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Steven Cole · Citado em PreceptAustin
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Cole- At this point, we leave the prologue and begin a long section (John 1:19–12:50) that amasses testimony for Jesus as the Son of God, the one in whom all should believe. This is the testimony (marturia) of John - John had already alluded to his being a witness (Jn 1:7-8+, Jn 1:15+). Now we learn more about the nature of John's testimony regarding Jesus. John was a man on a mission for he was "sent from God." (Jn 1:6+) Clearly he went forth with God's authority undergirding and supporting his mission. THOUGHT - We have all had "good works" (THAT'S "GOOD" WITH AN "O" KNOCKED OUT! "GOD WORKS") assigned, prepared and pre-packaged for us from eternity past (Eph 2:10+). The crucial question is this -- "Have I entered into the good works which God prepared beforehand or am I basically doing "my own thing" in Christian service? Do I have confidence that God has "sent" me into the fields in which I am now working? This is a serious consideration, for "our works" will be burned up at the Judgment Seat (2 Cor 5:10+, 1 Cor 3:12-15), but God's works which He is working through us by His Spirit will endure forever. Jesus emphasized this principle when He declared to His disciples (and we are now His disciples as believers) "I appointed you that you would go (cf "SENT") and bear fruit, and (WHAT IS HIS DESIRE FOR THAT FRUIT?) that your fruit would remain." (John 15:16) NET NOTE - John the Baptist's testimony seems to take place over 3 days: day 1, John's testimony about his own role is largely negative (John 1:19–28); day 2, John gives positive testimony about who Jesus is (John 1:29–34); day 3, John sends his own disciples to follow Jesus (John 1:35–40). Bennema observes that "It is important that a witness testifies about Jesus and does not remain silent. The Fourth Gospel mentions the “fear of the Jews” as a major factor that prevents people from testifying (John 7:13; 9:22; 12:42; 19:38; 20:19) (ED: WHAT A CONTRAST WITH "PERFECT LOVE" THAT CASTS OUT ALL FEAR! - 1 Jn 4:18+). How does John fare? John 1:19–28 contains John’s testimony before the religious authorities." (The Character of John in the Fourth Gospel - JETS) THOUGHT - It follows that John the Baptist was not fearful but bold in his declaration. While the text does not specifically tell us we can deduce that John the Baptist was filled with the Holy Spirit (though not in the same permanent way as was true of all believers in Jesus after Pentecost) for Luke records "he will be great in the sight of the Lord; and he will drink no wine or liquor, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit while yet in his mother’s womb." (Lk 1:15+, cf Lk 1:41+ of John's mother and Lk 1:67+ of John's father). The book of Acts clearly associates being filled with the Spirit and fearless boldness, the best example being Peter who was filled (Acts 2:4+, cp Acts 4:31+) with the Spirit Who transformed him from Peter the denier to Peter the confessor of Christ (Acts 2:14+)! That's the same type of Spirit enabled boldness that "supercharged" John the Baptist! And beloved, that same supernatural power is available to us today so that we too might boldly proclaim that Jesus is the Christ, the Jewish Messiah, the Savior of the world (John 4:42+, 1 Jn 4:14+). . Brian Bell - We see a 3-fold purpose for John’s Testimony: 1. To fulfill the prophecy of Isaiah 40:3. 2. To call people to repentance. 3. To draw people’s attention toward Jesus. John earlier explained: He was the lamp but not the light, a wick but not the flame! He was simply a beggar telling other beggars where to find bread! 2. Illustration: We all have different lamps in our home, desk lamps, chandeliers; some fancy, some pretty, some plain(white porcelain, keyless). The important thing though is the light not the lamp. It’s the glow of the bulb that lights the room, not the shine of the brass. QUESTION - Are you exhibiting Jesus in your life, or do people only see you, the lamp? QUESTION: Is light radiating from your life, or is it blocked by a bulky lampshade of sin? (Sermon) When the Jews (ioudaios) sent (apostello) to him priests (hiereus) and Levites from Jerusalem - This interrogation episode is not mentioned in the Synoptic Gospels. As alluded to earlier “the Jews,” occurs some 71 times in John compared to only 17 total in the three synoptic Gospels and often portrays the Jews in their hostility and rejection of Jesus. Regarding Levites both of John's parents were from the tribe of Levi. John could have passed on God's call on his life and served in his father's footsteps and lived comfortably non-confrontationally as a priest! He choose God's will for his life and throughout eternity will never regret it despite losing his head on a platter! THOUGHT - Perhaps you have clearly heard God's call for your life but you also have a more comfortable, lucrative option available. Beware! I know a young man (he would be middle aged by now) who had a call on his life to preach BUT also had the financial opportunity of a lifetime to work in the early years with Dell computer. He chose the latter path he and probably like most of those who chose that path became what we affectionately (with a tinge of envy) call the "Dell-ionaires," because most of these individuals became incredibly wealthy. Funny thing is I never heard from that young man once he chose the secular path. Ultimately, God's will for our life is always the most "lucrative" in terms of the eternal measurement! Don't be fooled by the lure of the dollar and miss God's call on your life! F F Bruce - “Here for the first time we come upon the use of the term ‘the Jews’ in this Gospel to denote not the people as a whole but one particular group – here, the religious establishment in Jerusalem (cf Jn 9:22 where they feared "the Jews" the powerful religious establishment).” Undoubtedly the religious hierarchy was perturbed (perhaps a euphemism) at John's "star power" or "drawing power" for "Jerusalem was going out to him, and all Judea and all the district around the Jordan." (Mt 3:5) Jerusalem was the religious center of the nation. This is the first use (of 70 uses) of Jews in this Gospel and here refers not to the people group as whole but to the Jewish religious leaders. John tells us "Now they had been sent from the Pharisees." (John 1:24) So the Jews here refers primarily to the Pharisees, who would prove to be the archenemy of Jesus! And so clearly the Jews did not send these religious representatives to be "friends" with John, but to check out whether he was a threat to their authority and power. THOUGHT - Isn't it amazing that the attacks on true servants of God come not from the secular crowd but from the religious ranks? Some things never change! The most vicious attacks I have experienced have been from the "religious hierarchy" and doubtless that has been the experience of many of you reading these notes. It is sad, but true! Notice the irony - A God sent man interrogated by men sent by men. This is not a fair fight (as they say) for we know three things were true of the person sent from God - (1) He belongs to God, Who has sent him out. (2) He is commissioned to be sent out. (3) He possesses all the authority and power of God, Who has sent him out. John is God's appointed witness to His Son Jesus. How important is this truth of a witness? It is extremely important and thus "The Fourth Gospel gives special attention to eyewitnesses— those who have seen and heard Jesus and can give a first-hand testimony. John is one such eyewitness but there are others: the Samaritan woman testifies to her kinfolk (Jn 4:28–29); the man born blind testifies before the hostile Jewish authorities (Jn 9:13–17, 24–34); Mary Magdalene, the first eyewitness to Jesus’ resurrection, testifies to the disciples (Jn 20:11–18); the disciples are appointed to testify before the hostile world because they have been eyewitnesses from the beginning (Jn 15:18–27); finally, the Fourth Gospel is commended to the reader as a trustworthy account of Jesus’ life since it is based on the eyewitness testimony of the beloved disciple (JOHN - see below)." (Bennema) John 19:35+ And he (JOHN THE APOSTLE) who has seen has testified, and his testimony is true; and he knows that he is telling the truth, (WHY IS THIS SO IMPORTANT?) so that you also may believe. John 21:24+ This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and wrote these things, and we know that his testimony is true. Leon
