:2-+, Ps 1:3-+, Joshua 1:8-+, cf Ps 4:4, 19:14, 27:4, 49:4, 63:6, Ps 77:6, 77:12, Ps 104:34, Ps 119:15, 119:23, 119:27, Ps 119:48, 119:78, Ps 119:97, 119:99, Ps 119:148, 143:5, Ps 145:5) From the preceding passages which "organ" of our being is most often involved/engaged in meditation? What are the subjects or the focus of meditation? Reading the Bible without meditating on it is like eating without chewing. We must read... Scripture every day And meditate on what God said To fight temptation from the world And live a life that's Spirit led (see note) --Sper God Who said - The first record of God actually speaking are found in the Creation account. In Genesis 1:3 God spoke and Light shone forth in that very instant (cp Heb 11:3-+). Notice that this light is distinct from the light of the sun and moon which were created later (Ge 1:14,15). God commanded light and the "creation" obeyed bringing forth light (How much less should we obey His clear commands in our life?) Beet: Out of the bosom of darkness, light sprang at the bidding of God: graphic picture. (2 Corinthians 4 Commentary) Henry Morris (Institute of Creation Research) explains: On the first day, God had said: "Let there be light" (Hebrew or). (In Ge 1:14,15) He says: "Let there be lights" (ma-or). Light energy was activated first, but now great masses of material (part of the "earth" elements created on the first day) were gathered together in one of the firmaments, or spaces, of the cosmos--the space beyond the waters above the space adjacent to the earth. These great bodies were set burning in complex chemical and nuclear reactions, to serve henceforth as light-givers for the earth. The existence of visible light prior to the establishment of the sun, moon and stars (Genesis 1:16) emphasizes the fact that light (energy) is more fundamental than light givers. (out of darkness Institute for Creation Research - Defender's Study Bible notes - an excellent conservative resource) In the first creation God commanded the light to shine, but in the re-creation, God Himself shines into our hearts! (cp Col 1:13-+) God is the "Initiator" in both. The chaos of the physical and spiritual darkness (Ge 1:2; Jer 4:23) is changed by God's light (cp Jn 1:5, 8:12). "Light shall shine out of darkness," is the One who has shone in our hearts to give the Light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ - The Creator of light (Christ) is the same Creator Who some 20 years prior had shone in Paul's heart on the Damascus Road and created a new heart and spirit and the Spirit (Ezek 36:26-27+ = the new covenant fulfilled in a Jewish man) so that Paul now loved Jesus and His Gospel. Saul's (Paul's) conversion was so significant that Luke mentions it three times in the book of Acts (read these stirring, supernatural accounts and the comments designated by a "+" sign - Acts 9:1–9+; Acts 22:5–11+; Acts 26:12–18+). This declaration by Paul also underscores the truth that IF God did it with such an avid archenemy of God as Paul (Saul), God is fully capable of performing this same sovereign work of gracious enlightenment in the hearts of any unbelieving man or woman. In fact note Paul's use of the plural "our hearts" which strongly implies that the same miraculous act of God's act of shining in "hearts" applies to the spiritual experience of every believer. THOUGHT - Dear reader has the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ shone in your heart? J
2 Coríntios 4:7-9
Wuest: But we have this treasure [the reflection of the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ] in earthenware containers, in order that the super-excellence of the power might be from God as a source and not from us. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: And we have this treasure in earthen vessels, that the excellency of the power may be of God, and not of us; this: 2Co 4:1 6:10 Mt 13:44,52 Eph 3:8 Col 1:27 2:3 in: 2Co 5:1 10:10 Judges 7:13-14, Jdg16-20 La 4:2 1Co 1:28 1Co 4:9-13 Ga 4:13,14 2Ti 2:20 So that: 2Co 3:5,6 12:7-9 2Co 13:4 1Co 2:3-5 Eph 1:19,20 2:5,8,9 Col 2:12 1Th 1:5 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Ephesians 3:8+ To me, the very least of all saints, this grace was given, to preach to the Gentiles the unfathomable riches of Christ, Matthew 13:44+ (THIS TREASURE) “The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure hidden in the field, which a man found and hid again; and from joy over it he goes and sells all that he has and buys that field. Matthew 13:52+ (THIS TREASURE) And Jesus said to them, “Therefore every scribe who has become a disciple of the kingdom of heaven is like a head of a household, who brings out of his treasure things new and old.” Judges 7:2+ (ILLUSTRATION OF GIDEON) The LORD said to Gideon, “The people who are with you are too many for Me to give Midian into their hands, for Israel would become boastful, saying, ‘My own power has delivered me.’...Jdg 7:7 The LORD said to Gideon, “I will deliver you with the 300 men who lapped and will give the Midianites into your hands; so let all the other people go, each man to his home.” Gromacki: Gideon learned this lesson when his army, reduced to three hundred, besieged the Midianites with weapons of trumpets and burning lamps within clay pots (Jdg. 7:16+). Just as the pots had to be broken to let the lamps shine, so believers must be broken to manifest the light of God through them. Acts 9:15+ (EARTHEN VESSELS) But the Lord said to him, “Go, for he is a chosen instrument of Mine, to bear My name before the Gentiles and kings and the sons of Israel; 2 Timothy 2:21+ (VESSELS) Therefore, if anyone cleanses himself from these things, he will be a vessel for honor, sanctified, useful to the Master, prepared for every good work. 1 Corinthians 2:3-5+ I was with you in weakness and in fear and in much trembling, 4 and my message and my preaching were not in persuasive words of wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power, 5so that your faith would not rest on the wisdom of men, but on the power of God. PRECIOUS PARADOX TREASURE IN JARS OF CLAY! A Christian is like a tea bag— not much good until it has gone through hot water! Murray J Harris introduces these next 7 verses with the interesting comment that "No person was ever more aware of the paradoxical nature of Christianity than Paul. And perhaps none of his Epistles contains more paradoxes than 2 Corinthians. With their numerous paradoxes, then, 2Co 4:7-12 are typical of this Epistle and of Paul’s style. 