Mateus 27

Mateus 27

Johnson has an interesting note writing "Our Lord was crucified on a hill north of the city of Jerusalem. That in itself incidentally was probably not without purpose, because in the first of the offerings of the Old Testament, in the burnt offering, it was said that the animal should be sacrificed on the altar northward, and so probably even the direction from the center of the city at which our Lord was crucified is according to Scripture. The topography of Golgotha may also have some significance, because two roads left from Golgotha. One of them led to Mount Zion, and the other lead to Gehenna. It’s almost as if to say, from the place where our Lord was crucified there are two objectives. There are two places to which one may go. One may go to Zion, the place of communion, or one may go to Gehenna, the place of everlasting fire." (The King Crucified) Spurgeon on Place of a Skull - From its shape. There appears to be to this day a hill still in the form of a human skull outside the gate of Jerusalem. When they came to that common place of execution, the Tyburn or Old Bailey of the city.....We do not know why it was so called. There have been many conjectures concerning the name, but they are only conjectures. It was probably just a little knoll, outside the gate of the city, — the common place of execution for malefactors, and the special points to be noted are that Jesus suffered without the gate, in the regular place of doom, — the Tyburn or Old Bailey of Jerusalem, — and so was numbered with the transgressors.....Golgotha was the common place of execution for malefactors, the Tyburn or Old Bailey of Jerusalem, outside the gate of the city. There was a special symbolical reason for Christ’s suffering without the gate, and his followers are bidden to "go forth unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach" (Hebrews 13:11-13). A stupefying draught was given to the condemned, to take away something of the agony of crucifixion; but our Lord came to suffer, and he would not take anything that would at all impair his faculties. He did not forbid his fellow-sufferers drinking the vinegar mingled with gall ("wine mingled with myrrh," Mark 15:23), but he would not drink thereof. Jesus did not refuse this draught because of its bitterness, for he was prepared to drink even to the last dreadful dregs the bitter cup of wrath which was his people’s due. NET NOTE - Jesus was led out to the place called “The Place of the Skull” where he was to be crucified. It is clear from v. 20 that this was outside the city. The Latin word for the Greek κρανίον (kranion) is calvaria. Thus the English word “Calvary” is a transliteration of the Latin rather than a NT place name (cf. Luke 23:33 in the KJV). Related Resources: Two Songs that Relate to the Crucifixion of our Lord Jesus Christ. Take a moment and listen to the poignant song "The Hammer" THE LYRIC THAT SHOULD PIERCE US ALL IS "Who nailed Him there? Then I looked and saw the hammer in my hand!" And if you want your heart to break (some more) take a few moments and WATCH THE LAMB. Skull (2898)(kranion) our English "cranium", cf Latin "calvaria" which gives us "Calvary." This refers to the skull the bony framework of the head Gilbrant - The word is related to kara, a poetic counterpart to kephalē (2747), “head,” in classical Greek. It denotes a “skull,” the bony structure of the head, particularly the upper portion of the head. It is used of men, horses, trees, etc. In the New Testament it is only used as a reference to the name of the hill where Christ was crucified (Matthew 27:33; Mark 15:22; Luke 23:33; John 19:17). All the accounts but Luke use it to explain the meaning of the Aramaic name of the hill, Golgotha. In Luke, the King James Version uses “Calvary” as the translation for kranion, but this is simply drawn from the Latin word for skull. (Complete Biblical Library Greek-English Dictionary – Zeta-Kappa.) (ISBE article) KRANION - 4V - Matt. 27:33; Mk. 15:22; Lk. 23:33; Jn. 19:17 QUESTION - Where was Jesus crucified? | GotQuestions.org Golgotha (in foreground) in Relation to Temple Mount (click diagram to enlarge) Click for excellent explanation of this diagram from ESV Global Study Bible ANSWER - The precise location of where Jesus was crucified is a matter of debate. The location is declared to be “Golgotha,” the “place of the skull,” in Matthew 27:33, Mark 15:22, Luke 23:33, and John 19:17. The Gospels give a few other clues as to the location. John 19:20 says that it was “near the city,” which very likely indicates that it was outside of the city walls. Mark 15:40 states that the location of Jesus’ crucifixion could be seen from a distance, which likely indicates that it was elevated. Matthew 27:39 and Mark 15:29 describe the crucifixion site as being accessible to passers-by. The two most popular proposed sites of where Jesus was crucified are the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (ED: ZONDERVAN DICTIONARY ARTICLE) and Gordon’s Calvary. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the traditional site, dating back to the early fourth century AD in the writings of Eusebius. Gordon’s Calvary was first proposed in the mid-nineteenth century by Otto Thenius, Fisher Howe, and Claude Conder, and then popularized in the late nineteenth century by Charles Gordon. The problem with knowing exactly where Jesus was crucified is that Jerusalem has experienced a massive amount of change in the past two thousand years. Major sections of the city itself have been destroyed and rebuilt multiple times. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is inside the current city walls, but would its location have been outside of the city walls in the early first century? Gordon’s Calvary is definitely outside of the city walls, but did it even exist in its current form in the early first century, or is it the result of quarrying work that has occurred sometime in the past 2,000 years? It is not the purpose of this article to settle the debate of where Jesus was crucified. There are strong opinions on both sides. Some favor the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and others favor Gordon’s Calvary. There are arguments for other locations as well. Ultimately, the exact location of where Jesus was crucified does not matter. Wherever the location is, there is no biblical reason to revere it. There is no spiritual power or promised blessing at the spot where Jesus was crucified or where He was buried. We are no closer to God in the tomb beneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre or on the top of Gordon’s Calvary than we are in our homes. Jesus was crucified, buried, and resurrected (1 Corinthians 15:3–4). That is what is important. QUESTION - Where/what is Golgotha/Calvary? | GotQuestions.org ANSWER - Golgotha is the Aramaic name of the location where Jesus was crucified outside of Old Jerusalem. In John 19:16-18 we read, “So they took Jesus, and he went out, bearing his own cross, to the place called The Place of a Skull, which in Aramaic is called Golgotha. There they crucified him, and with him two others, one on either side, and Jesus between them.” Golgotha is also mentioned in Matthew 27:32-34 and Mark 15:21-22. In Luke 23:33 of the King James Version, the word Calvary is used in reference to the same location. In modern translations, the more literal term “the place that is called The Skull” (ESV) is generally used. The word Calvary is derived from the Latin phrase for this location, Calvariae Locus. Counting this reference, all four Gospels make specific reference to this particular hill as the place of Jesus’ death. According to early church fathers, the location was called “The Place of the Skull” due to the shape of the hill that apparently reminded people of a human skull. There has been some dispute regarding the precise location of this hill, but the traditional place is underneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the northwest (Christian) quadrant of the Old City. The church is built over a point called the Rock of Golgotha, the supposed site of the crucifixion. As the name of the church suggests, the building also includes a cave-like tomb where Jesus’ body was supposedly laid. The church’s construction was overseen by Helena, the mother of Constantine, in A.D. 325 and has long held prominence as the traditional location of the crucifixion of Jesus. The location of Golgotha is of interest to Christians due to the events that have taken place there. One fateful day, Jesus carried a cross, helped by a man named Simon, toward a hill where He was hung by nails through His wrists and feet. He hung between two thieves as one of three sentenced to death that day. One of these two men understood who Jesus was and asked the Lord to remember him in the kingdom. Jesus responded with a promise of glory soon to be revealed: “Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in Paradise” (Luke 23:43). It’s why Jesus was shedding His blood—to forgive and redeem sinners who placed their faith in Him. Still today, this hill we call Golgotha or Calvary stands as a reminder of Jesus’ great sacrifice—the only sacrifice capable of forgiving sin and reconciling man with God (Hebrews 10:12; Acts 4:12). THE CRUCIFIED CHRIST MATTHEW 27:33–50 Billy Apostolon I. THE CRUCIFIXION WAS PROPHESIED. 1. It was prophesied by Isaiah; Isa. 53:2–12. 2. It was prophesied by Daniel; Dan. 9:26. 3. It was prophesied by Zechariah; Zech. 13:6. II. THE CRUCIFIXION WAS NOT DESERVED. 1. He knew no sin; 2 Cor. 5:21. 2. He did no sin; 1 Peter 2:22. 3. He was without sin; Heb. 4:15. III. THE CRUCIFIXION WAS VOLUNTARILY. 1. He came to give His life as a Ransom; Matt. 20:28. 2. He was led as a lamb to the slaughter; Isa. 53:7. 3. He gave Himself as a sacrifice to God; Eph. 5:2. IV. THE CRUCIFIXION WAS SHAMEFUL. 1. He was crucified on a tree; Gal. 3:13. 2. He was crucified in the midst of mockery; Mark 15:18–20. 3. He was crucified by His own nation; Acts 2:23. V. THE CRUCIFIXION CAUSED AGONY. 1. Agony came because of the crown of thorns; Matt. 27:29. 2. Agony came when He was forsaken by the Father; Matt. 27:46. 3. Agony came when He suffered thirst; John 19:28. VI. THE CRUCIFIXION WAS SUBSTITUTIONARY. 1. The Just took the place of the unjust; 1 Peter 3:18. 2. The Sinless took the place of the sinner; 2 Cor. 5:21. 3. The Guiltless was made a curse for us; Gal. 3:13. VII. THE CRUCIFIXION OF CHRIST WAS VICTORIOUS. 1. By His crucifixion we are reconciled to God; Rom. 5:10. 2. By His crucifixion He conquered death; Rev. 1:18. 