Lucas 22
Marvin Vincent · Citado em PreceptAustin
Lucas 22
Vincent on magistrates - Their usual name was duumviri, (Wikipedia = Latin = duumvir, "one of the two men"; in plural originally duoviri, "the two men") answering to the consuls of Rome; but they took pride in calling themselves strategoi or praetors, as being a more honorable title. This is the only place in the Acts where Luke applies the term to the rulers of a city. Discussed (talked with, conferred) (4814)(sullaleo from sun/syn = with, speaks of intimacy + laleo = to talk, speak) means to talk together or with, to converse. BDAG = " to exchange thoughts with." Luke does not record Judas' request of the Jewish leaders which was how much to kill the King? "What are you willing to give me to betray (paradidomi - give Him over to your power) Him to you?” (ED: THEY DON'T ANSWER WITH WORDS BUT WITH WEIGHING OUT SILVER!) And they weighed out thirty pieces of silver to him." (Mt 26:15). Solomon gives an apt description of Judas' words - "An evil man is ensnared by the transgression of his lips (AND ULTIMATELY "ENSNARED" BY A NOOSE [LXX = pagis] AROUND HIS NECK! Mt 27:5!), But the righteous will escape from trouble. (Pr 12:13) He might betray (3860)(paradidomi from para = alongside, beside, to the side of, over to + didomi = to give) conveys the basic meaning of to give over from one's hand to someone or something, especially to give over to the power of another. In this context it means to deliver Jesus to the enemy by treachery. Luke uses paradidomi repeatedly to describe Judas' betrayal - Luke 9:44; 18:32; 21:12, 16; 22:6, 21, 22, 48. Mark is more explicit in stating the purpose writing "Then Judas Iscariot, who was one of the twelve, went off to the chief priests in order to (PURPOSE CLAUSE) betray Him to them." (Mk 14:10). Why did Judas betray Jesus? Leon
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Vincent says would be "Strewn with carpets, and with couches properly spread." Stronnuo is used twice in the context of Jesus' "Triumphal Entry" when "Most of the crowd spread their coats in the road, and others were cutting branches from the trees and spreading them in the road." (Mt 21:8, cf Mk 11:8). Gilbrant says stronnuo in Pr 15:19 "is used figuratively to describe how “the way of the righteous is made plain” (spread smooth), while “the way of the slothful man is as a hedge of thorns.” Stronnuo - 6x in 5v - furnished(2), make...bed(1), spread(2), spreading(1). Matt. 21:8; Mk. 11:8; Mk. 14:15; Lk. 22:12; Acts 9:34 Stronnuo - 7v in the Septuagint - Est. 4:3; Job 17:13; Prov. 7:16; Prov. 15:19; Isa. 14:11; Ezek. 23:41; Ezek. 28:7 Prepare (aorist imperative = Don't delay!) it there - This is the third of four uses of "prepare" (hetoimazo) in this chapter (Lk 22:8, 9, 12, 13) NET Note explains that the preparation "required getting a suitable lamb...The Passover lamb was roasted and eaten after sunset in a family group of at least ten people (m. Pesahim 7.13). People ate the meal while reclining. It included, besides the lamb, unleavened bread and bitter herbs as a reminder of Israel's bitter affliction at the hands of the Egyptians. Four cups of wine mixed with water were also used for the meal. For a further description of the meal and the significance of the wine cups, s Luke 22:13 And they left and found everything just as He had told them; and they prepared the Passover. KJV Luke 22:13 And they went, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover. Luke 21:33; John 2:5; 11:40; Hebrews 11:8 Luke 22 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Alfred Edersheim - Make Ready the Passover Alfred Edersheim - The Paschal Supper Parallel Passages Matthew 26:19 The disciples did as Jesus had directed (suntasso = means to place in order together and hence functioned as a command or order, cf Mt 21:6) them; and they prepared the Passover. Mark 14:16+ The disciples went out and came to the city, and found it just as He had told them; and they prepared the Passover. EVERY PROPHECY OF JESUS TRUE And they left and found everything just as He had told them - Matthew 26:19 emphasizes their unhesitating obedience, doing just "as Jesus had directed them." Nothing was left to chance. All was organized and orderly. As an aside, the word "Seder" in Hebrew means order or sequence. Everything was found just as Jesus had told them. And just as true as that was then, all that He has told His followers will prove truth in the future. And they prepared (hetoimazo) the Passover (pascha) - The prepared everything necessary to celebrate the Passover Seder. They obeyed without hesitation. There is no record that Peter and John ever