2Co 4:7 is the first paradox—the difference between the indescribable value of the gospel treasure and the apparent worthlessness of the gospel’s ministers (Expositor's Bible Commentary) Plummer - “The power is limitless, but it is stored in very unlikely receptacles.” But we have this treasure in earthen vessels - We have (echo) means to have or to possess and the present tense pictures this as their continual possession. What treasure? Answer - "Light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ." (2Co 4:6+)(aka, the Gospel). Earthen vessels clearly is a figurative description of our bodies, emphasizing our weakness and frailty. In a word the treasure is the creational, transforming power of the Gospel placed into followers of Christ pictured as lowly, even contemptible (as judged by what the world values) "jars of clay". (See Piper = The Glory of Christ, the Image of God on page 54 in pdf) As discussed more below, this paradoxical association of human weakness with divine power, makes it abundantly clear from Whom the power originates and Who is to receive the glory for the display of that power! As the psalmist aptly stated centuries prior… Not to us, O LORD, not to us, but to Thy Name give glory because of Thy lovingkindness, because of Thy truth. (Psalm 115:1-+) “Let him who boasts (glories), boast (glory) in the Lord.” (1 Co 1:31) Alfred Plummer has an interesting observation on Paul's repeated use of echo (to have, to possess) "The Apostle again and again dwells upon the goodly possessions of the Christian, and especially of the Christian minister; confidence we have (2Co 3:4), having such hope (2Co 3:12), we have this ministry (2Co 4:1), we have this treasure (2Co 4:7), having the same spirit of faith (2Co 4:13), we have a building from God (2Co 5:1), possessing (having) all things (2Co 6:10), having these promises (2Co 7:1); and he often builds an argument upon these goodly possessions. (Ed: Every use of echo is in the present tense picturing the continuance, persistence and permanence of these possessions). (2 Corinthians 4 Commentary) A T
2 Coríntios 4:7-9
Wuest: The concept of the Gospel as a force pervades the epistles to the Corinthians; its proof, so to speak, is dynamical, not logical. It is demonstrated, not by argument, but by what it does; and looking to what it can do, Paul is proud to preach it anywhere.(Wuest Word Studies - Eerdman Publishing Company Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3 - used by permission) John Piper sums up this powerful section "God uses weak, afflicted clay pots to carry “the surpassing power” of “the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ.” (2Co 4:4-+) What happens when these clay pots preach the gospel and offer themselves as servants? 2Co 4:6 (+) gives the answer: “God, who said, ‘Let light shine out of darkness,’ has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.” This means that in the dark and troubled heart of unbelief, God does what He did in the dark and unformed creation at the beginning of our world. He said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. So He says to the blind and dark heart, “Let there be light,” and there is light in the heart of the sinner. In this light we see the glory of God in the face of Christ. (God Is the Gospel- go to page 54 in the Pdf to begin Chapter 4) F B
2 Coríntios 4:7-9
Wuest: We are being hard pressed from every side, but we are not hemmed in. We are bewildered, not knowing which way to turn, but not utterly destitute of possible measures or resources. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: on every side being in tribulation, but not straitened; perplexed, but not in despair; Afflicted: 2Co 1:8-10 2Co 6:4 2Co 7:5 2Co 11:23-30 But: 2Co 4:16,17 12:10 1Sa 28:15 30:6 Ps 56:2,3 Pr 14:26 18:10 Ro 5:3-5 Ro 8:35-37 Jas 1:2-4 1Pe 1:6,7 4:12-14 Not despairing: or, not altogether without help, or means, 1Sa 31:4 Job 2:9,10 Ps 37:33 Jn 14:18 1Co 10:13 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: 2 Corinthians 1:8-10 For we do not want you to be unaware, brethren, of our affliction which came to us in Asia, that we were burdened excessively, beyond our strength, so that we despaired even of life; 9 indeed, we had the sentence of death within ourselves so that we would not trust in ourselves, but in God who raises the dead; 10 who delivered us from so great a peril of death, and will deliver us, He on whom we have set our hope. And He will yet deliver us, 2 Corinthians 6:4 but in everything commending ourselves as servants of God, in much endurance, in afflictions (thlipsis), in hardships, in distresses (stenochoria) David Hocking summarizes 2Cor 4:8-9… Conflicts will not defeat us Confusion will not discourage us Criticism will not deter us Casting down will not destroy us THREE GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON NEXT TWO PASSAGES Paul now presents four contrasting parallels, describing what he and other ministers of the Gospel were continually experiencing (and what you too will experience dear minister of the Gospel!) Paraphrase of the 4 couplets - We are "Hemmed in but not hamstrung, not knowing what to do but never bereft of all hope, hunted by men but never abandoned by God, often felled but never finished." (1) Note that all of the verbs in 2Co 4:8 and 2Co 4:9 are in the present tense picturing continuous action. In other words Paul was continuously afflicted, perplexed, persecuted and struck down. Four contrasts each of which demonstrates the weakness of the clay pot (Paul) on one hand and the power of God on the other hand, each of which contributed to the argument that Paul was a true servant of God and strongly rebutted his adversary's' false charges. (2) Note the great word "but" which draws a strong contrast (a change of direction - always pause and ponder "but" and ask what is being contrasted, why, etc - see terms of contrast). And + also that the second verb of each "couplet" (antithetical set) is preceded by the English word "not" which is the Greek particle "ou" signifying absolute negation -- the idea is "by no means" or "absolutely not". Paul is emphatically denying that these actions or attitudes are his continued state. (3) Note that each of these "effects" should not be divorced from their "cause" - In other words, Paul is "squeezed but not squashed" not because he "gutted it out" but because he relied on the surpassing greatness of the power (dunamis) of God to sustain him through the fiery trials. The transcending power of God transforms every tribulation that the sovereignty of God allows us to experience. "The first clause in each member of the series of contrasted participles, implies the earthiness of the vessels; the second clause, the excellency of the power." (Jamieson) Wick Broomall has a similar note on 2Co 4:8-10 - These verses may be summarized thus: (1) All the verbs in 8-10a are present participles and are grammatically related to “we” in 2Co 4:7. They explain or illustrate Paul’s secret of power in “earthen vessels.” (2) These participles seem to go in ascensive order—like a swelling crescendo. (3) They are paradoxical and antithetical—contrasting nature with grace. (4) Moreover, although based on 2Co 2:14ff., they step up higher on the ladder that will lead us through 2Co 6:4-10 up to the climax in 2Co 11:16-23 (2 Corinthians 4) A T
2 Coríntios 4:7-9