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Cole adds that "Some think that (LAMB OF GOD) was referring to the Passover lamb, whose blood spared the Israelites from the loss of their firstborn (John connects Jesus with the Passover lamb in John 19:36). It could refer to the lambs that were offered as morning and evening sacrifices at the temple (Ex 29:36-42+). Others say that it refers to the lamb of Isaiah 53:7, who died to bear the sin of many (see Isa. 53:3-12+). Or, it could refer to the lamb that God provided as a substitute so that Abraham did not have to sacrifice his “only” son Isaac (Gen. 22:7-13). Leon Morris is probably correct when he states (BORROW The Gospel according to John : NICNT p. 147), “He used an expression which cannot be confined to any one view. He is making a general allusion to sacrifice.” He adds (p. 148), “All that the ancient sacrifices foreshadowed was perfectly fulfilled in the sacrifice of Christ. J. C. Ryle (Expository Thoughts on the Gospels [Baker], 3:55) wrote, “It meant that Christ was the great sacrifice for sin, who was come to make atonement for transgression by His own death upon the cross.” He adds (3:57), “He is describing our Lord’s official character as the great propitiation for sin.”" Guzik on Lamb of God - The Lamb of God: John used the image of the sacrificial lamb, represented many times in the Old Testament. Jesus is the perfect fulfillment of every time that image is displayed. He is the lamb slain before the foundation of the world. He is the animal slain in the Garden of Eden to cover the nakedness of the first sinners. He is the lamb God would Himself provide for Abraham as a substitute for Isaac. He is the Passover lamb for Israel. He is the lamb for the guilt offering in the Levitical sacrifices. He is Isaiah’s lamb to the slaughter, ready to be shorn Each of these lambs fulfilled their role in their death; this was an announcement that Jesus would die, and as a sacrifice for the sin of the world. The power of the Word of God in John 1:29 - George Cutting, British author and soul-winner, was bicycling one day through a certain English village when he felt impressed to shout out the words, “Behold! the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!” No sooner had he spoken those syllables when he suddenly felt he should repeat them. A half-year passed, and Cutting returned to evangelize door-to-door in the area. When a woman came to the door of one cottage, Cutting asked if she was saved. “Oh yes!” she exclaimed. “Six months ago I was in great distress about the salvation of my soul. I pleaded for God’s help. Then a voice cried, ‘Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!’ I asked God to repeat what he had said, and the voice came again.” A similar, better-known incident happened in the ministry of Charles H. Spurgeon. He was invited to preach in London’s Crystal Palace (see original picture) on the “Day of National Humiliation.” The meeting was described as “the largest ever addressed by a preacher of the gospel in Europe or the world.” Several days before the service, Spurgeon went to the Crystal Palace to walk around the platform, gaze over the empty seats, and test the acoustics. He stepped to the podium, raised his voice, and shouted the words, “Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world.” Unknown to him, his words wafted through the hall and up into the rafters where a workman, busy in the upper galleries, heard them as though spoken from heaven. He was immediately smitten with conviction of sin and put down his tools, went home, and sought for Christ until he found Him. (From this Verse - Robert Morgan) The Lamb of God - John does not say Behold me. "John doesn’t say, “Look at me! I’m a great prophet!” He doesn’t say, “Look at your good works; they will save you.” He doesn’t say, “Look at your religious rituals; they will put you in good stead on judgment day.” He doesn’t say, “Look at your religious heritage or your church attendance.” He says, “Look to the Lamb of God!” Jesus saves sinners who look in faith to Him." (Cole) In using this phrase, John described Jesus by the name Lamb, an animal which was recognized by all Jews as one used in the Temple sacrifices and in the celebration of Passover. It was as if John was saying behold the "Sacrifice." The implication is that John understood in some way that Jesus had come to die a sacrificial death. How John came to have this understanding is not clear. Of course, ultimately the Spirit of Truth (Jn 14:17, 15:26, 16:13; cf "illumination") opened the eyes of John's heart to "see" this spiritual truth. And surely John was familiar with the Old Testament and so would have some understanding of the metaphorical descriptions of coming Messiah depicted as a "lamb. He would also have understood there were passages that described a "Suffering Messiah," (see some of these passages below) a teaching that was not popular among most of the Jews of John's day who were looking for a "Conquering Messiah." (See the Jewish Tradition of Two Messiahs - very informative 34 page booklet) One other point to note is the definite article ("the", the Greek article "ho") precedes Lamb, . You may be asking "So what?" The importance is that the definite article preceding "Lamb" signifies that Jesus is THE UNIQUE Lamb, THE "ONE and ONLY" Lamb, that He is distinct and different and is not like other lambs Jews had been sacrifices for centuries. Hebrews 10:4+ explains why stating that "it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins." Only the blood of THE Lamb can take away the sin of the world! And do not miss the phrase of God which conveys the truth that Jesus' coming is not an accident, but is God-ordained as the Gift to the world of His only Son, His beloved Son, as the sacrificial offering for the sin of the world (John 3:16+). Titles of Jesus in John 1 Lamb of God - John 1:29 Rabbi - John 1:38, 49 Messiah - John 1:41 Son of God - John 1:34, 49 King of Israel - John 1:49 Son of Man - John 1:51 Jesus of Nazareth - John 1:45 Steven Cole notes that John 1:29 "is so familiar that it doesn’t shock us, but it should. That was a radical thing for John to say about a young Galilean carpenter to a bunch of Jewish people who for centuries had offered their sacrificial lambs at the temple! “This man is the One Whom God has sent to be what all of those thousands of lambs over hundreds of years have symbolized! And He is not only the Lamb that God sent for Israel, but also for the whole world!” John
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Cole writes that Rabbi, where are You staying? "seems like an odd reply to Jesus’ question. Probably they wanted more time with Him than a roadside talk would provide (Leon Morris, BORROW The Gospel according to John : NICNT p. 156). John Calvin (Calvin’s Commentaries [Baker], p. 71) saw in their reply the lesson that “we ought not to be satisfied with a mere passing look, but that we ought to seek his dwelling, that he may receive us as guests.” He explains, “For there are very many who smell the gospel at a distance only, and thus allow Christ suddenly to disappear, and all that they have learned concerning him to pass away.” The point is, if you have met Christ as your Savior, then you’ll want to spend more time with Him to learn more about Him. It was only after Andr and John spent that evening with the Lord that they became witnesses to the others." (which translated means Teacher) - John frequently adds parenthetical explanations like this one or as
