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Steven Cole · Citado em PreceptAustin
Êxodo 34
Cole says obstinate "is a farmer’s metaphor of an ox or a horse that will not respond to the rope when tugged." This idiom obstinate ("stiff-necked") occurs five more times all are in the Pentateuch (Ex. 33:3, 5; Ex 34:9; Dt. 9:6, 13) There is a similar expression “stiffen your neck” usually directed at Israel (Dt. 10:16; 2 Ki 17:14; 2 Chr 30:8; Neh 9:16, 17; Pr 29:1; Jer. 7:26; Jer 17:23). Hamilton adds "In most of these references the text connects neck stiffening with Israel’s “fathers,” in the wilderness generation. Imagine one generation that has become the paradigm of obstinacy! To be stiff-necked is to be intractable, like a beast of burden in order to go its own way. Here is stiff-necked Israel wanting a calf to represent its God, and ironically the calf/the bull is the beast of burden, which is well known to stiffen its neck." (Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary) Moses acknowledges that Israel is obstinate, stiff-necked for they had repeatedly rebelled -- they had grumbled when God had tested them about the water and food in Exodus 15:23-25+ and Exodus 16:2, 3, 7-9+. They had tested the Lord and quarreled with Moses in Exodus 17:2+ and it was again about the water. Their stiff necks were a reflection of their root problem which was hard hearts. The irony is that this same expression used of Pharaoh who was stiff-necked (his heart was hardened) in refusing to let Israel go to worship Yahweh. Now that they have been delivered to worship Yahweh, they became stiff-necked like Pharaoh! Obstinate (harsh, stiff, stubborn) (07186)(qasheh) means hard, unpliable, harsh, cruel, severe, strong, violent, fierce. Uses of qasheh in Exodus - Exod. 1:14; Exod. 6:9; Exod. 18:26; Exod. 32:9; Exod. 33:3; Exod. 33:5; Exod. 34:9; (2) And pardon our iniquity and our sin - This is Moses' second request. Moses doubles down on their disobedience and calls it their iniquity and sin. Notice he does not say "their sin" but "our sin," so this humble man once again is willing to identify with these rebellious people. Amazing! Notice here Moses uses a different word for forgive than God had used in Ex 32:7 and salach points to the remission of the penalty for the sin. Pardon (05545)(salach) means to free from or release from something and so to pardon, to forgive, to spare. God's offer of pardon and forgiveness to sinners. Salach is never used of people forgiving each other but used of God forgiving. Jehovah Himself announces, in response to Moses' prayers for Israel, that He has forgiven Israel at two of their darkest moments, the golden calf incident and the murmuring at Kadesh Barnea (Ex 34:9; Nu 14:19-20). (3) And take us as Your own possession - This is Moses third and final request. This one is interesting as God seems to have already answered it affirmatively in Ex 33:14+ when He promised Moses "My presence shall go with you, and I will give you rest.” In this request phrase own possession is harkening back to the conditional promise (note the IF) Jehovah had made with the newly born nation in Exodus 19:5+ "‘Now then, IF you will indeed obey My voice and keep My covenant, THEN you shall be My own possession (segullah) among all the peoples, for all the earth is Mine." Clearly, Moses is pleading for Jehovah to renew His promise to take them as His own possession. MacKay on possession - The word itself in the ancient world implied that what was spoken of was an individual’s inalienable possession, which could not be taken from him. Possession (05157)(nahal) means inherit, get possession of, take as a possession. TWOT says it "basically signifies giving or receiving property which is part of a permanent possession and as a result of succession. Sometimes the idea of succession is absent but the "possessing" carries with it a connotation of permanence (e.g. Ex 34:9; Pr 14:18)." Gilbrant - Speaking of land as a possession, the Bible specifies the land of Canaan (Exo. 32:13); Zion and Judah (Ps. 69:35); specific sections belonging to various tribes and individuals (Num. 35:8); and the land of Moab and Ammon (Zeph. 2:9). The Lord took Judah as his private possession (Zech. 2:12). The verb also denotes the act of dispossession, as it was through uprooting the Canaanites that the Israelites were able to possess the land (Exo. 23:30). In figurative passages, different items or characteristics are said to be received as a possession. These include testimonies (Ps. 119:111), glory (Prov. 3:35), wind (Prov. 11:29), simplicity (Prov. 14:18), good things (Prov. 28:10), and lies (Jer. 16:19). Other things to be possessed were slaves (Lev. 25:46) and blessings (Zech. 8:12). In most of the above examples, there is the idea that permanence accompanies the possession (Ex. 34:9). Thus, when the Lord took Israel as his, it was an act of perpetual security. (Complete Biblical Library) Baker - A verb meaning to receive, to take property as a permanent possession. The verb was formed from the noun naḥalāh <H5159> which refers to a possession or inheritance. It can refer to the actual taking of the Promised Land, whether it was the entire land of Canaan as a gift from God (Ex. 23:30; 32:13); a tribal allotment (Josh. 16:4); or a familial portion (Josh 17:6). In addition to the taking of Canaan, God declared that Israel's remnant would possess the lands of Moab and Edom (Zeph. 2:9). It can also refer to the division and distribution of the land of Canaan to the tribal units (Josh 14:1). This verb is further used of God acquiring possession of Israel (Ex 34:9; Zech 2:12); and the nations as His own private property (Ps 82:8). In the causative form, the verb denotes the giving of a possession (Deut. 1:38; 3:28); or inheritance (Dt 21:16). This term is used figuratively to indicate the acquiring of things other than real property, like testimonies (Ps 119:111); glory (Pr 3:35); good things (Pr 28:10); lies (Jer 16:19); wind (Pr 11:29); simplicity (Pr 14:18); blessings (Zech 8:12). (The Complete Word Study Dictionary : Old Testament) David Howard has an excellent discussion of the ideas inherent in possess, possession especially in the context of the book of Joshua... “To inherit” (nḥl) in Joshua.The root nḥl is closely related to yrš, and their meanings overlap in large degree. It occurs in Joshua more times than in any other book of the Old Testament, indicating the centrality of this idea in the book. The basic stem of the verb means “to obtain something as a possession,” while the noun nāḥălâ denotes “essentially inalienable, thus enduring, property, esp. land, which devolves (npl) upon individuals or a group as a grant, as an inheritance, or through dispossession of the prior owner. [It] properly implies an enduring claim to possession.” Inheritance (nāḥălâ) as Ownership. In the Old Testament, nāḥălâ refers essentially to three ideas, all involving ownership. Ownership is an integral part of the concept of nāḥălâ: God owned the land, and