returned to the place where Jesus was staying with the other disciples. Had they returned Judas surely would have pried the "secret location" from Peter and John (who had no reason to suspect him as a traitor) and Judas could have informed the authorities and jeopardized the Passover meal with Jesus. Prepared (2090)(hetoimazo) is the fourth of four uses (Lk 22:8, 9, 12, 13). Luke 22:14 When the hour had come, He reclined at the table, and the apostles with Him. KJV Luke 22:14 And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him. Deuteronomy 16:6,7; Mt 26:20; Mark 14:17 Luke 22 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Alfred Edersheim - The Paschal Supper THE LAST SUPPER THE FINAL PASSOVER Painting Based on DaVinci's "Last Supper" Parallel passages: Matthew 26:20 Now when evening (SUNDOWN WOULD MARK OFFICIAL BEGINNING OF PASSOVER) came, Jesus was reclining at the table with the twelve disciples. 21 As they were eating, He said, “Truly I say to you that one of you will betray Me.” Mark 14:17+ When it was evening He came with the twelve. 18 As they were reclining at the table and eating, Jesus said, “Truly I say to you that one of you will betray Me–one who is eating with Me.” Notice that the painting based on Da Vinci's original "Last Supper" is not Biblically accurate - Jesus and the disciples were not seated at a table but reclining on their left side with right hand free to take the items off of the low table. Note also the light in the windows behind Jesus which is also incorrect for the Passover was to be eaten after the sunset. The point of course is to not get your theology from even the most beautiful paintings in the world but from the Word of God. When the hour had come - The hour refers to the evening hour as specified in the other synoptic accounts ("when evening came" - Mt 26:20; "when it was evening" - Mk 14:17+) for Passover officially began in the evening. Now on the year Jesus died (most favor 30 AD but some like John MacArthur favor 33 AD - see note at end of this paragraph), the 14th of Nisan fell on a Friday. How do we know it was a Friday? Mk 15:42 says "When evening had already come, because it was the preparation day, that is, the day before the Sabbath." In other words the day before the Sabbath was referred to by the Jews as "the day of preparation," because it was the day they would normally make preparations for their Sabbath in which they could do no work (including preparation of meals which had to be pre-prepared.) In fact, another name the Jews had for Friday was "the day of preparation." And since Mark 15 describes the day when all the "preparations" were being made by the religious leaders for Jesus' death, we know with absolute certainty that Jesus was killed (sacrificed) as the Passover Lamb on Friday, the 14th of Nisan, just as specified in the law of God (Ex 12:2 = "the first month" = Canaanite name of Abib as in Ex 13:4 later called by the Babylonian name Nisan as in Neh 2:1, Esther 3:7 the only 2 uses of Nisan in the OT). Jn 19:14 describes Jesus before Pilate, John recording "Now it was the day of preparation for the Passover; it was about the sixth hour. And he *said to the Jews, “Behold, your King!” So John substantiates that in this particular year, the day of preparation was also the day of the Passover. We see later in John more support for the day of the Passover being a Friday, John writing "Then the Jews, because it was the day of preparation, so that the bodies would not remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath was a high day) (ED: THE SABBATH WOULD BEGIN AT SUNSET = Lev 23:32 "from evening until evening"), asked Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away." (Jn 19:31 - Mishnah Pesachim 7 says "One who breaks a bone of a pure Pesach sacrifice, behold he is lashed forty [lashes]") One additional note - The 14th of Nisan fell on a Friday in the year 30 AD and the year 33 AD, the two years in which Jesus could have died on a Friday Passover. For more on this subject see "In What Year Did Jesus Die?" In John 2:4 Jesus told His mother "My hour has not yet come." In Jn 7:6,8 He said "My time is not yet at hand...I do not go up to this feast because My time has not yet fully come." (cf "His hour" in Jn 7:30 and Jn 8:20). In Luke 13:33+ Jesus declared “Nevertheless I must journey on today and tomorrow and the next day; for it cannot be that a prophet would perish outside of Jerusalem." In John 12:23 Jesus declared “The hour has come for the Son of Man to be glorified." (cf "This hour" = John 12:27; "knowing that His hour had come" = Jn 13:1; "an hour is coming" = Jn 16:32; "Father the hour has come; glorify Your Son" = Jn 17:1). As
