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Steven Cole · Citado em PreceptAustin
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Cole - The Torah accepts slavery as an inevitable part of ancient society, much as Paul did, but the new humanitarian approach will ultimately be the death-knell of slavery … In any case, slavery in Israel was rural, domestic and small scale.
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Cole explains is “Literally ‘with his back’, i.e. ‘bare back and nothing more’. The phrase is vivid and unique, but the meaning is clear. This provision may seem hard to us, but the wife was presumably a perpetual slave, and therefore the master’s own property.” Currid - The Hebrew debtor-slave was not without recourse regarding his family. He certainly had the right of obtaining manumission for them by paying a ransom (Lev. 25:47–55+). (Ibid) Exodus 21:5 "But if the slave plainly says, 'I love my master, my wife and my children; I will not go out as a free man,' NET Exodus 21:5 But if the servant should declare, 'I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,' NLT Exodus 21:5 But the slave may declare, 'I love my master, my wife, and my children. I don't want to go free.' ESV Exodus 21:5 But if the slave plainly says, 'I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,' LXE Exodus 21:5 And if the servant should answer and say, I love my master and wife and children, I will not go away free; KJV Exodus 21:5 And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: NIV Exodus 21:5 "But if the servant declares, 'I love my master and my wife and children and do not want to go free,' And if: De 15:16,17 Isa 26:13 2Co 5:14,15 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries MOTIVATED BY LOVE OF THE MASTER But - Term of contrast. Note this passage is clearly linked to the former where the master provides a bride for the man while he is a slave. if the slave plainly says, 'I love my master, my wife and my children; I will not go out as a free man - So the slave desires to stay not only because he loves his wife and children, but also loves his master. Deuteronomy 15:16 gives an additional reason the slave would want to stay “since he fares well with" the master. In other words he is treated well and treated fairly. Love (0157)(aheb/ahab) has less to do with emotion and more to do with actions.
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Cole explains why they would take hold of God's altar - The supplicant would catch hold of the projecting ‘horns’ of the altar (1 Ki 2:28). This was tantamount to dedicating himself to YHWH, like any animal sacrifice bound with ropes to the altar horns. (TOTC-Ex) David
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Cole - “Since to curse was to will and pray the downfall of the other with all one’s heart, it represented the attitude from which sprang acts like striking or murder.” (TOTC-Ex) David
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Cole on pit - More likely for grain storage than water storage. Pits were also used as traps for animals (2 Samuel 23:20) or prisons for men (Genesis 37:24). Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit shall make restitution; he shall give money to its owner, and the dead animal shall become his. NET Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit must repay the loss. He must give money to its owner, and the dead animal will become his. NLT Exodus 21:34 The owner of the pit must pay full compensation to the owner of the animal, but then he gets to keep the dead animal. ESV Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit shall make restoration. He shall give money to its owner, and the dead beast shall be his. LXE Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit shall make compensation; he shall give money to their owner, and the dead shall be his own. KJV Exodus 21:34 The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his. NIV Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit must pay for the loss; he must pay its owner, and the dead animal will be his. ASV Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit shall make it good; he shall give money unto the owner thereof, and the dead beast shall be his. CSB Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit must give compensation; he must pay money to its owner, but the dead animal will become his. NKJ Exodus 21:34 "the owner of the pit shall make it good; he shall give money to their owner, but the dead animal shall be his. NRS Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit shall make restitution, giving money to its owner, but keeping the dead animal. YLT Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit doth repay, money he doth give back to its owner, and the dead is his. Ex 21:29,30 22:6,14 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries The owner of the pit shall make restitution - He shall is better rendered "he must," for this was an obligatory and not an optional payment. Make restitution (shalam) means to make payment in full, fully recompensing the owner of the dead animal for his loss. The Septuagint uses the verb apotino (in NT only in Philemon 1:19, also in Lxx of Ex 21:36 and Ex 21:37) which was a legal