he gave it to his people Israel. First, and most commonly, nāḥălâ refers to land, whether owned by individuals (e.g., Nu 32:18–19; Dt 19:14), by family groups (e.g., Num 33:54a), or by tribes (e.g., Num 33:54b). Since land was given by God, it is not surprising to find it referred to as Yahweh’s “inheritance” in several texts (e.g., Ex 15:17; Ps 68:9–10 Jer 12:7–9), probably meaning “a special, permanent, and precious possession” (since God did not “inherit” the land from anyone). Second, the idea of ownership can be seen in the references to Israel as Yahweh’s inheritance, in passages such as Dt 4:20; 32:8–9; 1Sa 26:19. Yahweh did not “inherit” Israel himself, but rather he owned it. Israel belonged to Yahweh, and not any of the other gods (Jer 10:16, 51:19). In several prayers, the petitioners asked Yahweh to restore his people because they were his inheritance, that is, a permanent, special possession (e.g., Ex 34:9; 1Ki 8:52–53; Isa 63:17). Third, this idea of Israel as Yahweh’s inheritance is reversed in some texts, and Yahweh is Israel’s inheritance or, more specifically, Levi’s inheritance. This is expressed in several texts in the Pentateuch (e.g., Nu 18:20; Dt 18:2). Along with this, sometimes, the tithes given by the Israelites or the offerings by fire were Levi’s inheritance (e.g., Nu 18:21; Dt 18:1). Inheritance (nāḥălâ) in Joshua. In the Book of Joshua, which speaks of this inheritance more than any other book, we find almost all of these ideas expressed. Even more than yrš, nḥl is found almost exclusively in the second half of the book, where the land is parceled out. Usually the inheritance spoken of is the individual tribes’ inheritance of their allotted land portions: the tribes east of the Jordan as a group (Joshua 13:8, 23, 28), the tribes west of the Jordan (Joshua 13:7; 14:2), the tribe of Judah (Joshua 15:20), the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (Joshua 16:5, 8, 9; 17:14), and the remaining seven tribes (nineteen times in Joshua 18–19). In a few instances, the entire land of Canaan is mentioned as Israel’s inheritance (Joshua 1:6; 11:23; 13:6). In the case of the tribe of Levi, its inheritance was the offerings by fire (Joshua 13:14), the Lord himself (Joshua 13:33), and the priestly service (Joshua 18:7). (Joshua: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture Volume 5 The New American Commentary) Nahal - 57v - allotted(1), apportion(2), apportion for inheritance(1), apportion the inheritance(1), apportioned(1), apportioned for an inheritance(1), apportioning for inheritance(1), bequeath(2), distributed(1), divide(1), divide it for an inheritance(1), endow(1), endowed(1), gave(1), gave inheritance(1), give(1), give inheritance(1), give as a possession(1), give...possession(1), have(2), have an inheritance(2), inherit(16), inheritance(8), inherited(3), inherits(1), leaves an inheritance(1), possess(2), possess them as an inheritance(1), possessed(1), possesses(1), possession(2), receive inheritance(1), received(2), received inheritance(1), take(1), take possession(1), wills(1). Exod. 23:30; Exod. 32:13; Exod. 34:9; Lev. 25:46; Num. 18:20; Num. 18:23; Num. 18:24; Num. 26:55; Num. 32:18; Num. 32:19; Num. 33:54; Num. 34:13; Num. 34:17; Num. 34:18; Num. 34:29; Num. 35:8; Deut. 1:38; Deut. 3:28; Deut. 12:10; Deut. 19:3; Deut. 19:14; Deut. 21:16; Deut. 31:7; Deut. 32:8; Jos. 1:6; Jos. 13:32; Jos. 14:1; Jos. 16:4; Jos. 17:6; Jos. 19:9; Jos. 19:49; Jos. 19:51; Jdg. 11:2; 1 Sam. 2:8; 1 Chr. 28:8; Job 7:3; Ps. 69:36; Ps. 82:8; Ps. 119:111; Prov. 3:35; Prov. 8:21; Prov. 11:29; Prov. 13:22; Prov. 14:18; Prov. 28:10; Isa. 14:2; Isa. 49:8; Isa. 57:13; Jer. 3:18; Jer. 12:14; Jer. 16:19; Ezek. 46:18; Ezek. 47:13; Ezek. 47:14; Zeph. 2:9; Zech. 2:12; Zech. 8:12 Exodus 34:10 Then God said, "Behold, I am going to make a covenant. Before all your people I will perform miracles which have not been produced in all the earth nor among any of the nations; and all the people among whom you live will see the working of the LORD, for it is a fearful thing that I am going to perform with you. NET Exodus 34:10 He said, "See, I am going to make a covenant before all your people. I will do wonders such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation. All the people among whom you live will see the work of the LORD, for it is a fearful thing that I am doing with you. NLT Exodus 34:10 The LORD replied, "Listen, I am making a covenant with you in the presence of all your people. I will perform miracles that have never been performed anywhere in all the earth or in any nation. And all the people around you will see the power of the LORD-- the awesome power I will display for you. ESV Exodus 34:10 And he said, "Behold, I am making a covenant. Before all your people I will do marvels, such as have not been created in all the earth or in any nation. And all the people among whom you are shall see the work of the LORD, for it is an awesome thing that I will do with you. NIV Exodus 34:10 Then the LORD said: "I am making a covenant with you. Before all your people I will do wonders never before done in any nation in all the world. The people you live among will see how awesome is the work that I, the LORD, will do for you. KJV Exodus 34:10 And he said, Behold, I make a covenant: before all thy people I will do marvels, such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation: and all the people among which thou art shall see the work of the LORD: for it is a terrible thing that I will do with thee. LXE Exodus 34:10 And the Lord said to Moses, Behold, I establish a covenant for thee in the presence of all thy people; I will do glorious things, which have not been done in all the earth, or in any nation; and all the people among whom thou art shall see the works of the Lord, that they are wonderful, which I will do for thee. ASV Exodus 34:10 And he said, Behold, I make a covenant: before all thy people I will do marvels, such as have not been wrought in all the earth, nor in any nation; and all the people among which thou art shall see the work of Jehovah; for it is a terrible thing that I do with thee. CSB Exodus 34:10 And the LORD responded: "Look, I am making a covenant. I will perform wonders in the presence of all your people that have never been done in all the earth or in any nation. All the people you live among will see the LORD's work, for what I am doing with you is awe-inspiring. NKJ Exodus 34:10 And He said: "Behold, I make a covenant. Before all your people I will do marvels such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation; and all the people among whom you are shall see the work of the LORD. For it is an awesome thing that I will do with you. NRS Exodus 34:10 He said: I hereby make a covenant. Before all your people I will perform marvels, such as have not been performed in all the earth or in any nation; and all the people among whom you live shall see the work of the LORD; for it is an awesome thing that I will do with you. YLT Exodus 34:10 And He saith, 'Lo, I am making a covenant: before all thy people I do wonders, which have not been done in all the earth, or in any nation, and all the people in whose midst thou art have seen the work of Jehovah, for it is fearful that which I am doing with thee. I am going to make a covenant : Ex 24:7,8 De 4:13 Dt 5:2,3 Dt 29:12-14 I will perform miracles : De 4:32-37 32:30 Jos 6:20 10:12,13 2Sa 7:23 Ps 77:14 Ps 78:12 Ps 147:20 a fearful thing : De 10:21 Ps 65:5 66:3,5 68:35 76:12 106:22 145:6 Isa 64:3 Jer 32:21 Exodus 34 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries A RENEWAL OF THE COVENANT Related Passages: Exodus 24:7-8 Then he took the book of the covenant and read it in the hearing of the people; and they said, “All that the LORD has spoken we will do, and we will be obedient!” 