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Cole - You may wonder how the disciples knew at this early stage that Jesus was the promised Messiah when the Synoptic Gospels indicate that they didn’t seem to understand truly who He was until much later. It wasn’t until Matthew 16:16 when Peter confessed, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” But here Andrew is proclaiming Jesus as the Christ from the outset. The answer is probably that the disciples, like many in that day, were looking for the Messiah. But they had a different idea of what that Messiah would be and what He would do for them than what Jesus came to do (Morris, p. 160). You’ll recall that even right after Peter gave his great confession of Jesus as the Christ, he rebuked Jesus for saying that He was going to be killed and raised up on the third day (Matt. 16:21-23). That didn’t fit with Peter’s expectation of the Messiah as a conquering King whose rule would usher in a golden age for Israel. The disciples had to learn that He was the suffering servant of Isaiah 53+ before He would return as the King over the nations (Rev. 19:11-16+). NET NOTE - Naturally part of Andrew’s concept of the Messiah would have been learned from John the Baptist (Jn 1:40). However, there were a number of different messianic expectations in 1st century Palestine (cf “Who are you?” in Jn 1:19+), and it would be wrong to assume that what Andrew meant here is the same thing the author means in the purpose statement at the end of the Fourth Gospel, Jn 20:31+. The issue here is not whether the disciples’ initial faith in Jesus as Messiah was genuine or not, but whether their concept of Who Jesus was grew and developed progressively as they spent time following Him, until finally after His resurrection it is affirmed in the climactic statement of John’s Gospel, the affirmation of Thomas in Jn 20:28. Concerning the Christ, the term christos was originally an adjective (“anointed”), developing in LXX into a substantive (“an anointed one”), then developing still further into a technical generic term (“the anointed one”). In the intertestamental period it developed further into a technical term referring to the hoped-for Anointed One, that is, a specific individual. In the NT the development (of CHRISTOS) starts there (technical-specific), is so used in the Gospels, and then develops in Paul to mean virtually Jesus’ last name. While it was likely that the disciples were familiar with the OT, we cannot know for certain whether they had read and understood Messianic prophecies like Daniel 9 which prophesied the time when the Messiah would come to Israel and would be "cut off" (crucified). It is certainly possible that Jesus opened their eyes to understand these passages as they stayed with Him. So you are to know and discern that from the issuing of a decree to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until Messiah (mashiach; Lxx = Christos) the Prince there will be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks; it will be built again, with plaza and moat, even in times of distress. 26 “Then after the sixty-two weeks the Messiah (mashiach; Aramaic = Meshiha; Lxx = Christos) will be cut off and have nothing, and the people of the prince who is to come will destroy the city and the sanctuary. And its end will come with a flood; even to the end there will be war; desolations are determined. (Da 9:25,26+) We also know that Messianic expectations were running high at this time, Luke 3:15+ recording Now while the people were in a state of expectation and all were wondering in their hearts about John, as to whether he was the Christ (THE MESSIAH) We learn later in John's Gospel that even the Samaritan woman had some understanding of the Messiah declaring... “I know that Messiah (messias) is coming (He who is called Christ [Christos])); when that One comes, He will declare all things to us." John 4:25+ Comment - Note that John's parenthetical statement demonstrates that Christ was synonymous with Messiah in the eyes of the Jews in the time of Jesus. A number of English translations therefore often translate Christos as Messiah. For more discussion on Messiah as the Coming One see see Messianic Expectations. In summary three English terms are virtually synonymous -- MESSIAH = THE ANOINTED ONE = THE CHRIST In the Old Testament three major groups were anointed for consecrated (set apart) service - kings, priests and prophets. Jesus fulfilled all three offices - Prophet (Dt 18:15, 18), Priest (Heb 4:14+), and King (Rev 19:16+, Rev 17:14+). Found (2147)(heurisko) means to find after searching and so to discover (Mt 7:7), to find accidentally or without seeking (Mt 12:44), to experience for oneself and to to obtain or procure (He 9:12). Figuratively, heurisko speaks of a spiritual or intellectual discovery gained through observation = reflection, perception, investigation (Ro 7:21). Because heurisko is such a common verb and has various meanings, always examine the context to help you discern the most appropriate definition. THOUGHT - Eureka is an exclamation of triumph on discovering or solving something and literally means"I have found (it)" (first person singular perfect indicative active of the verb heurisko) and was supposedly exclaimed by Archimedes upon discovering how to measure the volume of an irregular solid and thereby determine the purity of a gold object. In John chapter 1 Andrew and John in effect shouted "Eureka" as if they had struck "pure gold" for they had discovered someone infinitely more precious, the "Pure God," the Messiah, the Son of God. Men search for gold which too often blinds them to their more important need which is to search for God. Have you discovered the "Pure God" or are you still vainly searching for pure gold? The former search will end in everlasting bliss in Heaven, while the latter will end in eternal punishment in Hell. May the words of Jeremiah reflect the desire of your heart dear reader "'And you will seek Me and find Me, when you search for Me with all your heart." (Jeremiah 29:13). Ponder the words of Jesus regarding the verb found (heurisko) Mt 13:44-46+ The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure hidden in the field, which a man found (heurisko) and hid again; and from joy over it he goes and sells all that he has and buys that field. 45 “Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant seeking fine pearls, 46 and upon finding (heurisko) one pearl of great value, he went and sold all that he had and bought it. Messiah (3323)(messias) is the Hellenized transliteration of mashiach/masiah and means a consecrated or anointed one. Messias is a masculine proper noun which corresponds to the Greek word Christos, Christ. Messias is used only twice in the NT (not at all in the Septuagint) both uses illustrating the correspondence of Messias and Christos - here and John 4:25 quoted above. In passages where the Hebrew mashiach is used it is translated with Christos,.(e.g. 1 Sa. 16:6; 2 Sa. 1:14). Christ (Anointed One) (5547)(Christos from chrio = to rub or anoint, consecrate to an office) properly is an adjective not a noun meaning "anointed." It describes one who has been anointed with oil, one who has been consecrated. The majority of the NT uses refer to Jesus (exceptions = "false Christs" - Mt 24:24, Mk 13:22). Christos describes one who has been anointed, symbolizing appointment to a task. It is used here as the title "Anointed One" and is the Greek synonym for "Messiah." Christos is used in the Septuagint describing everyone anointed with the holy oil, especially the priesthood (Lev. 4:5+, Lev 4:16+) and it is also a name applied to those who were acting as redeemers like Cyrus.