Wuest has an additional thought: The verb is in the middle voice, which fact speaks of the inward distress of a mind tossed to and fro by conflicting doubts and fears. The Greek has it, “I am perplexed in you.” Paul’s perplexity is conceived as being in the Galatians. He says in effect, “I am puzzled how to deal with you, how to find an entrance into your hearts.”(Wuest Word Studies - Eerdman Publishing Company Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3 - used by permission) Despairing (1820) (exaporeomai from ek = normally means "out of" but here serves as a strong intensifier of the simple verb + aporéo = to be at a loss) means to be utterly at a loss (cp at a loss - meaning of the "milder" verb aporeo above) to be in great doubt, in utmost despair, greatly perplexed. As alluded to, perplexed and despairing have the same derivation and indicate that yes, admits to being at a loss (aporeo) but never to the point that he felt he was at a total loss (exaporeomai) or had reached a state of utter hopelessness. Thayer = To be utterly destitute of measures or resources, to renounce all hope The English definition of despair - to lose or give up hope. Synonyms include - despond, give up, lose heart, lose all hope or confidence. Paul was at times at loss to explain circumstances but never to the point of causing him to lose hope. Why? Because the God of hope was his hope Now may the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace (God's sovereign provision) in believing (our Spirit energized responsibility - to trust and obey, there's no other way to be happy in Jesus, then to trust and obey), that (expresses purpose) you may abound in hope by the power (dunamis) of the Holy Spirit. (Ro 15:13+) The only other NT use of exaporeomai is… 2 Corinthians 1:8+ For we do not want you to be unaware, brethren, of our affliction which came to us in Asia, that we were burdened excessively, beyond our strength, so that we despaired even of life; There is one use in the Septuagint… Psalm 88:15 I was afflicted and about to die from my youth on; I suffer Your terrors; I am overcome (Lxx = exaporeomai). (The English translation of the Septuagint reads "having been lifted up, I was brought low and into despair.") Choosing The Hard Thing - On September 12, 1962, President John F. Kennedy delivered a speech at Rice University in Houston, Texas, about the difficult challenges facing the nation. He also shared his passion for the United States to place a man on the moon. In balancing the needs of his people with the desire to conquer space, Kennedy said, “We choose to go to the moon in this decade. We choose to go to the moon and do the other things, not because they are easy but because they are hard.” The nation responded. Seven years later, Neil Armstrong took a “giant leap for mankind” in July of 1969, by walking on the moon. Today’s world is filled with energy-saving devices that make life easier, but there is something to be said for embracing life’s challenges. The apostle Paul found serving Christ hard, but he didn’t see it as a cause for discouragement. He continued to focus on Christ, and wrote, “We are hard-pressed on every side, yet not crushed; we are perplexed, but not in despair” (2 Cor. 4:8). Paul knew that “He who raised up the Lord Jesus will also raise us up with Jesus, and will present us with you” (v.14). The goal was worth the pain. For Further Study - Learn more about dealing with difficulties in life. Read Joseph: Overcoming Life’s Challenges Jesus gave His all to save us— Are we giving our all to serve Him? (Motivated by love not legalism!) Dying Daily— We are hard-pressed on every side, … always carrying about in the body the dying of the Lord Jesus. —2 Corinthians 4:8,10. Are you in a situation where you are often misunderstood for your faith in Christ? Are you surrounded by people with a carping, critical spirit? Do you get little or no credit for the work you do in your church or for your family? The proper response is a willingness to have a humble and submissive spirit—to die as Jesus did throughout His life. Yes, our Lord died once on the cross; but in another sense He also died every day. The cross was the culmination of an entire lifetime of dying. He was willing to be misunderstood and maligned, to give up home and comforts, to take the role of a servant. That was His “death.” We must be willing to die in that way as well. When we die with Him, God’s gift to us is “the life of Jesus” (2Corinthians 4:10), the most attractive life ever lived. His beauty will gradually grow in us and become our beauty as well. Dear Jesus, take my heart and hand, And grant me this, I pray: That I through Your sweet love may grow More like You day by day. —Garrison Living daily for Christ requires dying daily to self. "I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me" (Galatians 2:20). The frigid waters around Greenland contain countless icebergs, some little and some gigantic. Sometimes the small ice floes move in one direction while their massive counterparts flow in another. The explanation is simple. Surface winds drive the little ones, whereas deep ocean currents carry the huge masses. When we face trials and tragedies, our lives are subject to two forces—"surface winds" and "ocean currents." The winds represent everything changeable, unpredictable, and distressing. But operating simultaneously with these gusts and gales is another force that's even more powerful. It is the sure movement of God's wise and sovereign purposes, the deep flow of His unchanging love. The secret of victory is to be certain that we are in touch with that unseen current. (Ed: The power of God via the Spirit of Christ in us, mere frail clay pots). Asaph, buffeted by thoughts of the prosperity of the wicked, went into the sanctuary to be alone with God. Only then did he gain the divine perspective (Psalm 73:17). Job faced his calamities by affirming, "Though He slay me, yet will I trust Him" (Job 13:15). And the apostle Paul, realizing that he had been "crucified with Christ," was convinced that the Lord Jesus was living in him. He could therefore say, "We are hard pressed on every side, yet not crushed" (2Cor. 4:8). Better the storm with Christ than smooth waters without Him. Warren
2 Coríntios 4:7-9
Wuest: We are being persecuted, but not left in the lurch, not abandoned, not let down. We are being knocked down, but not destroyed, (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed; but: Ps 9:10 22:1 37:25,28 Isa 62:4 Heb 13:5 Struck down: 2Co 7:6 Job 5:17-19 22:29 Ps 37:24 42:5,11 Isa 43:2 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Hebrews 13:5+ Make sure that your character is free from the love of money, being content with what you have; for He Himself has said, “I WILL NEVER DESERT YOU, NOR WILL I EVER FORSAKE YOU,” Micah 7:8 Rejoice not over me, O my enemy; when I fall, I shall rise; when I sit in darkness, the Lord will be a light to me. Psalm 37:24, 25 The steps of a man are established by the Lord, when he delights in his way; though he fall, he shall not be cast headlong, for the Lord upholds his hand. CHASED AFTER BUT NEVER CUT OFF! (Present tense - continually) Persecuted (dioko) but not forsaken (egkataleipo) - Amplified - "We are pursued (persecuted and hard driven), but not deserted [to stand alone];" Paul's adversaries continually hunted him down like a wild animal! But not is a strong contrast, with "not" being the Greek (ou) signifying ABSOLUTELY NOT! "He is tired and weary from persecution, but God has not left him to be devoured by the wolves who dog him relentlessly." (Baker) Homer Kent - At different times one group or another persecuted Paul; he was frequently a hunted man (Acts 9:23–24, 28–29; 13:50; 14:5–6, 19–20; et al.). Yet never did Paul and his coworkers conclude that God had forsaken them, and for this reason they continued their ministry. From time to time adversaries might succeed in casting them down, but this would never result in their destruction before their mission was accomplished. God’s enablement was still in operation, even though His messengers faced great obstacles. (A Heart Opened Wide - Studies in 2 Corinthians; see also 2 Corinthians 2:14-4:18 The Glory of Christian Ministry - An Analysis) Murray Harris - He was hounded by the foe, but not left to his mercy. He was knocked to the ground, but not permanently "grounded." (Expositor's Bible Commentary) Jamieson comments that Paul was "not forsaken—by God and man. Jesus was forsaken by both; so much do His sufferings exceed those of His people (Mk 15:34+)." I would add that the very reason Paul (and we) was NEVER FORSAKEN by God is because God forsook His Son the Lamb of God that He might complete the perfect sacrifice for us! Does this not show the Father's infinite love for us sinners that He would desert His only begotten Son, our Savior, in His hour of greatest need when He was made sin for us (2Co 5:21+)? That is of course a rhetorical question! Spurgeon's exposition - “Persecuted, but not forsaken; “-having no man’s face to smile upon him, but still rejoicing in the light of God’s countenance. For there is One Who, when we are persecuted, is persecuted with us, and persecuted in us, Who has promised that we shall not be left desolate. He lath said, “I will never leave you, nor forsake you.” (Heb 13:5+) “Should persecution rage and flame, Still truth in thy Redeemer’s name; In fiery trials thou shalt see That, ’as thy day, thy strength shall be,’“ Warren