8 So Moses took the blood and sprinkled it on the people, and said, “Behold the blood of the covenant, which the LORD has made with you in accordance with all these words.” Then - When is "then?" What has Moses just done in Exodus 34:9? He has prayed hasn't he and how we see God's reply to Moses' prayer is to renew the covenant. God said, "Behold - Behold is hinneh which calls for Moses to pay attention to this next statement, Jehovah's declaration of the covenant renewal! I am going to make a covenant - Israel had broken and in a sense annulled the first covenant (Ex 24:3, 7, 8+). Now (at least part in response to Moses' intercession - whose prayers were "effective" or "energetic" - see James 5:16+) in an act of amazing mercy and grace, Yahweh is again going to "cut a covenant." (karath berith/beriyth). But it was not a new covenant, just a renewal of the first covenant cut with Israel in Exodus 24. Hamilton says this is Jehovah's "promise to re-make His covenant with Israel." Currid adds "God announces outright that He is renewing the covenant. The verb translated ‘making’ is actually the participle ‘cutting’ in Hebrew: blood-letting was such an integral part of covenant-making that the act of cutting became synonymous with the act of making a treaty." Stuart makes an interesting comment on the covenant distinguishing renewal from restoration - But this was not merely the sort of covenant renewal that would take place at various future times in Israel’s history either. This was, rather, a divine restoration of a broken covenant, one that had been made temporarily null and void by Israel’s corporate return to idolatry (and therefore automatically polytheism, since there was no monotheistic idolatry in the ancient world) as described in chap. 32. The covenant needed to be reinstated if it was to be of help to Israel, and Yahweh showed his merciful and patient nature as described by himself so magisterially in vv. 6–7 by taking the responsibility upon himself to reinstitute it for the benefit of his once and now again covenant people. Therefore God used the present tense statement, “I am making a covenant with you.” He was making the same Sinai covenant once again, but he was indeed making it anew, remaking it, not just reminding the people of the content of it. GOD WOULD GLORIFY HIMSELF BEFORE THE GENTILES Related Passage: Exodus 33:16-17+ (MOSES IS PRAYING) “For how then can it be known that I have found favor in Your sight, I and Your people? Is it not by Your going with us, so that (PURPOSE CLAUSE - WHAT PURPOSE?) we, I and Your people, may be distinguished from all the other people who are upon the face of the earth?” The LORD said to Moses, “I will also do this thing of which you have spoken (GO WITH ISRAEL - A PROMISE FULFILLED IN HIS DWELLING WITH THEM IN THE TABERNACLE FOR 40 YEARS - See Ex 40:34-37, 38+); for you have found favor in My sight and I have known you by name.” Before all your (Moses') people (Israel) I will perform miracles which have not been produced (bara = created) in all the earth nor among any of the nations; and all the people among whom you live will see the working of the LORD - First, note that the miracles would testify that God had indeed renewed His covenant with Israel. The miracles would leave no doubt that He was in their midst (cf Ex 25:8+, Ex 40:38+). Secondly, this passage explains how Israel would be distinguished from all the other people who are upon the face of the earth. (Ex 33:16+) These miracles would "distinguish" them. The miracles would include events that would transpire during their wilderness wandering and when they entered the promised land, where God would drive out the "ITES." (Ex 34:11, Dt 7:1, 2, 23, 24). There were actually many other miracles -- that every morning they saw a miracle in manna (Ex 16:35+, Neh 9:20,21). Every day they had water to drink because of the Rock that followed them (Ex 17:6+, Ps 78:15, 16, Ps 105:41, Ps 114:8, Neh 9:15,20, 1 Cor 10:4, Nu 20:11, Dt 8:15). Every day for 40 years their clothes did not wear out and their feet did not swell (Dt 8:4, Dt 29:5, Neh 9:21 compare God's provision for NT believers = Mt 6:31, 32+). None of these miracles had ever been produced in all the earth nor among any of the nations! The point is that He would show His provision and protection to Israel and would show His power so that the idolatrous Gentile nations would see there was a living God amongst the Hebrews. God wanted the pagans to know Him. He had chosen Israel to be a light to the nations, His glory shining through them into the spiritual darkness. Some of the pagans like Rahab were drawn to God through the miraculous works He did for His people and they were saved (see Rahab's testimony to the miracles in Josh 2:10, cf Josh 2:1-11, 12, 13-21, Mt 1:5+, Heb 11:31+, James 2:25+). THOUGHT - In Acts 13 Paul quotes Isaiah 42:6 showing that he clearly understood God's intention for the Jewish nation to be a light to the Gentiles. "For so the Lord has commanded us, ‘I HAVE PLACED YOU AS A LIGHT FOR THE GENTILES, THAT YOU MAY BRING SALVATION TO THE END OF THE EARTH" (Acts 13:47+) Israel for the most part corrupted their calling to be lights pointing to Jehovah. We in the NT are called to be lights, Jesus commanding “Let your light shine before men in such a way that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven." (Mt 5:16+) Is your "gospel light" shining, energized by the Holy Spirit? As D L Moody said lighthouses don't warn by making noise but by shining their lights!