3. By His crucifixion we have a gospel to preach; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4. QUESTION - Why does Golgotha mean “place of the skull” (Matthew 27:33)? ANSWER - As Matthew recounts Jesus’ crucifixion, he describes that “they came to a place called Golgotha (which means ‘the place of the skull’)” (Matthew 27:33). Matthew doesn’t directly answer the question of why Golgotha means “place of the skull,” but he uses the term Golgotha, which was “the Aramaic name of a hill near Jerusalem where executions took place” (Louw, J. P., and Nida, E. A., Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains, United Bible Societies, 1996, p. 834). Luke references the crucifixion site as “the place called The Skull” (Luke 23:33), or more literally, “the place called Kranion”—the general Greek term for “skull.” What Matthew writes in Aramaic, Luke recounts in Greek, as both languages were commonly used among the people in Israel in that day. Luke, like Matthew, offers no direct explanation why the name of the location means “place of the skull,” but his use of the Greek kranion, along with Matthew’s use of Golgotha, might be indicative of a location that somewhat resembled a skull and was named for its appearance, or the term could simply reference a place of death, as it appears this was a common crucifixion site for criminals. John also makes note of the location where Jesus was crucified, adding that “they took Jesus, therefore, and He went out, bearing His own cross, to the place called the Place of a Skull, which is called in Hebrew, Golgotha. There they crucified Him” (John 19:17–18a, NASB). John first uses the Greek kranion and then clarifies that in Hebrew the name was Golgotha. While John provides both terms in his description, he does not address the question of why Golgotha means “place of the skull.” Mark provides the most direct answer to the question of why Golgotha means “place of the skull,” as he recounts that “they brought Him to the place Golgotha, which is translated, Place of a Skull” (Mark 15:22, NASB). From Mark’s account, we may understand the place to simply be named Golgotha and that the association with the skull was merely a translation, but of course that would still not provide an answer as to why the name Golgotha was used in the first place. Because the exact location is unknown, the place may not be observed today to determine whether the terrain resembles a skull, nor is there additional historical documentation explaining why this location was the place of the skull. It is worth noting that, in later Latin translations, the term calva was used, translating the Greek and Aramaic terms for “skull” with the Latin equivalent, and the term Calvary has become a commonly identified name to reference the place where Jesus was crucified. Both Golgotha and Calvary have become part of popular Christian vocabulary, though Golgotha seemed to be in wider use in the early church (see, for example, the ancient Coptic hymn “Golgotha”). The term Calvary is usually preferred in more contemporary usage (for example, in Jennie Evelyn Hussey’s 1921 hymn “Lead Me to Calvary”). While we are never told in the pages of Scripture exactly why Golgotha was called the “place of the skull,” the imagery of that name sets a sober mood for our recalling that our Savior died there, paying the price for our sin. That imagery reminds that He conquered death, rising from the dead victorious and able to give us eternal life. QUESTION -What is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre? ANSWER - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (or Church of the Resurrection) is a church and shrine in Jerusalem that is supposedly built around the empty tomb of Jesus. It is possible that this church is built on the original tomb site, but it is also possible that the site of the tomb has been lost to us and that this shrine was developed in the way that so many other relics of the church were accumulated—which is to say fancifully, if not fraudulently. There are other traditions that identify another site as Jesus’ empty tomb. According to the historian Eusebius, the Roman emperor Hadrian had a temple dedicated to Venus built on the site of Jesus’ tomb in order to obscure the site of Jesus’ burial. After his conversion, Emperor Constantine began building churches and shrines throughout the empire, and he replaced the temple to Venus with a church commemorating the site. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre became a destination for pilgrimages and still is to this day. Over the years the Church of the Holy Sepulchre has been damaged, rebuilt, and expanded so that now the church also covers the supposed site of the crucifixion and even contains the stone table on which Jesus’ body is said to have been anointed for burial. The control of the site is shared by several religious and civil authorities, but it is the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. While it would be interesting to know the exact site of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection, such knowledge is not necessary for our faith. What is more important is that Jesus died for our sins and rose again for our justification (Romans 4:25) and that He is present with us today through the Holy Spirit (Galatians 4:6). We do not need to make a pilgrimage to any “holy site” to be in His presence. On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ by William D. Edwards, MD; Wesley J. Gabel, MDiv; Floyd E. Hosmer, MS, AMI ABSTRACT - Jesus of Nazareth underwent Jewish and Roman trials, was flogged, and was sentenced to death by crucifixion. The scourging produced deep stripelike lacerations and appreciable blood loss, and it probably set the stage for hypovolemic shock as