2 Coríntios 4:10-12
Wuest: always bearing about in our body the dying of the Lord Jesus in order that the life of Jesus might be clearly and openly shown in our body, (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: at all times the dying of the Lord Jesus bearing about in the body, that the life also of Jesus in our body may be manifested, Carrying: 2Co 1:5,9 Ro 8:17,18 Ga 6:17 Php 3:10,11 Col 1:24 So that: 2Co 13:4 Jn 14:19 Ac 18:9,10 Ro 8:17 2Ti 2:11 1Pe 4:13 Rev 1:17 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries A LIVING DEATH SENTENCE Paul now summarizes and interprets summarizes the paradoxes in the previous two passages, specifically the 4 contrasts, each of which was in a sense "carrying about… the dying of Jesus", suffering for His sake. On the other hand, the phrase "the life of Jesus" pictured the Lord's power to keep him from being crushed, despairing, forsaken or destroyed. Always carrying about (periphero) in the body the dying of Jesus. - Carrying about is in the present tense picturing this as Paul's continual practice Paul's point is that he was continually, at all times and all places, exposed to people and circumstances that sought to bring him harm even as these enemies of the Cross sought to kill the Lord Jesus. In a true sense this acknowledgment by Paul is a "fulfillment of prophecy" for His Lord (speaking to Ananias) had foretold "I will show him how much he must suffer for My name's sake." (Acts 9:15+). In his first letter Paul alluded to his suffering for the sake of Christ when he asked " Why are we also in danger every hour?" (1Co 15:30+). The implication of that question is that they were always in danger (and in context his point was why would he be willing to do so if there were no life after death?)
2 Coríntios 4:10-12
Wuest: for, as for us, we who are living are perpetually being delivered over to death for Jesus’ sake in order that the life of Jesus might be clearly and openly shown in our mortal body. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: for always are we who are living delivered up to death because of Jesus, that the life also of Jesus may be manifested in our dying flesh, Are constantly: Ps 44:22 141:7 Ro 8:36 1Co 15:31,49 Our: 2Co 5:4 Ro 8:11 1Co 15:53,54 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: 1 Corinthians 4:9 For, I think, God has exhibited us apostles last of all, as men condemned to death; because we have become a spectacle to the world, both to angels and to men.
2 Coríntios 4:10-12
Wuest: So that death is operative in us but the life is operative in you. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: so that, the death indeed in us doth work, and the life in you. death: 2Co 12:15 13:9 Ac 20:24 1Co 4:10 Php 2:17,30 1Jn 3:16 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE PARADOX OF LIFE OUT OF DEATH Paul's example of suffering was meant to bring about the same resurrection life in the saints at Corinth. The paradox of physical suffering, yielding spiritual life. (cp 2Co 1:5, 6 - similar thought in Ep 3:1, Col 1:24, 2Ti 2:10). So death works (energeo) in us, but life in you - Amplified - "Thus death is actively at work in us, but [it is in order that our] life [may be actively at work] in you." Works is in the present tense emphasizing the effective work of death is an ongoing process in Paul's life and included physical persecution for Paul and spiritual life in those to whom he preaches the gospel. Death was like a "busy mortician" during the deadly bubonic plague and is continually at work. Most commentators agree that "us" is used "editorially" to refer to himself. Paul was continually willing to die to self that others might experience life in Christ., specifically the Resurrected Life of the resurrected Christ, the Source of present grace (2Cor 13:14, 2Ti 2:1) and future glory. Furthermore, it was Paul's belief in a future resurrection which made him willing to carry about in his body the dying of Jesus, willing even to die daily (1Co 15:31+)
2 Coríntios 4:13-15
Wuest: But we have the same Spirit of faith [as the Psalmist] according as it has been written and is at present on record, I believed, wherefore I spoke. And as for us, we are believing, wherefore also we are speaking, (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: And having the same spirit of the faith, according to that which hath been written, 'I believed, therefore I did speak;' we also do believe, therefore also do we speak; The same: Ac 15:11 Ro 1:12 1Co 12:9 Heb 11:1-40 2Pe 1:1 Believed: Ps 116:10 - See commentary on Psalm 116:10 We also: 2Co 3:12 Pr 21:28 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FIRM FAITH ENABLES PERSISTENT PROCLAMATION But (de) introduces the contrast - in spite of the frality and weakness of the clay pot in which the Gospel has been entrusted (2Co 4:7-+) and the fact that they were continually being tried (2Co 4:8, 9-+) "death (continually) works in us" (2Co 4:12-+), we have faith, a firm belief, a confident, complete trust which allows us to keep on speaking about and preaching Jesus. The meaning of spirit is felt by a few to be the Holy Spirit, but most interpret as reference to the same kind of spirit the psalmist possessed (he is quoting Ps 116:10 in the Septuagint), an attitude or outlook of faith. The point of Paul's quote from Ps 116:10 is that trust in the Lord motivates a person to action ("we… believe… we speak"). Having the same spirit of faith according to what is written, "I BELIEVED, THEREFORE I SPOKE," we also believe, therefore we also speak - Paul is saying that he was sustained by the same attitude that enabled the psalmist to speak in Ps 116:10+. If you read the context of Ps 116, it is clear that he was in adversity much as Paul had just described, declaring "The cords of death encompassed me And the terrors of Sheol came upon me; I found distress and sorrow." (Ps 116:3+) In short, Paul's proclamation springs from faith (see next passage for faith's foundation). Remember that "faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen" (Heb 11:1+) In short, this verse explains why Paul continues to speak amid such adversity, suffering and hardship just described -- His faith in God's assurance in 2Co 4:14 and the gospel inevitably demands its proclamation. Those of faith speak from what they believe like the psalmist did.