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Cole - Jesus’ opening words to Peter must have been a bit jarring (1:42), “‘You are Simon the son of John; you shall be called Cephas’ (which is translated Peter).” How would you feel if the first words out of the mouth of someone you just met were to change your name? Peter may have thought, “I need to run for cover!” But there was something so captivating about Jesus that Peter submitted to Jesus’ agenda for his life. Jesus has that kind of authority and power. He begins with us right where we’re at, but He changes us into what He wants us to be. If I were Jesus and knew what He knew about Peter, I might have said, “Nice to meet you, Simon,” and left it at that. Jesus knew beforehand that Peter would fail Him miserably, but He also knew how He would change Peter into the bold apostle who preached on the Day of Pentecost when 3,000 were saved. In the same way, Jesus knows all about you and your future before you ever meet Him. He graciously begins with you in your immaturity and selfish reasons for following Him, but He gradually begins to teach you that following Him means denying yourself and taking up your cross (Matt. 16:24-27). He shows you how much you must suffer for His name’s sake (Acts 9:16+). We’ve seen that there is far more about Jesus than we can ever know. We begin with Him by trusting Him as our Lamb that God has provided to take away our sins. Jesus begins with us where we’re at, but He begins to change us into what He wants us to be. You shall be called Cephas (kephas) (which is translated [hermeneuo] Peter [petros]) - Cephas is Aramaic so John translates it for us as "Peter." In a sense this is a prophecy and clearly implies that Simon was destined to be a follower/disciple of Jesus. Simon is now, but he would become a "rock" in the future (both Cephas and Peter mean "rock"). Charles Swindoll has an interesting practical comment - John’s narrative never fully explains the significance of this encounter (PETER MEETING JESUS) or the reason for the changed name. We can observe Peter’s character and then speculate based on his transformation, but one guess is as good as another. This, however, is certain: Jesus saw people not as what they were, but as who they would ultimately become. And the same is true today—for you and for me. (SEE Insights on John ) (Bolding added) Mattoon - This passage shows how Jesus looks at men. Jesus not only sees a man as he is, but also what he will become and what is his potential. The Lord Jesus Christ not only sees the actualities in a man, but also the possibilities. NET NOTE on which is translated Peter - "This is a parenthetical note by the author. The change of name from Simon to Cephas is indicative of the future role he will play. Only John among the Gospel writers gives the Greek transliteration (Kēphas) of Simon’s new name, Qéphâ (which is Galilean Aramaic). Neither Petros in Greek nor Qéphâ in Aramaic is a normal proper name; it is more like a nickname." Cephas (2786) (Kēphás) means rock and is the Aramaic surname Jesus gave to Peter. Simon (4613) in the Greek is rendered Pétros (4074) the masculine form of petra (a massive rock), which means stone, usually a large stone or piece of a rock which one might throw. Cephas - 9v - Jn. 1:42; 1 Co. 1:12; 1 Co. 3:22; 1 Co. 9:5; 1 Co. 15:5; Gal. 1:18; Gal. 2:9; Gal. 2:11; Gal. 2:14 Easton's Bible Dictionary Cephas Holman Bible Dictionary Cephas Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Cephas Hastings' Dictionary of the NT Cephas Translated (interpret) (2059)(hermeneuo [noun = hermeneia] which some say is from Hermes the pagan god of language - our English Hermeneutics - study or science of interpretation of Scripture) (see ISBE Article) means to interpret, to explain in words (expound) or to translate what has been spoken or written in a foreign language. The idea in some contexts is to help someone understand a subject or matter by making it plain. In the present context the idea is the rendering of words in a different language (which also makes them understandable). Peter (4074)(petros; Latin = Petrus) is a masculine proper noun which means a "stone" and generally a smaller stone than the feminine form petra which refers to a massive rock or a foundation boulder (eg Mt 7:24+). Peter is the Greek equivalent of the Syriac or Aramaic name Cephas (Kephas from Aramaic kay fah) which was assigned to Simon by Jesus. In classical Greek the word means a piece of rock, as in Homer, of Ajax throwing a stone at Hector (“Iliad,” vii., 270), or of Patroclus grasping and hiding in his hand a jagged stone (“Iliad,” xvi., 734). Peter is found 155x in 150v in the NT. Holman Bible Dictionary - Personal name meaning, “Rock.” Four names are used in the New Testament to refer to Peter: the Hebrew name Simeon ( Acts 15:14 ); the Greek equivalent Simon (nearly fifty times in the Gospels and Acts); Cephas , most frequently used by Paul (1 Corinthians 1:12 ; 1 Corinthians 3:22 ; 1 Corinthians 9:5 ; 1 Corinthians 15:5 ; Galatians 1:18 ; Galatians 2:9 ,Galatians 2:9,2:11 ,Galatians 2:11,2:14 ) and occurring only once outside his writings (John 1:42 ). Cephas and Peter both mean rock . Simon is often found in combination with Peter , reminding the reader that Simon was the earlier name and that Peter was a name given later by Jesus. The name Peter dominates the New Testament usage. Easton's Bible Dictionary Peter Fausset Bible Dictionary Peter Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Peter Hastings' Dictionary of the NT Simon Peter Peter Whyte's Bible Characters Peter Kitto Biblical Cyclopedia Peter Simon (4613)(Simon) is a Greek form of the Hebrew name Simeon (from Hebrew shama = to hear.) and was a proper name common in Jesus' day. It is associated with 9 individuals in the Bible - 1. Simon Peter = Cephas Mt 4:18; Mk 1:16; Lk 4:38 and often. See Pe,troj.—2. Simon, another of the 12 disciples, called Simon (the Canaanite) the Zealot, Mt. 10:4; Mt 10:4; Mk 3:18 Lk 6:15; Acts 1:13 .