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Vincent - Converted is simply the Latinized rendering of the word to turn round (convertere). Rev. renders the aorist participle, denoting a definite act, by once: "when once thou hast turned again." Strengthen (στήρισον) See on Lk 16:26, and 1 Peter 5:10. Rev., stablish, which is much better. Strengthen may denote only a temporary effect. The word implies fixedness (cf Lk 16:26+ - "a great chasm fixed"). Strengthen (sterizo) your brothers (adelphos) - Strengthen is a command in aorist imperative. Thus Jesus is charging Peter, once you have returned, then, do this without delay and do it effectively. The implication is that Peter would help his brothers (other believers of all time) stay strong in their faith and grow in their faith (cf 2Pe 3:18+). Of course one of the greatest answers to Christ's prayer was Peter's writing of his great epistles to comfort and strengthen saints passing through trials and bitter suffering. Robert Stein on strengthen your brothers - In the NT this verb frequently describes the process of helping someone grow in the Christian faith. (Ro 1:11; 16:25; 1 Th 3:2, 13; 2 Th 2:17; 2 Pe 1:12; cf. Acts 18:23). How Peter fulfilled this is seen in Acts by his leadership in completing the number of the disciples to twelve (Acts 1:15–26), his preaching at Pentecost (Acts 2:14–40), his early preaching and leadership in Jerusalem (Acts 3–5), and his role in the expansion of the church to Samaria (Acts 8:14–25) and to the Gentiles (Acts 10–11; Acts 15:7–11). Brothers therefore refers to more than just the other apostles and is essentially a synonym for “believers” (cf. Acts 1:15; 15:23). For the Johannine parallel to this, cf. John 21:15–19. (NAC)
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Vincent writes "Agony occurs only here. It is used by medical writers, and the fact of a sweat accompanying an agony is also mentioned by them." Agonia describes the trembling excitement and anxiety that are produced by tension and fear before a wrestling match or fight. Liddell-Scott - (1) a contest, struggle for victory, 2. gymnastic exercise, wrestling: generally, exercise 3. of the mind, agony, anguish Zodhiates says agonia "is used to refer to the trembling excitement and anxiety produced by fear or tension before a wrestling match or a fight. In the NT, it is used denoting not the fear which draws back and flees, but the fear which trembles in the face of the issue yet continues on to the end (Luke 22:44 [cf. Matt. 26:37, 38; John 12:27]). (Complete Word Study Dictionary) Praying (imperfect tense - again and again, over and over)(4336)(proseuchomai) is used only of prayer to God Fervently (1619)(ektenos from ek = out + teíno = to stretch; English = tension, etc) literally pictures one "stretching out"! It pictures "an intense strain" and unceasing activity which normally involving a degree of intensity and/or perseverance. Stretched out and extended to the limit is the idea. Jowett suggests the picture of the tension and energy of a stringed instrument, "as when the string of a violin has been stretched to a tighter pitch that it might yield a little higher note." Cranfield suggests the figure of "the taut muscle of strenuous and sustained effort, as of an athlete." It is not doing something lightly and perfunctorily but straining as it were to do it! Ektenos was an athletic term conveying the meaning of “striving with all of one’s energy” and was used to describe a runner who was moving at maximum output with taut muscles straining and stretching to the limit. His sweat became like drops of blood - Like blood, but not blood, most likely because it was blood tinged. Hematidrosis is a rare medical condition where one’s sweat will contain blood. The sweat glands are surrounded by tiny blood vessels which apparently can dilate to the point of rupture so that blood mixes the sweat. As an aside it is interesting that the 3 eyewitnesses Peter, James and John do not record this fact in their writings. Luke the physician sees this fact as worthy of mention. Of course, since he was not there, this would have either been conveyed to him by one of the eyewitnesses or supernaturally revealed by the Spirit. Norman Crawford - "Sweat" (hidrōs) is only here, but is used in the LXX in Gen 3:19+. Adam was told to dress and keep the garden, but not until he had sinned do we read "in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread". In the garden the sinless Man is sweating; in contrast to Adam, He was submitting to the will of God, not rebelling against it. (What the Bible Teaches: Luke )