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Cole - “To worship a statue while calling it YHWH is not to worship YHWH.” Worship (bow down, prostrate) (07812)(shachah) means to bow down, to prostrate oneself, to crouch, to fall down, to humbly beseech, to do reverence, to worship. The idea is to assume a prostrate position as would in paying homage especially to God (Ge 24:26, Ps 95:6).Shachah is translated in the Septuagint (LXX) in this passage with the picturesque Greek verb proskuneo (from pros = toward or facing + kuneo = kiss, adore) which pictures the practice among the Orientals (especially the Persians) of falling upon their knees and touching the ground with their forehead as an expression of profound reverence. For - Another strategic term of explanation. What is Moses explaining? The LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God (Dt 4:24) - To underscore His prohibition of idolatry, God gives His Name as Jealous. The Name of God is tantamount to His character and nature! Jealous is an attribute of God we don't hear mentioned often. This attribute of God does not refer to a shallow, childish human emotion that in our fleshly side we all unfortunately experience, but emphasizes that God will not tolerate a divided heart (See Mt 6:22+, Mt 6:24+, Jas 1:6-8+, 1Jn 2:15-17+, Jas 4:4+). We are to honor God with our lives and not simply our lips. To obey is always better than sacrifice (1Sa 15:22,23). Stuart - This is the only verse in the Old Testament in which mention is made of his being jealous for his name, the meaning of which expression is simply that he guards his name’s significance—it points to his nature, character, and uniqueness as the only true God—and will not allow it to be profaned by idolatry or any other misuse. George Bush - For the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God. That is, whose nature is jealous; who can hear no rival. The names of God designate his attributes. This is mentioned here with peculiar propriety. The covenant made with Israel was virtually a marriage-covenant, and consequently idolatry was adultery. Every approach to this sin, therefore, would be sure to provoke him to jealousy, just as the infidelity of a wife stirs up the same passion in the bosom of the injured husband. We are not indeed to transfer in our minds human passions to the bosom of the Deity; but the Scriptures, as we have before remarked, are constructed on the plan of ascribing the attributes of humanity to God, because he often acts in his dealings with men as they act when under the influence of certain passions. To convey, therefore, an intelligible idea, the passions themselves are affirmed of God when his conduct resembles the effect of those impulses in men. ‘Jealousy,’ says Solomon, Prov. 6:34, 35, ‘is the rage of a man; therefore he will not spare in the day of vengeance; he will not regard any ransom, neither will he rest content though thou givest many gifts.’ This is human jealousy. What is said of divine? Deut. 32:21–23, ‘They have moved me to jealousy; and a fire is kindled in mine anger, and it shall burn to the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains, I will heap mischiefs upon them, and will spend mine arrows upon them.’ Compare Nahum. 1:2. THOUGHT - I must confess I do not really believe this verse (oh, I do, but my actions often belie my belief). If I really understood Jehovah's Name "Jealous," I would like to think it would make me very much more zealous at guarding my eyes and guarding my heart! May the Spirit of God burn the truth into our (especially my) hearts that God is a Jealous God. In Jesus' Name. Amen. I would add one more prayer to this -"Teach me Your way, O LORD; I will walk in Your truth; Unite my heart (give me an undivided heart) to fear Your name." (Ps 86:11) Related Resource: Give Me An Undivided Heart Jealous (07067)(qanna) is an adjective that combines the ideas of zeal and jealousy. It expresses a very strong emotion whereby some quality or possession of the object is desired by the subject. All 5 OT uses describe this attribute of Jehovah, His attribute which reflects zero tolerance for the worship of other so-called gods. In the 5 uses note the associated with "consuming fire," (Dt 4:24) and "anger...kindled (also pictures a fire) against" those who violate this prohibition (Dt 6:15) In other words the consequences of bowing down to false gods gives us a clear sense of His hatred of them. How foolish it is for us as finite humans to pursue false gods when we have access to the true and living God! Forgive us O LORD. Amen. Qanna is translated in the Septuagint of Ex 20:5 with the noun zelotes which depicts one stirred to action by a strong emotion. It describes one "burning with zeal" (the root of zelotes is zeo = to boil, be hot or glow!). Zelotes describes Yahweh as earnestly committed to defend His honor! Qanna - 6x in 5v - Exod. 20:5; Exod. 34:14; Deut. 4:24; Deut. 5:9; Deut. 6:15 Question: Why is God a jealous God? Answer: It is important to understand how the word “jealous” is used. Its use in Exodus 20:5 to describe God is different from how it is used to describe the sin of jealousy (Galatians 5:20+). When we use the word “jealous,” we use it in the sense of being envious of someone who has something we do not have. A person might be jealous or envious of another person because he or she has a nice car or home (possessions). Or a person might be jealous or envious of another person because of some ability or skill that other person has (such as athletic ability). Another example would be that one person might be jealous or envious of another because of his or her beauty. In Exodus 20:5, it is not that God is jealous or envious because someone has something He wants or needs. Exodus 20:4-5 says, “You shall not make for yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God...” Notice that God is jealous when someone gives to another something that rightly belongs to Him. In these verses, God is speaking of people making idols and bowing down and worshiping those idols instead of giving God the worship that belongs to Him alone. God is possessive of the worship and service that belong to Him. It is a sin (as God points out in this commandment) to worship or serve anything other than God. It is a sin when we desire, or we are envious, or we are jealous of someone because he has something that we do not have. It is a different use of the word “jealous” when God says He is jealous. What He is jealous of belongs to Him; worship and service belong to Him alone, and are to be given to Him alone. Perhaps a practical example will help us understand the difference. If a husband sees another man flirting with his wife, he is right to be jealous, for only he has the right to flirt with his wife. This type of jealousy is not sinful. Rather, it is entirely appropriate. Being jealous for something that God declares to belong to you is good and appropriate. Jealousy is a sin when it is a desire for something that does not belong to you. Worship, praise, honor, and adoration belong to God alone, for only He is truly worthy of it. Therefore, God is rightly jealous when worship, praise, honor, or adoration is given to idols. This is precisely the jealousy the apostle Paul described in 2 Corinthians 11:2, “I am jealous for you with a godly jealousy...”