2 Coríntios 4:13-15
Wuest: knowing that He who raised up the Lord Jesus shall also raise us with Jesus and shall present us with you, (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: knowing that He who did raise up the Lord Jesus, us also through Jesus shall raise up, and shall present with you, That: 2Co 5:1-4 Isa 26:19 Jn 11:25,26 Ro 8:11 1Co 6:14 15:20-22 1Th 4:14 Will present: 2Co 11:2 Eph 5:27 Col 1:22,28 Jude 1:24 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: Matthew 10:28 “Do not fear those who kill the body but are unable to kill the soul; but rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. John 6:37-40; 44 “All that the Father gives Me will come to Me, and the one who comes to Me I will certainly not cast out. 38“For I have come down from heaven, not to do My own will, but the will of Him who sent Me. 39“This is the will of Him who sent Me, that of all that He has given Me I lose nothing, but raise it up on the last day. 40“For this is the will of My Father, that everyone who beholds the Son and believes in Him will have eternal life, and I Myself will raise him up on the last day.”....(6:44) “No one can come to Me unless the Father who sent Me draws him; and I will raise him up on the last day. 1 Corinthians 15:54-57+ But when this perishable will have put on the imperishable, and this mortal will have put on immortality, then will come about the saying that is written, “DEATH IS SWALLOWED UP in victory. 55 “O DEATH, WHERE IS YOUR VICTORY? O DEATH, WHERE IS YOUR STING?” 56 The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law; 57 but thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. FUTURE HOPE FUELS PRESENT FAITH knowing (fully confident, full assurance derived of faith, a hope [certainty] of the future bodily resurrection - this future hope sustained Paul in present trials) that He who raised the Lord Jesus will raise us also with Jesus (Jn 5:28, 29) and will present us with you (alluding to our future glorious reunion at the resurrection at the presentation of the "Bride", the Church, to Christ). Paul was sure of ultimate victory, for Jesus had conquered death (1Co 15:54-57). In short faith in our sure resurrection hope (absolute assurance God will do good to us in the future) fuels Paul's proclamation of the Gospel. Until you are prepared to die, you are not really prepared to live. The idea continued from the 2Co 4:13 is that "we also speak" (ultimately the Gospel of Jesus Christ) "because we know, because we are assured" of the truth of His resurrection. If you don't fear death, then you have nothing to fear in life. Paul had "nothing to fear from either life or death!" (Wiersbe) Paul knew that the resurrection of Christ from the dead was the ultimate proof of His triumph over death, the great "equalizer" and great fear of every individual ever born, unless or until they meet and receive (Jn 1:12) Jesus Christ, the One Who conquered death forever. Paul recorded our Lord's triumph over death in his first epistle to the Corinthians… But when this perishable will have put on the imperishable, and this mortal will have put on immortality, then will come about the saying that is written, "DEATH IS SWALLOWED UP in victory. "O DEATH, WHERE IS YOUR VICTORY? O DEATH, WHERE IS YOUR STING?" The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law; but thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. (1Co 15:54-57+) The fear of man brings a snare, But he who trusts in the LORD will be exalted. Beloved, what you believe about the future will indubitably impact how you live in the present. The apostle John beautifully expounded this principle in his first epistle… Beloved, now we are children of God, and it has not appeared as yet what we shall be. We know that, when He appears, we shall be like Him, because we shall see Him just as He is. And everyone who has this hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure. (1Jn 3:2+ 1Jn 3:3+) WHAT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR determines WHAT YOU ARE LIVING FOR and WHAT YOU ARE WILLING TO DIE FOR Knowing truth (the sure hope of the resurrection) kept Paul proclaiming the Gospel (this is the main effect of knowing as discussed above) but undoubtedly also kept him from losing heart over his sufferings for Christ (Observe that Paul uses the phrase lose heart like "bookends" in this chapter - see 2Co 4:1+ and 2Co 4:16+).