technical term for damages to be paid off to the other party. He shall give money (literally "silver") to its owner, and the dead animal shall become his - The owner had to make restitution and put the dead animal to rest. Exodus 21:35 "If one man's ox hurts another's so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and divide its price equally; and also they shall divide the dead ox. NET Exodus 21:35 If the ox of one man injures the ox of his neighbor so that it dies, then they will sell the live ox and divide its proceeds, and they will also divide the dead ox. NLT Exodus 21:35 "If someone's ox injures a neighbor's ox and the injured ox dies, then the two owners must sell the live ox and divide the price equally between them. They must also divide the dead animal. ESV Exodus 21:35 "When one man's ox butts another's, so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and share its price, and the dead beast also they shall share. LXE Exodus 21:35 And if any man's bull gore the bull of his neighbour, and it die, they shall sell the living bull and divide the money, and they shall divide the dead bull. KJV Exodus 21:35 And if one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide. NIV Exodus 21:35 "If a man's bull injures the bull of another and it dies, they are to sell the live one and divide both the money and the dead animal equally. ASV Exodus 21:35 And if one man's ox hurt another's, so that it dieth, then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the price of it: and the dead also they shall divide. CSB Exodus 21:35 "When a man's ox injures his neighbor's ox and it dies, they must sell the live ox and divide its proceeds; they must also divide the dead animal. NKJ Exodus 21:35 "If one man's ox hurts another's, so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and divide the money from it; and the dead ox they shall also divide. NRS Exodus 21:35 If someone's ox hurts the ox of another, so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and divide the price of it; and the dead animal they shall also divide. YLT Exodus 21:35 'And when a man's ox doth smite the ox of his neighbour, and it hath died, then they have sold the living ox, and halved its money, and also the dead one they do halve; Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries If one man's ox hurts another's so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and divide its price equally; and also they shall divide the dead ox - The attacking ox had no prior history of such behavior (in contrast to the situation in Ex 21:36). Nevertheless the owner was still required to sell the living ox, so that the two owners shared in the loss. Exodus 21:36 "Or if it is known that the ox was previously in the habit of goring, yet its owner has not confined it, he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead animal shall become his. NET Exodus 21:36 Or if it is known that the ox had the habit of goring, and its owner did not take the necessary precautions, he must surely pay ox for ox, and the dead animal will become his. NLT Exodus 21:36 But if the ox had a reputation for goring, yet its owner failed to keep it under control, he must pay full compensation-- a live ox for the dead one-- but he may keep the dead ox. ESV Exodus 21:36 Or if it is known that the ox has been accustomed to gore in the past, and its owner has not kept it in, he shall repay ox for ox, and the dead beast shall be his. LXE Exodus 21:36 But if the bull be known to have been given to goring in time past, and they have testified to his owner, and he have not removed him, he shall repay bull for bull, but the dead shall be his own. KJV Exodus 21:36 Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own. NIV Exodus 21:36 However, if it was known that the bull had the habit of goring, yet the owner did not keep it penned up, the owner must pay, animal for animal, and the dead animal will be his. ASV Exodus 21:36 Or if it be known that the ox was wont to gore in time past, and its owner hath not kept it in, he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead beast shall be his own. CSB Exodus 21:36 If, however, it is known that the ox was in the habit of goring, yet its owner has not restrained it, he must compensate fully, ox for ox; the dead animal will become his. NKJ Exodus 21:36 "Or if it was known that the ox tended to thrust in time past, and its owner has not kept it confined, he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead animal shall be his own. NRS Exodus 21:36 But if it was known that the ox was accustomed to gore in the past, and its owner has not restrained it, the owner shall restore ox for ox, but keep the dead animal. YLT Exodus 21:36 or, it hath been known that the ox is one accustomed to gore heretofore, and its owner doth not watch it, he certainly repayeth ox for ox, and the dead is his. Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Or if it is known that the ox was previously in the habit of goring, yet its owner has not confined it, he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead animal shall become his - Pay ox for ox means he must make full restitution for his negligence in not taking measures to prevent his ox from harming someone else's ox. Matthew