—3. name of a brother of Jesus Mt 13:55; Mk 6:3.—4. Simon of Cyrene, who carried Jesus’ cross Mt 27:32; Mk 15:21; Lk 23:26.—5. father of Judas Iscariot Jn 6:71; 12:4 26 .—6. Simon the leper Mt 26:6; Mk 14:3.—7. Simon the Pharisee Lk 7:40, 43f.—8. Simon the tanner in Joppa Ac 9:43 ; 10:6, 17, 32b.—9. Simon the magician Ac 8:9, 13, 18, 24 Simon - 76x in 70v - Simon(71), Simon Simon(1), Simon's(5). Matt. 4:18; Matt. 10:2; Matt. 10:4; Matt. 13:55; Matt. 16:16; Matt. 16:17; Matt. 17:25; Matt. 26:6; Matt. 27:32; Mk. 1:16; Mk. 1:29; Mk. 1:30; Mk. 1:36; Mk. 3:16; Mk. 3:18; Mk. 6:3; Mk. 14:3; Mk. 14:37; Mk. 15:21; Lk. 4:38; Lk. 5:3; Lk. 5:4; Lk. 5:5; Lk. 5:8; Lk. 5:10; Lk. 6:14; Lk. 6:15; Lk. 7:40; Lk. 7:43; Lk. 7:44; Lk. 22:31; Lk. 23:26; Lk. 24:34; Jn. 1:40; Jn. 1:41; Jn. 1:42; Jn. 6:8; Jn. 6:68; Jn. 6:71; Jn. 13:2; Jn. 13:6; Jn. 13:9; Jn. 13:24; Jn. 13:26; Jn. 13:36; Jn. 18:10; Jn. 18:15; Jn. 18:25; Jn. 20:2; Jn. 20:6; Jn. 21:2; Jn. 21:3; Jn. 21:7; Jn. 21:11; Jn. 21:15; Jn. 21:16; Jn. 21:17; Acts 1:13; Acts 8:9; Acts 8:13; Acts 8:18; Acts 8:24; Acts 9:43; Acts 10:5; Acts 10:6; Acts 10:17; Acts 10:18; Acts 10:32; Acts 11:13; 2 Pet. 1:1 Fausset Bible Dictionary Simon Holman Bible Dictionary Simon Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Simon Hastings' Dictionary of the NTSimon QUESTION - Who was Peter in the Bible? - GOTQUESTIONS.ORG ANSWER - Simon Peter, also known as Cephas (John 1:42), was one of the first followers of Jesus Christ. He was an outspoken and ardent disciple, one of Jesus’ closest friends, an apostle, and a “pillar” of the church (Galatians 2:9). Peter was enthusiastic, strong-willed, impulsive, and, at times, brash. But for all his strengths, Peter had several failings in his life. Still, the Lord who chose him continued to mold him into exactly who He intended Peter to be. Simon was originally from Bethsaida (John 1:44) and lived in Capernaum (Mark 1:29), both cities on the coast of the Sea of Galilee. He was married (1 Corinthians 9:5), and he and James and John were partners in a profitable fishing business (Luke 5:10). Simon met Jesus through his brother Andrew, who had followed Jesus after hearing John the Baptist proclaim that Jesus was the Lamb of God (John 1:35-36). Andrew immediately went to find his brother to bring him to Jesus. Upon meeting Simon, Jesus gave him a new name: Cephas (Aramaic) or Peter (Greek), which means “rock” (John 1:40-42). Later, Jesus officially called Peter to follow Him, producing a miraculous catch of fish (Luke 5:1-7). Immediately, Peter left everything behind to follow the Lord (verse 11). For the next three years, Peter lived as a disciple of the Lord Jesus. Being a natural-born leader, Peter became the de facto spokesman for the Twelve (Matthew 15:15, 18:21, 19:27; Mark 11:21; Luke 8:45, 12:41; John 6:68, 13:6-9, 36). More significantly, it was Peter who first confessed Jesus as “the Christ, the Son of the living God,” a truth which Jesus said was divinely revealed to Peter (Matthew 16:16-17). Peter was part of the inner circle of Jesus’ disciples, along with James and John. Only those three were present when Jesus raised the daughter of Jairus (Mark 5:37) and when Jesus was transfigured on the mountain (Matthew 17:1). Peter and John were given the special task of preparing the final Passover meal (Luke 22:8). In several instances, Peter showed himself to be impetuous to the point of rashness. For example, it was Peter who left the boat to walk on the water to Jesus (Matthew 14:28-29)—and promptly took his eyes off Jesus and began to sink (verse 30). It was Peter who took Jesus aside to rebuke Him for speaking of His death (Matthew 16:22)—and was swiftly corrected by the Lord (verse 23). It was Peter who suggested erecting three tabernacles to honor Moses, Elijah, and Jesus (Matthew 17:4)—and fell to the ground in fearful silence at God’s glory (verses 5-6). It was Peter who drew his sword and attacked the servant of the high priest (John 18:10)—and was immediately told to sheath his weapon (verse 11). It was Peter who boasted that he would never forsake the Lord, even if everyone else did (Matthew 26:33)—and later denied three times that he even knew the Lord (verses 70-74). Through all of Peter’s ups and downs, the Lord Jesus remained his loving Lord and faithful Guide. Jesus reaffirmed Simon as Peter, the “Rock,” in Matthew 16:18-19, promising that he would be instrumental in establishing Jesus’ Church. After His resurrection, Jesus specifically named Peter as one who needed to hear the good news (Mark 16:7). And, repeating the miracle of the large catch of fish, Jesus made a special point of forgiving and restoring Peter and re-commissioning him as an apostle (John 21:6, 15-17). On the day of Pentecost, Peter was the main speaker to the crowd in Jerusalem (Acts 2:14ff), and the Church began with an influx of about 3,000 new believers (verse 41). Later, Peter healed a lame beggar (Acts 3) and preached boldly before the Sanhedrin (Acts 4). Even arrest, beatings, and threats could not dampen Peter’s resolve to preach the risen Christ (Acts 5). Jesus’ promise that Peter would be foundational in building the Church was fulfilled in three stages: Peter preached on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2). Then, he was present when the Samaritans received the Holy Spirit (Acts 8). Finally, he was summoned to the home of the Roman centurion Cornelius, who also believed and received the Holy Spirit (Acts 10). In this way, Peter “unlocked” three different worlds and opened the door of the Church to Jews, Samaritans, and Gentiles. Even as an apostle, Peter experienced some growing pains. At first, he had resisted taking the gospel to Cornelius, a Gentile. However, when he saw the Romans receive the Holy Spirit in the same manner he had, Peter concluded that “God does not show favoritism” (Acts 10:34). After that, Peter strongly defended