2 Coríntios 4:13-15
Wuest: for all things are for your sake in order that the grace having been multiplied through the intermediate agency of the many [in their prayers for me] may cause the thanksgiving to superabound, resulting in the glory of God. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: for the all things are because of you, that the grace having been multiplied, because of the thanksgiving of the more, may abound to the glory of God; All: 2Co 1:4-6 Ro 8:28 1Co 3:21-23 Col 1:24 2Ti 2:10 That the grace: 2Co 1:11 8:19 9:11,12 Ps 50:14,23 Ga 1:24 Eph 3:20,21 Col 3:16,17 Heb 13:15,16 1Pe 2:9 4:11 Rev 4:8-11 5:8-14 19:4-6 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries SELFLESS SERVICE FOR THE SAINTS For all things (taking place in 2Co 4:8-12) are for your sakes (for their benefit - designed to promote their salvation, all that Paul had endured was for the benefit of the Corinthians) - All things in context refers especially to his "variegated" (multi-colored, cp Greek poikilos) pressing circumstances (cp 2Co 4:8, 9-+ 2Co 4:10-12-+) and labors to the point of exhaustion (2Co 6:5+, 2Co 11:23 27+ cp kopiao in Col 1:29-+) The first purpose stated is that Paul suffered for the good of the people. His suffering resulted in the people of Corinth hearing the Gospel and being saved. Thus Paul continues to remind the Corinthians he was not their master but functioned in a servant role, even as he had stated in the first letter stating he and Apollos were "Servants through whom you believed." (1Co 3:5+) Another way of describing his daily death to self (Mk 8:34), doing nothing from selfishness or empty conceit but humbly regarding others as more important than himself, not merely looking out for his own person interests but the interests of the saints at Corinth (cp Php 2:3, 4+). All that Paul had experienced was for the spiritual benefit of the saints. This was the "warp and woof" (idiom = the basic element) of Paul's ministry - to see grace spread and ultimately to see God glorified. Wiersbe draws a parallel with Romans 8:28+ explaining that the phrase all things are for your sakes…"gives us the assurance that our sufferings are not wasted: God uses them to minister to others and also to bring glory to His name. How is God glorified in our trials? By giving us the “abundant grace” we need to maintain joy and strength when the going gets difficult. Whatever begins with grace, leads to glory (see Ps 84:11+; 1Pe 5:10+)." (Bible Exposition Commentary) Matthew
2 Coríntios 4:16
Wuest: Wherefore, we are not losing courage. But and if, as is the case, our outward self is progressively decaying, yet our inward self is being changed into a new kind of life [fit for the new spiritual existence into which we have been ushered in salvation, and constantly being conformed to the image of the Lord Jesus] day by day. (Eerdmans Publishing - used by permission) Young's Literal: wherefore, we faint not, but if also our outward man doth decay, yet the inward is renewed day by day; John Butler Outlines this last section of chapter 4 as follows… The Purpose of His Sufferings - 2Co 4:15 For the good of the people - 2Co 4:15a For the glory of God - 2Co 4:15b The Persistency of His Service - 2Co 4:16 The Product of His Trials - 2Co 4:17,18 --The Valuing of the Trials - 2Co 4:17 --The Vision for Trials - 2Co 4:18 "VERTICAL VISION" SECRET OF "HORIZONTAL ENDURANCE" John MacArthur introduces this last section of chapter 4…"All Christians can learn from Paul’s example how to endure the loneliness, disappointment, pain, and persecution they face. It was his vision of God’s glory revealed in the face of Jesus Christ (see the discussion of 2Co 3:18–4:6 in chapter 9 of this volume) that radically changed Paul’s perspective on life—including his sufferings. That vision is the foundation for living a triumphant life; because of the astounding realities of all that was his in Christ and the new covenant, Paul could not lose heart. No amount of trouble could make him neglect his calling, privileges, or duty. Based on the reality of God’s glory revealed in Jesus Christ and God’s mighty care in his life, Paul gives three heavenly reasons for earthly endurance in 2Co 4:16-18; three principles that enabled him not to lose heart. He exhorts believers to value spiritual strength over physical strength, value the future over the present, and value eternal realities over temporal realities. (2Corinthians) Therefore we do not lose heart, but though our outer man is decaying, yet our inner man is being renewed day by day The Psalmist shows the power of a hopeful future (similar to what Paul describes) what I like to call "Vertical Vision" (which motivates and empowers "Horizontal Living!") Psalm 27:13 I would have despaired unless I had believed that I would see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the living. Therefore (see term of conclusion) - He has just described the hope of the resurrection (2Co 4:14), the spread of grace (salvation and spiritual welfare of the saints at Corinth) and the fact that God was being greatly glorified (2Co 4:15) and these truths undergirded him and held him firm. May we hold fast to the Word of truth that it might hold us fast when the winds of adversity and testing begin to blow. Paul is explaining why he is able to minister and preach as he does (in face of such afflictions). Ralph Martin explains therefore - The connecting dio (therefore) gives the reason for Paul’s indomitable spirit. Earlier he reflected on God’s mercy shown to him; here it is the recall of God’s power in raising Jesus from the dead. These articles of faith bolster him in a testing time. Not (ouk) signifies absolute negation. Paul was not boasting but was expressing confidence in the good promises of God even when things did not "look good" or "feel good". With a series of dramatic contrasts in this section, Paul explains why he does not lose heart. The practical application is clear -- believers today who are being afflicted for their faith need to focus on the future to facilitate present living. James Lias - The Apostle now returns to the topic he has already introduced (2Co 4:1). But the digression, if indeed it be a digression, only tends to strengthen the assertion he has made. 'We faint not,' he says, 'not merely because we have a glorious ministry (2Co 4:1), not merely because we have the knowledge of God (2Co 4:6), not merely because, though oppressed and afflicted ourselves, we see the blessed results of our ministry in others, but because (cf. 2Co 4:10, 11) our sorrows and sufferings, the decay of our mortal body, are but external. There is a spring of life within that can never fail (cp Jn 7:38, 39), the new life, which comes to us from God through Christ. (Cambridge Commentary) David
2 Coríntios 4:16
Wuest comments on anakainosis in this passage: Thayer defines the word, “a renewal, renovation, complete change for the better.” That is (in Ro 12:2) the change of outward expression is dependent upon the renovation, the complete change for the better of the believer’s mental process. This is accomplished through the ministry of the indwelling Holy Spirit, Who when definitely, and intelligently, and habitually yielded to puts sin out of the believer’s life and produces His own fruit. He does that by controlling the mental processes of the believer. It is the prescription of the apostle. “Habitually be ordering (present imperative) your behavior within the sphere and by means of the Spirit, and you will positively not fulfil the desire of the flesh (evil nature) “ (Gal 5:16-+) In Titus Paul also uses anakainosis…- Titus 3:5-+ He saved us, not on the basis of deeds which we have done in righteousness, but according to His mercy, by the washing of regeneration and renewing (anakainosis) by the Holy Spirit, Comment: While some interpret the use of anakainosis in this passage as a reference to the one time event of the new birth, others favor this as indicating a continual renewing by the Holy Spirit, similar to the renewal in 2Cor 4:16. Bishop Trench writes that anakainosis refers to "the gradual (progressive, lifelong) conforming of the man