(Source: GotQuestions.org) Exodus 34:14 Our Jealous God Read: 2 Corinthians 11:1-4 | Bible in a Year: Jeremiah 32–33; Hebrews 1 The Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God. Exodus 34:14 In 2014 a University of California researcher used a stuffed dog to show that animals are capable of jealousy. Professor Christine Harris asked dog owners to show affection for a stuffed animal in the presence of their pet. She found that three-fourths of the dogs responded with apparent envy. Some tried to get attention with touch or a gentle nudge. Others tried to push between their owner and the toy. A few went so far as to snap at their stuffed rival. In a dog, jealousy seems heartwarming. In people, it can lead to less admirable results. Yet, as Moses and Paul remind us, there is also another jealousy—one that beautifully reflects the heart of God. God made us & rescued us to know & enjoy Him forever. When Paul wrote to the church at Corinth, he said he was “jealous for you with a godly jealousy” (2 Cor. 11:2). He didn’t want them to be “led astray from [their] sincere and pure devotion to Christ” (v. 3). Such jealousy reflects the heart of God, who told Moses in the Ten Commandments, “I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God” (Ex. 20:5). God’s jealousy is not like our self-centered love. His heart expresses His protective zeal for those who are His by creation and salvation. He made us and rescued us to know and enjoy Him forever. How could we ask for anything more than a God who is so zealous—and jealous—for our happiness? God loves every one of us as if there were but one of us to love. --- Augustine INSIGHT: Paul’s relationship with the church at Corinth was a turbulent one. Paul founded the Corinthian church and spent 18 months there (Acts 18:1-18). Then he returned for another 3 months at a later time (Acts 20:3). In spite of this significant investment of time and energy, the Corinthian believers appear to have struggled with Paul’s authority and position as an apostle, as well as his correction of them. His letters to the church at Corinth are filled with evidence of his disappointment over their testy relationship. Still, Paul’s love for them is evidenced by his desire that they not be led astray by false teachers. Bill Crowder Exodus 34:15 otherwise you might make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land and they would play the harlot with their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and someone might invite you to eat of his sacrifice, NET Exodus 34:15 Be careful not to make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, for when they prostitute themselves to their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and someone invites you, you will eat from his sacrifice; NLT Exodus 34:15 "You must not make a treaty of any kind with the people living in the land. They lust after their gods, offering sacrifices to them. They will invite you to join them in their sacrificial meals, and you will go with them. ESV Exodus 34:15 lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and when they whore after their gods and sacrifice to their gods and you are invited, you eat of his sacrifice, NIV Exodus 34:15 "Be careful not to make a treaty with those who live in the land; for when they prostitute themselves to their gods and sacrifice to them, they will invite you and you will eat their sacrifices. KJV Exodus 34:15 Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice; LXE Exodus 34:15 lest at any time thou make a covenant with the dwellers on the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and sacrifice to their gods, and they call thee, and thou shouldest eat of their feasts, ASV Exodus 34:15 lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they play the harlot after their gods, and sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee and thou eat of his sacrifice; CSB Exodus 34:15 "Do not make a treaty with the inhabitants of the land, or else when they prostitute themselves with their gods and sacrifice to their gods, they will invite you, and you will eat their sacrifices. NKJ Exodus 34:15 "lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they play the harlot with their gods and make sacrifice to their gods, and one of them invites you and you eat of his sacrifice, NRS Exodus 34:15 You shall not make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, for when they prostitute themselves to their gods and sacrifice to their gods, someone among them will invite you, and you will eat of the sacrifice. YLT Exodus 34:15 'Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitant of the land, and they have gone a-whoring after their gods, and have sacrificed to their gods, and one hath called to thee, and thou hast eaten of his sacrifice, make : Ex 34:10,12 23:32 De 7:2 play the harlot: Lev 17:7 20:5,6 Nu 15:39 De 31:16 Jdg 2:17 Ps 73:27 Jer 3:9 Ezr 6:9 Ho 4:12 9:1 Rev 17:1-5 invite : Nu 25:2 1Co 10:27 eat : Ps 106:28 1Co 8:4,7,10 1 Cor 10:20,21 Rev 2:20 Exodus 34 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE TRAP OF SPIRITUAL ADULTERY Related Passage: KJV is picturesque - Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice; Otherwise you might make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land and they would play the harlot (phrase used 19x) with their gods: - This is the third mention of covenant in this chapter and is the second warning of making a covenant with the pagan nations! Make a covenant is "cut a covenant." (karath berith/beriyth) the exact wording of Yahweh renewing the covenant with Israel in Ex 34:10. To reiterate covenant is a solemn, binding agreement and thus if Israel cut a covenant with the pagans, Israel would in effect be binding themselves to their abominable idols. And as Jesus made crystal clear "No one (IN GREEK = ABSOLUTELY NO ONE! DON'T DELUDE YOURSELF AND THINK YOU CAN "GET AWAY WITH IT!") can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth (OR ANY OTHER IDOL!)." (Mt 6:24+). The reason a "covenant" would be especially abhorrent is that Israel as God's "wife" was already in covenant (one she had broken by the "playing the harlot" with the golden calf) (SEE VERSES BELOW ON JEHOVAH'S WIFE) Now in Exodus 34 Jehovah is renewing His covenant with Israel. Therefore as the KJV says to "go a whoring" with other nations would be tantamount to committing spiritual adultery which sadly eventually happened. The consequence was that their adulterous idolatry caused God to send the northern kingdom of Israel into Assyrian exile (722 BC) and then send her faithless sister Judah into exile in Babylon (586 BC). Note what Israel's spiritual adultery did to the heart of her "Husband" Jehovah in Ezekiel 6:9+ "Then those of you who escape will remember Me among the nations to which they will be carried captive, how I have been hurt by their adulterous hearts which turned away from Me, and by their eyes which played the harlot after their idols; and they will loathe themselves in their own sight for the evils which they have committed, for all their abominations." Play the harlot (02181)(zanah) is a verb meaning to fornicate, to prostitute and refers to marital infidelity or unfaithfulness. It was word used elsewhere in the OT to describe prostitution (Lev 21:7, Pr 7:10). Many of the uses of zanah are figurative describing Israel 's (Jehovah's "wife") commission of "spiritual prostitution" by having "intercourse" so to speak with other gods (cp 1 Co 6:16). Indeed, idolatry is looked upon as prostitution (Isa 50:1, 2, 3; 54:6, 7, 8; Jer 2:1, 2, 3; 3:1ff; Hos 2:1ff; Jas 4:4+; Rev 2:4+). In addition zanah describes Israel’s improper relationships with other nations (Isa. 23:17; Ezek. 23:30; Nah. 3:4). "The thought seems to be of having relations with these nations for the sake of political and monetary benefit, although in the case of Nineveh the added element of alluring, deceitful tactics leading on to oppressive dominance is implied." (TWOT) "A third figurative meaning is found in Isa 1:21, where the Israelites’ departure from God’s approved moral standards is called harlotry." (TWOT) In Ex 34:15 zanah is translated in the Septuagint with the verb ekporneuo which means to indulge in flagrant immorality, be given to fornication, misbehave sexually, to indulge in illicit sexual relations/debauchery (used only in Jude 1:7+ in the NT) MacKay says zanah "describes engaging in any type of irregular sexual relationship. It is often used in the Old Testament (particularly by Hosea, Jeremiah and Ezekiel) to describe the conduct of those who were unfaithful to the covenant relationship with the LORD. The word was doubly appropriate because of the sexually licentious nature of much Canaanite worship. Naturally if the Israelites were living on good terms with the Canaanites, then they would invite them to take part in their religious rites. This was unacceptable behaviour." (Mentor Commentary-Exodus) NET Note - The verb זָנָה (zanah) means “to play the prostitute; to commit whoredom; to be a harlot” or something similar. It is used here and elsewhere in the Bible for departing from pure religion and engaging in pagan religion. The use of the word in this figurative sense is fitting, because the relationship between God and his people is pictured as a marriage, and to be unfaithful to it was a sin. This is also why God is described as a “jealous” or “impassioned” God. The figure may not be merely a metaphorical use, but perhaps a metonymy, since there actually was sexual immorality at the Canaanite altars and poles. Play the harlot - 19x in 18v - Exod. 34:15; Exod. 34:16; Lev. 17:7; Lev. 20:5; Lev. 20:6; Num. 25:1; Deut. 31:16; 2 Chr. 21:11; 2 Chr. 21:13; Isa. 23:17; Ezek. 16:17; Ezek. 20:30; Hos. 3:3; Hos. 4:10; Hos. 4:13; Hos. 4:14; Hos. 4:15; Hos. 4:18 Played the harlot - 24x in 22v - Gen. 38:24; Num. 15:39; Jdg. 2:17; Jdg. 8:27; Jdg. 8:33; Jdg. 19:2; 1 Chr. 5:25; 2 Chr. 21:13; Ps. 106:39; Ezek. 6:9; Ezek. 16:15; Ezek. 16:16; Ezek. 16:26; Ezek. 16:28; Ezek. 23:3; Ezek. 23:5; Ezek. 23:19; Ezek. 23:30; Hos. 2:5; Hos. 4:12; Hos. 5:3; Hos. 9:1 And sacrifice to their gods, and someone might invite you to eat of his sacrifice - Sadly Israel failed to heed God's clear warnings and in Numbers 25 we read "While Israel remained at Shittim, the people began to play the harlot with the daughters of Moab.For they invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods, and the people ate and bowed down to their gods." (Nu 25:1-2) (Gotquestions says that "In Numbers 25, we find that the women of Midian began to seduce the men of Israel to sexual sin and to sacrifice to their gods. Since the gods of the pagans were often fertility gods, the “worship” often involved sexual acts." - See Baal of Peor for full discussion) Do you see the pattern? Accept the seductive invitation, worship their gods and then become enslaved to their gods. This is exactly what God warned would happen. John Currid - Contact with Canaanites by treaty is strictly forbidden because of the consequences which would follow. It simply leads to idolatry. The description here links idolatry with sexual immorality; we have seen this connection previously (see commentary on 32:21). Sexual immorality was one of the central aspects of Canaanite religious practice. One element of that practice was temple prostitution. The Canaanites thought that acts of whoredom at the sacred precincts would guarantee the fertility of their people, land and animals. George Bush - And one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice. This the apostle informs us, 1 Cor. 10:20, 21, was equivalent in the sight of God to one’s professing himself to be of the idolatrous communion which feasted upon the sacrifices of their demon-gods. The reason of this is obvious. When the covenant people feasted upon a sacrifice, the meat was supposed to be God’s, and to he set upon his table. The feasters were accordingly considered as his guests, entertained at his table in token of reconciliation and friendship. This act confirmed in the strongest possible manner the covenant relation supposed to exist between the parties. Consequently, all those who ate of the sacrifices offered to other gods, virtually professed themselves thereby to be the worshippers and servants of such false deities, which they could not be without renouncing the worship and service of the true God. See Note on Ex. 27:4, 5. The subsequent history, Num. 25:1–3, shows but too clearly how intimate is the connexion between the sins here mentioned, and how needful, though unavailing was the caution now administered; ‘And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab. And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods. And Israel joined himself unto Baal-peor: and the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel.’ Compare also the melancholy case of Solomon, 1 Kings, 11:1–10. THOUGHT - Beloved, lest we are too hard on Israel, we need to look in the mirror and ask ourselves "Am I flirting with spiritual adultery regarding any of the idols of this fallen, godless world?" If so, confess (quickly - 1 Jn 1:9+) and repent (fully - Pr 28:13+) and walk forth (fruitfully - Gal 5:22, 23+) in the power of the Spirit (cf Ro 8:13+, Gal 5:16, 17+) in obedience to Yahweh. ISRAEL AS JEHOVAH'S WIFE And keep in mind that God was so serious about spiritual adultery in Israel because she was His wife by covenant, the Mosaic Covenant. Isaiah 54:5 “For your husband is your Maker, Whose name is the LORD of hosts; And your Redeemer is the Holy One of Israel, Who is called the God of all the earth. Jeremiah 31:32+ not like the covenant (THE COVENANT IN EXODUS 24 AND NOW THE RENEWED COVENANT IN EXODUS 34) which I made with their fathers in the day I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, although I was a husband to them,” declares the LORD. Hosea 2:18-20+ (THIS IS A PROPHECY YET FUTURE) In that day I will also make a covenant for them With the beasts of the field, The birds of the sky And the creeping things of the ground. And I will abolish the bow, the sword and war from the land, And will make them lie down in safety. 