the Gentiles’ position as believers and was adamant that they did not need to conform to Jewish law (Acts 15:7-11). Another episode of growth in Peter’s life concerns his visit to Antioch, where he enjoyed the fellowship of Gentile believers. However, when some legalistic Jews arrived in Antioch, Peter, to appease them, withdrew from the Gentile Christians. The Apostle Paul saw this as hypocrisy and called it such to Peter’s face (Galatians 2:11-14). Later in life, Peter spent time with John Mark (1 Peter 5:13), who wrote the gospel of Mark based on Peter’s remembrances of his time with Jesus. Peter wrote two inspired epistles, 1 and 2 Peter, between A.D. 60 and 68. Jesus said that Peter would die a martyr’s death (John 21:18-19)—a prophecy fulfilled, presumably, during Nero’s reign. Tradition has it that Peter was crucified upside down in Rome, and, although such the story may be true, there is no scriptural or historical witness to the particulars of Peter’s death. What can we learn from Peter’s life? Here are a few lessons: Jesus overcomes fear. Whether stepping out of a boat onto a tossing sea or stepping across the threshold of a Gentile home for the first time, Peter found courage in following Christ. “There is no fear in love. But perfect love drives out fear” (1 John 4:18). Jesus forgives unfaithfulness. After he had boasted of his fidelity, Peter fervently denied the Lord three times. It seemed that Peter had burned his bridges, but Jesus lovingly rebuilt them and restored Peter to service. Peter was a former failure, but, with Jesus, failure is not the end. “If we are faithless, he will remain faithful, for he cannot disown himself” (2 Timothy 2:13). Jesus patiently teaches. Over and over, Peter needed correction, and the Lord gave it with patience, firmness, and love. The Master Teacher looks for students willing to learn. “I will instruct you and teach you in the way you should go” (Psalm 32:8). Jesus sees us as He intends us to be. The very first time they met, Jesus called Simon “Peter.” The rough and reckless fisherman was, in Jesus’ eyes, a firm and faithful rock. “He who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion” (Philippians 1:6). Jesus uses unlikely heroes. Peter was a fisherman from Galilee, but Jesus called him to be a fisher of men (Luke 5:10). Because Peter was willing to leave all he had to follow Jesus, God used him in great ways. As Peter preached, people were amazed at his boldness because he was “unschooled” and “ordinary.” But then they took note that Peter “had been with Jesus” (Acts 4:13). Being with Jesus makes all the difference. John 1:43 The next day He purposed to go into Galilee, and He found Philip. And Jesus said to him, "Follow Me." BGT John 1:43 Τῇ ἐπαύριον ἠθέλησεν ἐξελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν καὶ εὑρίσκει Φίλιππον. καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· ἀκολούθει μοι. NET John 1:43 On the next day Jesus wanted to set out for Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, "Follow me." NLT John 1:43 The next day Jesus decided to go to Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, "Come, follow me." ESV John 1:43 The next day Jesus decided to go to Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, "Follow me." NIV John 1:43 The next day Jesus decided to leave for Galilee. Finding Philip, he said to him, "Follow me." GNT John 1:43 Τῇ ἐπαύριον ἠθέλησεν ἐξελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν καὶ εὑρίσκει Φίλιππον. καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς, Ἀκολούθει μοι. KJV John 1:43 The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. YLT John 1:43 On the morrow, he willed to go forth to Galilee, and he findeth Philip, and saith to him, 'Be following me.' ASV John 1:43 On the morrow he was minded to go forth into Galilee, and he findeth Philip: and Jesus saith unto him, Follow me. CSB John 1:43 The next day He decided to leave for Galilee. Jesus found Philip and told him, "Follow Me!" NKJ John 1:43 The following day Jesus wanted to go to Galilee, and He found Philip and said to him, "Follow Me." NRS John 1:43 The next day Jesus decided to go to Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, "Follow me." NAB John 1:43 The next day he decided to go to Galilee, and he found Philip. And Jesus said to him, "Follow me." NJB John 1:43 The next day, after Jesus had decided to leave for Galilee, he met Philip and said, 'Follow me.' GWN John 1:43 The next day Jesus wanted to go to Galilee. He found Philip and told him, "Follow me!" He found Philip: Isa 65:1 Mt 4:18-21 9:9 Lu 19:10 Php 3:12 1Jn 4:19 John 1:43-45: Found by Jesus, and Finding Jesus - Spurgeon John 1 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries POSSIBLE LOCATION OF CANA IN GALILEE THE FOURTH DAY CALLING A DISCIPLE The next day He purposed (thelo - wanted, decided) to go into Galilee - A Deliberate Encounter - NET = "the next day Jesus wanted to set out for Galilee." This is the day after Andrew found Peter and Peter found Jesus. (Jn 1:41, 42) See discussion of days in note on Jn 1:35. For the next day go to John 2:1+ which therefore suggests Jesus purposed to leave the region of the Jordan River (where the Baptist was baptizing) and go into Galilee in order to attend the wedding in Cana (about a 2-3 day trip north) and perform His first sign in John's Gospel (Jn 2:11+). Stevenson - Whereas the previous day has spent at the place where Jesus was staying, this day sees Jesus going out with all deliberation. He has a purpose. He is not just aimlessly gathering disciples and wandering through the hills of Palestine. There is a determination present. There is a definite plan as He purposes to go into Galilee. There are some who tend to think that Christians ought never to make plans; that we ought to merely be like a soap bubble that blows in the wind. The Bible does not teach such a view. Jesus had a very specific plan and purpose in mind.