more and more to that new spiritual world into which he has been introduced, and in which he now lives and moves; the restoration of the divine image". W E Vine writes that in Titus 3:5 anakainosis refers to "the adjustment of the moral and spiritual vision and thinking to the mind of God, which is designed to have a transforming effect upon the life". Paul asks the Father "that He would grant you, according (not a portion but proportionate) to the riches of His glory, to be strengthened with power (dunamis) through His Spirit in the inner man (Ep 3:16-+). Comment: This passage supports the premise that the Holy Spirit is the major effecter of renewal of the inner man described here in 2Cor 4:16. Richard Pratt explains that "At the present time… a paradoxical situation exists for followers of Christ. On the one hand, they have believed the gospel and have been granted salvation. The Holy Spirit lives within believers as the “deposit guaranteeing our inheritance” (Ep 1:14-+ - Ed: "view to the redemption" ~ glorification), bringing many spiritual blessings into their lives. On the other hand, they have yet to be granted full salvation, including the resurrection of their bodies at the end of the age (Ed: See "day of redemption" ~ glorification in Ep 4:30-+). This is why Paul spoke of himself as decaying and being renewed at the same time. As he waited for his physical existence to be renewed at the resurrection, he took comfort and joy in the renewal of his inward person by the ministry of the Holy Spirit. (Pratt, R. L., Jr. Vol. 7: I & II Corinthians. Holman New Testament Commentary) Paul alludes to the process of renewal of the inner man in 2Cor 3:18 writing that… we all, with unveiled face (perfect tense = describes our permanent state, one that had its inception the day we believed [veil was lifted] and were born again, Jn 3:3, 5) beholding (middle voice = signifies that we initiate this action and participate in the benefits therefrom; present tense = a continual process) as in a mirror the glory of the Lord (His glory is shone in the heavens Ps 19:1, but this refers to His glory as shown in His Word, cp Jas 1:23, 24, Jas 1:25), are being transformed (being = passive voice = effect exerted by the Spirit on our inner man as we behold the "mirror" of God's Word; transformed = present tense = a continual process) into the same image from glory to glory, just as from the Lord, the Spirit. I like the way the ancient sage Charles Simeon (see a fascinating biographical summary of Simeon by Dr John Piper) describes the believer's continual renewal stating that… our light will be progressive, advancing like that of the sun, from its earliest dawn to its meridian height (cp Pr 4:18). This is the change which the Gospel has wrought on millions of the human race: and that Gospel shall yet be found, by every true Believer, “the power of God to the salvation of his soul.” (Ro 1:16-+ and 1Pe 1:9-+) (Horae Homileticae - Man's Original and Present State - Ecclesiastes 7:29) Found in Christ, I will not falter, Faint, or fail to do His will. Outwardly I’m growing weaker; Inward, stronger still! Day by day His Word renews me With the Spirit’s inner flow As I look at things eternal, Not at things below Inward, outward, onward, upward As I ask Him to impart Daily strength and hope eternal To my trusting heart. Robert
2 Coríntios 4:17
Wuest: For our momentary light burden of affliction is working out for us more and more surpassingly an eternal, heavy weight of glory Young's Literal: for the momentary light matter of our tribulation, more and more exceedingly (according to excess unto excess) an age-during weight of glory doth work out for us-- affliction: 2Co 11:23-28 Ps 30:5 Isa 54:8 Ac 20:23 Ro 8:18,34,37 1Pe 1:6 4:7 1Pe 5:10 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Romans 8:17-23+ and if children, heirs also, heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ, if indeed we suffer with Him so that we may also be glorified with Him. 18For I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory that is to be revealed to us. 19 For the anxious longing of the creation waits eagerly for the revealing of the sons of God. 20 For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but because of Him who subjected it, in hope 21 that the creation itself also will be set free from its slavery to corruption into the freedom of the glory of the children of God. 22 For we know that the whole creation groans and suffers the pains of childbirth together until now. 23 And not only this, but also we ourselves, having the first fruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our body. For (1063) (gar) explains the second reason why Paul does not lose heart. The first was the fact that even through his body was deteriorating from age and adversity, his inner man was being daily transformed (2Co 4:16+), being conformed to the image of God's Son (Ro 8:29+). Momentary, light affliction is producing for us an eternal weight of glory far beyond all comparison - More literally this verse reads "‘For our temporary lightness of affliction is producing for us an eternal weight of glory that is out of all proportion (to the affliction)." Remember the context. Paul is defending his ministry and has explained the multiple and variegated afflictions he has endured, and yet here he is able (by the Spirit) to refer to them as momentary and light. In fact to read Paul's letters they seem to be relatively constant and heavy! His eternal mindset enabled him to see them as momentary and light. THOUGHT - May God grant all of us reading this to have a supernaturally enabled eternal mindset like Paul. In Jesus' Name. Amen John
2 Coríntios 4:18
Wuest: while we are not contemplating the things that are seen but the things which are not seen, for the things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal. Young's Literal: we not looking to the things seen, but to the things not seen; for the things seen are temporary, but the things not seen are age-during. we: 2Co 5:7 Ro 8:24,25 Heb 11:1,25 26 27 12:2,3 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: 1 John 2:17+ The world is passing away, and also its lusts; but the one who does the will of God lives forever. Andrus - Someday it’s all going to be left behind, and eventually it’s going to go up in smoke. But the spiritual realities are lasting and eternal–love, worship, faithful ministry, lives touched, kindnesses done, generosity expressed. WHERE ARE YOU LOOKING? While we look (skopeo) not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen; for the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal - How important it is that we look in the right direction! This is the great truth I like to call Vertical Vision, living horizontally (temporally, on earth) with a view to eternity and heaven and face to face with Jesus! (See related topics "Maranatha Mindset" and Maranatha-Our Lord, Come!) In this passage skopeo is in the present tense which calls for the Christian runner to continually fix his or her attention on the goal set before them - Jesus, eternity, heaven! Michael Andrus - We naturally prefer the seen. Offer someone cash or an IOU for a larger amount, and most are going to take the green stuff. We have a well-known proverb we often quote: “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.” But Paul says that when it comes to spiritual issues, the world we cannot see is just as real as and infinitely more important than the world we inhabit at present. Our problem is that too often we define reality as “the material, the touchable, the seeable, the scientific.” But the Bible makes it clear again and again that there is an unseen world that intersects our world, and we ignore it to our own detriment. The paradigm example is when Elisha’s servant went out for the paper one morning and found his whole town surrounded with horses and chariots sent to capture his master, the prophet (Read 2 Ki 6:15-16). “Oh, my lord, what shall we do?” he asked. “Don’t be afraid,” Elisha answered. “Those who are with us are more than those who are with them.” The servant looked around but he couldn’t see