19 “I will betroth you to Me forever; Yes, I will betroth you to Me in righteousness and in justice, In lovingkindness and in compassion, 20 And I will betroth you to Me in faithfulness. Then you will know the LORD. Exodus 34:16 and you might take some of his daughters for your sons, and his daughters might play the harlot with their gods and cause your sons also to play the harlot with their gods. NET Exodus 34:16 and you then take his daughters for your sons, and when his daughters prostitute themselves to their gods, they will make your sons prostitute themselves to their gods as well. NLT Exodus 34:16 Then you will accept their daughters, who sacrifice to other gods, as wives for your sons. And they will seduce your sons to commit adultery against me by worshiping other gods. ESV Exodus 34:16 and you take of their daughters for your sons, and their daughters whore after their gods and make your sons whore after their gods. NIV Exodus 34:16 And when you choose some of their daughters as wives for your sons and those daughters prostitute themselves to their gods, they will lead your sons to do the same. KJV Exodus 34:16 And thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters go a whoring after their gods, and make thy sons go a whoring after their gods. LXE Exodus 34:16 and thou shouldest take of their daughters to thy sons, and thou shouldest give of thy daughters to their sons; and thy daughters should go a whoring after their gods, and thy sons should go a whoring after their gods. ASV Exodus 34:16 and thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters play the harlot after their gods, and make thy sons play the harlot after their gods. CSB Exodus 34:16 Then you will take some of their daughters as brides for your sons. Their daughters will prostitute themselves with their gods and cause your sons to prostitute themselves with their gods. NKJ Exodus 34:16 "and you take of his daughters for your sons, and his daughters play the harlot with their gods and make your sons play the harlot with their gods. NRS Exodus 34:16 And you will take wives from among their daughters for your sons, and their daughters who prostitute themselves to their gods will make your sons also prostitute themselves to their gods. YLT Exodus 34:16 and thou hast taken of their daughters to thy sons, and their daughters have gone a-whoring after their gods, and have caused thy sons to go a-whoring after their gods; Nu 25:1,2 De 7:3,4 1Ki 11:2-4 Ezr 9:2 Ne 13:23,25 2Co 6:14-17 Exodus 34 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE POTENTIAL SNARE OF INTERMARRIAGE Related Passage: 1 Kings 11:2-4 Now King Solomon loved many foreign women along with the daughter of Pharaoh: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women, 2 from the nations concerning which the LORD had said to the sons of Israel, “You shall not associate with them, nor shall they associate with you, for they will surely turn your heart away after their gods.” Solomon held fast to these in love. 3 He had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines, and his wives turned his heart away. 4 For when Solomon was old, his wives turned his heart away after other gods; and his heart was not wholly devoted to the LORD his God, as the heart of David his father had been. 5 For Solomon went after Ashtoreth (Functioned with Baal as a fertility deity. 'Sexual union' w Baal thought to bring annual renewal/fruitfulness. Ashtoreth was often depicted as a naked female figure often multi-breasted! And Solomon fell for this! Why was the worship of Baal and Asherah a constant struggle for the Israelites?). Worship included bizzare sexual practices thought to be "sacred.") the goddess of the Sidonians and after Milcom (AKA Moloch/Molech) the detestable idol of the Ammonites. 6 Solomon did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, and did not follow the LORD fully, as David his father had done. 7 Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the detestable idol of Moab, on the mountain which is east of Jerusalem (Mt of Olives - directly across for the Temple Solomon had built - when you are deceived, you don't even know it!), and for Molech the detestable idol of the sons of Ammon. 8 Thus also he did for all his foreign wives, who burned incense and sacrificed to their gods. 9 Now the LORD was angry with Solomon because his heart was turned away from the LORD, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice, 10 and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods; but he did not observe what the LORD had commanded. 11So the LORD said to Solomon, “Because you have done this, and you have not kept My covenant and My statutes, which I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you, and will give it to your servant. 12 “Nevertheless I will not do it in your days for the sake of your father David, but I will tear it out of the hand of your son. 13 “However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son for the sake of My servant David and for the sake of Jerusalem which I have chosen.” Stuart writes "Intermarriage in the Bible is never discouraged on ethnic grounds, but religious intermarriage is consistently discouraged on religious grounds. In other words, there is nothing negative associated with the mixing of races, but great danger attends the mixing of religions." and you might take some of his daughters for your sons, and his daughters might play the harlot with their gods and cause your sons also to play the harlot with their gods - As noted above, this is exactly what transpired with Israel in Numbers 25:1-2 discussed above. And in the Related Passage above intermarriage ensnared King Solomon, the wisest man in the world, but not wise when it comes to the wiles of women. He let his eyes wander and his flesh took control of his heart and it took him far from God and into abominable idolatry (1 Ki 11:4-8) which ultimately resulted in God's taking the Kingdom of Israel from his son and splitting the Kingdom. THOUGHT - Mark it down especially if you are man reading this note! If the wisest man Solomon could fall into such depths of depravity, then no one is immune! We absolutely must guard our eyes (1 Cor 6:18+), because what enters our eyes will eventually plant seeds in our our heart and yield a harvest of corruption (Gal 6:8+)! And remember that Solomon even wrote the sections in Proverbs warning against the adulterous woman! (See commentary on Proverbs 5:1-14; Proverbs 5:15-23; Proverbs 6:20-35; Proverbs 7:1-27). The best defense is offense - practice the expulsive power of a new affection! Empowered by the Holy Spirit " Watch over your heart with all diligence, For from it flow the springs of life. " (Pr 4:23+). Sin will take you further than you ever wanted to stray! Cost you more than you ever dreamed you would pay! Keep you longer than you ever thought you would stay! NET Note - In the construction this verb would follow as a possible outcome of the last event, and so remain in the verbal sequence. If the people participate in the festivals of the land, then they will intermarry, and that could lead to further involvement with idolatry. THOUGHT - Are you beginning to tolerate/conceal "pet" sins? If you are, then you need to remember the fate of the man with