evidenced by the fact that Jesus was too weakened to carry the crossbar (patibulum) to Golgotha. At the site of crucifixion his wrists were nailed to the patibulum, and after the patibulum was lifted onto the upright post, (stipes) his feet were nailed to the stipes. The major pathophysiologic effect of crucifixion was an interference with normal respirations. Accordingly, death resulted primarily from hypovolemic shock and exhaustion asphyxia. Jesus’ death was ensured by the thrust of a soldier’s spear into his side. Modern medical interpretation of the historical evidence indicates that Jesus was dead when taken down from the cross. Recommendation - If you really want to understand the agony of Jesus' crucifixion, read the entire article On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ written from a reverent medical perspective. It is interesting that we get our word excruciating from the Roman word “out of the cross.” (See etymology of excruciate) Related Resources: Where was Jesus crucified? Is it true that Jesus was crucified above the tomb of Adam? See article on Cross in Zondervan Pictorial Dictionary or another article here and article on crucifixion Interesting article with pictures - Gordon's Calvary See Wikipedia article on Church of the Holy Sepulchre or article from Bible Places- This church was built by the Roman Emperor Constantine and marks the traditional spot believed by many scholars to be the more probable site of crucifixion. Unchained By The Cross God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. — Romans 5:8 Today's Scripture : Matthew 27:33-50 In ancient Greek mythology, the hero Prometheus was captured and chained to a mountain peak, where he was sentenced to stay forever. Each day, a giant eagle arrived to feast on his liver. Hermes came to him and said, “Do not hope for an end to your suffering until a god appears as your substitute in torment, ready to descend for you into the realm of Hades.” According to the myth, this was done by the wise and just god Chiron, who sacrificed himself for Prometheus and delivered him from torment. This story is in some ways a picture of what happened for us the day Jesus died on the cross. Mankind was bound by sin, and there was no hope of escape unless God took our place. And that’s exactly what happened. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died on our behalf and paid the penalty for our sin. He provided a way of releasing us from eternal punishment. Were we to write for a thousand days, we still could not express the meaning of Christ’s sacrifice for the sins of mankind. Its full significance is beyond our comprehension. Amazing thought, that God in flesh Would take my place and bear my sin; That I, a guilty, death-doomed soul, Eternal life might win. —Anon. Step out of sin’s slavery and into salvation’s freedom—trust Christ. Matthew 27:34 they gave Him wine to drink mixed with gall; and after tasting it, He was unwilling to drink. gave: Mt 27:48 Ps 69:21 Mk 15:23 Jn 19:28-30 vinegar: Mark says wine mingled with myrrh; but as the sour wine used by the Roman soldiers and common people was termed [oinos] wine, and [oxos vinegar, [vin aigre, French,] is sour wine; and as [chole] gall, is applied to bitters of any kind, it is not difficult to reconcile the two accounts. See Trial and Crucifixion of Jesus - Parallel Passages Matthew 27 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: Hebrews 2:9+ But we do see Him who has been made for a little while lower than the angels, namely, Jesus, because of the suffering of death crowned with glory and honor, that by the grace of God He might taste death for everyone. Matthew 26:39-42+ And He went a little beyond them, and fell on His face and prayed, saying, “My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from Me; yet not as I will, but as You will.” 40 And He *came to the disciples and *found them sleeping, and *said to Peter, “So, you men could not keep watch with Me for one hour? 41 “Keep watching and praying that you may not enter into temptation; the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.” 42 He went away again a second time and prayed, saying, “My Father, if this cannot pass away unless I drink it, Your will be done.” JESUS REFUSES "ANAESTHETIC" OFFER They gave Him wine (oinos) to drink mixed with gall (chole); and after tasting (geuomai) it, He was unwilling (ou = absolutely not + thelo = willing) to drink - Neither Luke nor John record the offer to Jesus of something to drink during the crucifixion. This offering was apparently before they drove the nails in His hands and feet and some think was to prevent the victim from struggling too much when nailed to the cross. This action fulfills a Messianic Prophecy in Ps 69:21, David recording "They also gave me gall for my food And for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink." It is surprising He even took the mixture initially, for given His frequent exercise of divine knowledge, He must have surely known what the mixture was. Unwilling is two words not (ou = absolute negation) plus thelo meaning desire in the active voice (volitional choice). Jesus choose absolutely to not drink the mixture. He tasted it, but refused to ingest it, for His desire was to fulfill His Father's will so that "by the grace of God, He might taste death for everyone," so that His followers would never have to taste eternal death (Jn 8:52+). Hallelujah! O what a Savior!