any reinforcements. Elisha couldn’t see them either, but he knew they were there because he knew God. He then prayed and asked God to open the spiritual eyes of the servant, and as a result “he looked and saw the hills full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha.” I assume this brought a certain sense of peace and confidence to the servant. And I also assume that if we could see the angels God has assigned to protect us in given situations, we would likewise have peace and confidence in the ways of the Lord. For the most part, however, God asks us to trust Him and to fix our eyes not on what is seen, but on what is unseen. The Scriptures frequently allude to Vertical Vision… If (since) then you have been raised up with Christ, keep seeking (present imperative = command to make this your habitual practice to seek - see our need to depend on the Holy Spirit to obey) the things above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God. Set your mind on (present imperative see our need to depend on the Holy Spirit to obey) the things above, not on the things that are on earth. (Col 3:1+, Col 3:2+) Enjoy life but anticipate heaven! And there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon; and this man was righteous and devout, looking for (present tense = not just occasionally but as your lifestyle, looking daily for) the consolation of Israel; and the Holy Spirit was upon him. (Luke 2:25+) At that very moment she came up and began giving thanks to God, and continued to speak of Him to all those who were looking for (present tense = not just occasionally but as your lifestyle, looking daily for) the redemption of Jerusalem. (Luke 2:38+) For those who are according to the flesh set their minds on (present tense = habitually) the things of the flesh (~visible, temporal), but those who are according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit (~invisible, eternal). (Ro 8:5+) But seek (present imperative = command to make this your habitual practice to seek - see our need to depend on the Holy Spirit to obey) first His kingdom and His righteousness; and all these things shall be added to you. (Mt 6:33+) Looking for (present tense = not just occasionally but as your lifestyle, looking daily for) the blessed hope and the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Christ Jesus (Titus 2:13+). Expectant Looking Is the "Antidote" for Apathetic Living Looking for (present tense = not just occasionally but as your lifestyle, looking daily for) and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be destroyed by burning, and the elements will melt with intense heat! (2 Peter 3:12+) Comment: Joni Eareckson Tada asks "Why all the verbs in the present tense? Because God wants to get your heart beating with a present-tense excitement, a right-around-the-corner anticipation of Heaven. Isn’t that the way strangers on foreign soil are supposed to feel about their homeland?" Fixing our eyes on Jesus, the Author and Perfecter of faith, Who for the joy set before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. (Hebrews 12:2+) Comment: Our eyes gaze at that which captivates our heart. If worldly, fleshly desires creep into our heart, they will obscure our moral vision and our ability to see Jesus as we should. Keeping our eyes fixed on Jesus and the invisible things of eternity is the best way to live in a visible world which is passing away. It will be worth it all when we see Jesus, Life's trials will seem so small when we see Christ; One glimpse of His dear face all sorrow will erase, So bravely run the race till we see Christ. — Esther Kerr Rusthoi As Johann Bengel rightly stated "Whatever a man's aim is, that he follows. (The Critical English Testament) When the heart has lost interest in the invisible, memory is brittle relative to things spiritual. -- Williams Corrie Ten Boom said it this way Look around and be distressed. Look inside and be depressed. Look at Jesus and be at rest. The principle is clear that the more the heaven and longing to see the face of Jesus engages our heart, the less will the passing shadows of the earthly seduce and sink down our hearts. What you are looking for will determine what you are living for -- are you looking for the visible and temporal or the invisible and eternal? Turn Your Eyes upon Jesus, Look full in His wonderful face, And the things of earth will grow strangely dim, In the light of His glory and grace. We have seen that Paul does not lose heart because his inner man in being renewed (2Co 4:16+). The present passage helps us understand in part how this inner renewal takes place -- from looking at what he cannot see! WE LOOK… We look not at the things which are seen "for we walk by faith, not by sight" (2Co 5:7+), remembering that "faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen" (Heb 11:1+) and that it is "in hope we have been saved, but hope that is seen is not hope; for why does one also hope for what he sees? But if we (as we actually do) hope for what we do not see, with perseverance we wait eagerly" (Ro 8:24, 25+), for "the hope laid up for (us) in heaven" (Col 1:5+), which motivates us to choose "rather to endure ill-treatment with the people of God, than to enjoy the passing pleasures of sin, considering the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures of (this passing world) for (we are) looking to the reward". And so "by faith (we have) left (this visible world), not fearing the wrath of the (world); for (we) endure, as seeing Him who is unseen." (He 11:25, 26, 27+), "fixing our eyes on Jesus, the Author and Perfecter of faith." (He 12:2+) Jim Elliot, martyred missionary to the Auca Indians of South America, had a proper perspective regarding the invisible eternal world declaring that "He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain what he cannot lose." Look (4648)(skopeo from skopos = distant mark looked at, goal or end one has in view; English "scope" as in microscope or telescope) means to "spy out", to look at, to observe, to contemplate, to mark ( to fix or trace out the bounds or limits of). Contemplate, look into, examine, inspect, continue to regard closely, to notice carefully, pay attention to, keep one's attention on. The essential idea of this verb is to keep a watchful eye on something, being concerned about it, keep thinking about it. Skopeo in 2Cor 4:18 refers to mental consideration of our future home and conveys the picture of attentively fixing our attention upon something with desire for and/or interest in the future reality in glory. Skopeo can also convey the sense of to "aim at", which is what we should be doing regarding heaven. This "look" does not merely describe human vision but instead conveys the idea of regarding a thing as important. The things seen on earth are not to be the goal of a believer's existence. Believers are to continually "scope out" the invisible things of eternity. Skopos, the root of skopeo, describes a look at a distant mark or goal, which is a perfect parallel with 2Co 4:18 which is calling for believers to look not at the passing afflictions of the present life but at the eternal glory of the future life, the goal for which we have been redeemed. Throughout eternity every believer will give clear, indisputable testimony that they are a "trophy" of the glory of God's grace which is our ultimate purpose for existence. Think of yourself as a runner in a race. What does the runner do, especially as they approach the end of the race? Obviously they keep their eye on the goal, which is exactly the idea of skopeo. Vincent (quoting Schmidt) adds that skopeo means "To direct one’s attention upon a thing, either in order to obtain it, or because one has a peculiar interest in it, or a duty to fulfil toward it. Also to have an eye to with a view of forming a right judgment. (Ed: Each of these nuances of meaning are readily applicable). Skopeo - 6x in 6v in NAS - Luke 11:35; Ro 16:17; 2Cor 4:18; Gal 6:1; Php 2:4; 3:17. NAS = keep your eye on(1), look(2), looking(1), observe(1), watch(1). THE PARADOX OF LOOKING AT THE INVISIBLE In the introduction to his sermon on 2Cor 4:18 C H