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Cole - We’re also told here (1:44) that Philip, Andrew, and Peter were all from Bethsaida. Calvin (p. 74) points out that this demonstrates God’s grace, since Jesus later pronounced judgment on the people of that city because they had rejected the witness of His miracles and had not repented of their sins (Matt. 11:21). But where sin abounded, God’s grace super-abounded. He chose these three disciples from that faithless city. NET NOTE on Bethsaida - Although the author thought of the town as in Galilee (Jn 12:21), Bethsaida technically was in Gaulanitis (Philip the Tetrarch’s territory) across from Herod’s Galilee. There may have been two places called Bethsaida (See commentary on Mark 6:45), or this may merely reflect popular imprecision—locally it was considered part of Galilee, even though it was just east of the Jordan river. This territory was heavily Gentile (which may explain why Andrew and Philip both have Gentile names). Easton's Bible Dictionary Bethsaida Fausset Bible Dictionary Bethsaida Holman Bible Dictionary Bethsaida Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Bethsaida Hastings' Dictionary of the NT Bethsaida International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Bethsaida Kitto Biblical Cyclopedia Bethsaida McClintock and Strong's Bible Encyclopedia Bethsaida The Jewish Encyclopedia Bethsaida NET Note on from Bethsaida - Probably apo indicates “originally from” in the sense of birthplace rather than current residence; Mark 1:21, 29 seems to locate the home of Andrew and Peter at Capernaum. The entire remark (v. 44) amounts to a parenthetical comment by the author. John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, "We have found Him of whom Moses in the Law and also the Prophets wrote--Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph." BGT John 1:45 εὑρίσκει Φίλιππος τὸν Ναθαναὴλ καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· ὃν ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ καὶ οἱ προφῆται εὑρήκαμεν, Ἰησοῦν υἱὸν τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ἀπὸ Ναζαρέτ. NET John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and told him, "We have found the one Moses wrote about in the law, and the prophets also wrote about– Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph." NLT John 1:45 Philip went to look for Nathanael and told him, "We have found the very person Moses and the prophets wrote about! His name is Jesus, the son of Joseph from Nazareth." ESV John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, "We have found him of whom Moses in the Law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph." NIV John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and told him, "We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law, and about whom the prophets also wrote--Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph." GNT John 1:45 εὑρίσκει Φίλιππος τὸν Ναθαναὴλ καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ, Ὃν ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ καὶ οἱ προφῆται εὑρήκαμεν, Ἰησοῦν υἱὸν τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ἀπὸ Ναζαρέτ. KJV John 1:45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. YLT John 1:45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith to him, 'Him of whom Moses wrote in the Law, and the prophets, we have found, Jesus the son of Joseph, who is from Nazareth;' ASV John 1:45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, wrote, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. CSB John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and told him, "We have found the One Moses wrote about in the Law (and so did the prophets): Jesus the son of Joseph, from Nazareth!" NKJ John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, "We have found Him of whom Moses in the law, and also the prophets, wrote-- Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph." NRS John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, "We have found him about whom Moses in the law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth." NAB John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and told him, "We have found the one about whom Moses wrote in the law, and also the prophets, Jesus, son of Joseph, from Nazareth." NJB John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, 'We have found him of whom Moses in the Law and the prophets wrote, Jesus son of Joseph, from Nazareth.' GWN John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and told him, "We have found the man whom Moses wrote about in his teachings and whom the prophets wrote about. He is Jesus, son of Joseph, from the city of Nazareth." Nathanael: Joh 21:2 of whom Moses in the Law: Lu 24:27,44 Joh 5:45,46 Ge 3:15 22:18 49:10 De 18:18-22 and also the Prophets wrote: Isa 4:2 7:14 9:6 53:2 Mic 5:2 Zec 6:12 9:9 Jesus of Nazareth: Joh 18:5,7 19:19 Mt 2:23 21:11 Mk 14:67 Lu 2:4 Ac 2:22 3:6 10:38 Ac 22:8 26:9 the son of Joseph Mt 13:55 Mk 6:3 Lu 4:22 John 1:45 Finding and Following Christ - Spurgeon John 1:45-51 Nathanael and the Fig Tree - Spurgeon John 1 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE ONE PROPHESIED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT Philip found (heurisko) Nathanael and said to him - Nathanael (means "God has given") is almost certainly the disciple named Bartholomew (see below), a Hebrew name—Bar Tolmai, son of Tolmai. It is interesting that just as the Synoptic Gospels never use the name Nathanael, John never uses the name Bartholomew. In support that Nathanael is Bartholomew is the fact that in the lists of the disciples/apostles, Bartholomew always follows Philip's name (Mt 10:3+, Mark 3:18+, Lk 6:14+). Found (heurisko) is a key verb in this section - first they say we have found the Messiah (Jn 1:41), the next day the Messiah found Philip (Jn 1:43) and then here in Jn 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and told him they had found the One Who the OT prophesied to be the Messiah! R C H