the "pet boa constrictor" (Do a Google search - use the following search terms and keep the parenthesis sign as written >> "pet boa" killed). After 15 years of living with his owner, one day the "pet boa" would not let its "owner" out of its grip resulting in the owner's tragic death. Wild animals remain wild and so does Sin. Do not be deceived (Stop being deceived)! Related Resource: The Deceitfulness of Sin Are You Entangled? Exodus 34:17 "You shall make for yourself no molten gods. NET Exodus 34:17 You must not make yourselves molten gods. NLT Exodus 34:17 You must not make any gods of molten metal for yourselves. ESV Exodus 34:17 "You shall not make for yourself any gods of cast metal. NIV Exodus 34:17 "Do not make cast idols. KJV Exodus 34:17 Thou shalt make thee no molten gods. LXE Exodus 34:17 And thou shalt not make to thyself molten gods. ASV Exodus 34:17 Thou shalt make thee no molten gods. CSB Exodus 34:17 "Do not make cast images of gods for yourselves. NKJ Exodus 34:17 "You shall make no molded gods for yourselves. NRS Exodus 34:17 You shall not make cast idols. YLT Exodus 34:17 a molten god thou dost not make to thyself. Ex 32:8 Lev 19:4 Isa 46:6,7 Jer 10:14 Ac 17:29 19:26 Exodus 34 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Leviticus 19:4 ‘Do not turn to idols or make for yourselves molten gods; I am the LORD your God. Isaiah 46:6; 7 “Those who lavish gold from the purse And weigh silver on the scale Hire a goldsmith, and he makes it into a god; They bow down, indeed they worship it. 7 “They lift it upon the shoulder and carry it; They set it in its place and it stands there. It does not move from its place. Though one may cry to it, it cannot answer; It cannot deliver him from his distress. Jeremiah 10:14 Every man is stupid, devoid of knowledge; Every goldsmith is put to shame by his idols; For his molten images are deceitful, And there is no breath in them. You shall make for yourself no molten gods - They need to hear and heed this one because of Ex 32:8 = “They have quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them. They have made for themselves a molten calf, and have worshiped it and have sacrificed to it and said, ‘This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!’” Currid points out that "The severest form of negative in Hebrew, the apodictic ‘no’ (that is, the word lō’ followed by an imperfective verb), is found here. The Hebrews are absolutely prohibited from constructing ‘molten gods’" Exodus 34:18 "You shall observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread. For seven days you are to eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the appointed time in the month of Abib, for in the month of Abib you came out of Egypt. NET Exodus 34:18 "You must keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread. For seven days you must eat bread made without yeast, as I commanded you; do this at the appointed time of the month Abib, for in the month Abib you came out of Egypt. NLT Exodus 34:18 "You must celebrate the Festival of Unleavened Bread. For seven days the bread you eat must be made without yeast, just as I commanded you. Celebrate this festival annually at the appointed time in early spring, in the month of Abib, for that is the anniversary of your departure from Egypt. ESV Exodus 34:18 "You shall keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the time appointed in the month Abib, for in the month Abib you came out from Egypt. NIV Exodus 34:18 "Celebrate the Feast of Unleavened Bread. For seven days eat bread made without yeast, as I commanded you. Do this at the appointed time in the month of Abib, for in that month you came out of Egypt. KJV Exodus 34:18 The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt. LXE Exodus 34:18 And thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread: seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread, as I have charged thee, at the season in the month of new corn; for in the month of new corn thou camest out from Egypt. ASV Exodus 34:18 The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, at the time appointed in the month Abib; for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt. CSB Exodus 34:18 "Observe the Festival of Unleavened Bread. You are to eat unleavened bread for seven days at the appointed time in the month of Abib as I commanded you. For you came out of Egypt in the month of Abib. NKJ Exodus 34:18 "The Feast of Unleavened Bread you shall keep. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, in the appointed time of the month of Abib; for in the month of Abib you came out from Egypt. NRS Exodus 34:18 You shall keep the festival of unleavened bread. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the time appointed in the month of Abib; for in the month of Abib you came out from Egypt. YLT Exodus 34:18 'The feast of unleavened things thou dost keep; seven days thou dost eat unleavened things, as I have commanded thee, at an appointed time, the month of Abib: for in the month of Abib thou didst come out from Egypt. Ex 12:15-20 13:4,6,7 Ex 23:15 Lev 23:6 De 16:1-4 Mk 14:1 Lu 22:1 Ac 12:3 Exodus 34 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE FEAST OF UNLEAVENED BREAD Related Passage: Ex 23:15 You shall observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread; for seven days you are to eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the appointed time in the month Abib, for in it you came out of Egypt. And none shall appear before Me empty-handed. The present passage is identical to the previous instruction recorded above. You shall observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread. For seven days you are to eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you - This alludes to the prior directive in Exodus 12:14-20+, the purpose being to serve as a memorial of Israel's exodus orchestrated by Yahweh (Ex 12:24-28+). The fact that it was to observed for seven days ties it to the Sabbath day. Recall that the Passover was so intimately linked to the following days of "unleavened bread" that Luke records "Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which is called the Passover, was approaching.." (Lk 22:1+) In Leviticus 23:5-6+ we read "In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at twilight is the LORD’S Passover. Then on the fifteenth day of the same month there is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread."
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Cole - Exodus - TOTC John Currid - Epsc Exodus Volume 1 (1-18) John Currid - Epsc Exodus Volume 2 (19-40) Victor Hamilton - Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary John Hannah - The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Old Testament:) Walter Kaiser - Exodus -The Expositor's Bible Commentary John Mackay - Exodus: A Mentor Commentary Rod Mattoon - Treasures from Exodus Philip Ryken - Preaching the Word-Exodus Douglas Stuart - Exodus - An Exegetical and Theological Commentary (NAC Series) Warren