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Cole - Jesus instantly let Nathanael know that He knew him inside and out. He knew that Nathanael was a man without guile or deceit (1:47). He told it like he saw it. Jesus’ words to Nathanael are a play on Jacob’s name and character. Jacob was a deceiver, whose name was changed to Israel. Here, it’s as if Jesus is saying of Nathanael, “Look, Israel without a trace of Jacob left in him!” Stevenson - We would not be too far out of line in translating the words of Jesus: "Behold, an Israelite indeed, in whom is no Jacob!" R C H
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Cole - Nathanael is the first man in John’s gospel who is said to believe in Jesus and he is the first to receive a promise from Christ. His testimony teaches us that there are degrees of growth in coming to know Christ. Nathanael was already a student of the Scriptures, searching them to know who the Messiah would be (1:45). But he needed to meet Jesus in person. That meeting brought him to believe in Jesus as the Son of God and the King of Israel (1:49). But Jesus would reveal still more to Nathanael in the future. As we’ve seen, Jesus is far greater than any of us realized when we first came to believe in Him. So the Christian life is a wonderful relationship in which we come to know Jesus in a deeper and deeper way (Phil. 3:8-14). Believe (4100)(pisteuo) means to consider something to be true and therefore worthy of one’s trust. To accept as true, genuine, or real. To have a firm conviction as to the goodness, efficacy, or ability of something or someone. To consider to be true. To accept the word or evidence of. Pisteuo is a key word in the Gospel of John where it is found in 86 verses compared to only 32 verses in the synoptic Gospels and 50 verses in the Pauline epistles. Jn. 1:7; Jn. 1:12; Jn. 1:50; Jn. 2:11; Jn. 2:22; Jn. 2:23; Jn. 2:24; Jn. 3:12; Jn. 3:15; Jn. 3:16; Jn. 3:18; Jn. 3:36; Jn. 4:21; Jn. 4:39; Jn. 4:41; Jn. 4:42; Jn. 4:48; Jn. 4:50; Jn. 4:53; Jn. 5:24; Jn. 5:38; Jn. 5:44; Jn. 5:46; Jn. 5:47; Jn. 6:29; Jn. 6:30; Jn. 6:35; Jn. 6:36; Jn. 6:40; Jn. 6:47; Jn. 6:64; Jn. 6:69; Jn. 7:5; Jn. 7:31; Jn. 7:38; Jn. 7:39; Jn. 7:48; Jn. 8:24; Jn. 8:30; Jn. 8:31; Jn. 8:45; Jn. 8:46; Jn. 9:18; Jn. 9:35; Jn. 9:36; Jn. 9:38; Jn. 10:25; Jn. 10:26; Jn. 10:37; Jn. 10:38; Jn. 10:42; Jn. 11:15; Jn. 11:25; Jn. 11:26; Jn. 11:27; Jn. 11:40; Jn. 11:42; Jn. 11:45; Jn. 11:48; Jn. 12:11; Jn. 12:36; Jn. 12:37; Jn. 12:38; Jn. 12:39; Jn. 12:42; Jn. 12:44; Jn. 12:46; Jn. 13:19; Jn. 14:1; Jn. 14:10; Jn. 14:11; Jn. 14:12; Jn. 14:29; Jn. 16:9; Jn. 16:27; Jn. 16:30; Jn. 16:31; Jn. 17:8; Jn. 17:20; Jn. 17:21; Jn. 19:35; Jn. 20:8; Jn. 20:25; Jn. 20:29; Jn. 20:31+; Our Daily Homily - F B
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Cole writes that "John wants us to stand in awe of Jesus as God and as the One who reveals the unseen God to us, just as a word reveals an unseen thought. It is foundational to the Christian faith and crucial to your personal faith that you understand and embrace the truth that Jesus Christ is fully God. Bishop Moule once stated (source unknown), “A Savior not quite God is a bridge broken at the farther end.” John Mitchell put it (An Everlasting Love [Multnomah Press], pp. 13, 14), “If Jesus is not God, then we are sinners without a Savior… If Jesus were only a man, then He died for His own sins. And we are still in our sins. We have no hope.” In order to reconcile sinful people to the holy God, Jesus must be God in human flesh. John skillfully presents this in the prologue (1:1-18) of his Gospel. Colin Kruse (John [IVP Academic], pp. 59-60) points out: "The Prologue … introduces the main themes that are to appear throughout the Gospel: Jesus’ pre-existence (Jn 1:1a/ Jn 17:5), Jesus’ union with God (Jn 1:1c/Jn 8:58; 10:30; 20:28), the coming of life in Jesus (Jn 1:4a/Jn 5:26; 6:33; 10:10; 11:25-26; 14:6), the coming of light in Jesus (Jn 1:4b, 9/ Jn 3:19; 8:12; 12:46), the conflict between light and darkness (Jn 1:5, Jn 3:19; 8:12; 12:35, 46), believing in Jesus (Jn 1:7, 12, Jn 2:11; 3:16, 18, 36; 5:24; 6:69; 11:25; 14:1; 16:27; 17:21; 20:25), the rejection of Jesus (Jn 1:10c, 11, Jn 4:44; 7:1; 8:59; 10:31; 12:37-40; 15:18), divine regeneration (Jn 1:13, Jn 3:1-7), the glory of Jesus (Jn 1:14, Jn 12:41; 17:5, 22, 24), the grace and truth of God in Jesus (Jn 1:14, 17, Jn 4:24; 8:32; 14:6; 17:17; 18:38), Jesus and Moses/the law (Jn 1:17, Jn 1:45; 3:14; 5:46; 6:32; 7:19; 9:29), only Jesus has seen God (Jn 1:18, 6:46), and Jesus’ revelation of the Father (Jn 1:18, Jn 3:34; 8:19, 38; 12:49-50; 14:6-11; 17:8)." Kruse compares the Prologue in John to a foyer in a theater, where you can see various scenes from the drama that you are about to see inside. (John 1:1-5 Jesus: Revealer of God - his notes function like a commentary) Milne - John’s contention is that at the point where we reach the boundary of all human conceptualizing we have to begin our speaking about Jesus Christ; he shares God’s eternity; he was with God in the beginning (2). ‘If we ask the fundamental question of the philosopher, “Why is there not nothing?” the answer is that in the “beginning was the Word” ’. Although he lived within time as a human being he is not bound by time. He predates all existence; ‘there never was when he was not’ (Athanasius). However far back we set the beginning of things, and whatever model we employ to describe that origin, according to John, Jesus was present as the presiding Lord of that moment and event (cf. Ge 1:3). This truth has major implications for the way we conceive God. Since Jesus is the eternal Word of God (14), and since ‘I [Jesus] and the Father are one’ (Jn 10:30) and ‘Anyone who has seen me [Jesus] has seen the Father’ (Jn 14:9), God is always Jesus-like! ‘God is Christlike and in Him is no unChristlikeness at all’ (A. M. Ramsey). This is important for the way we read the Old Testament. The significance of this opening phrase of John is that the God who speaks in the Old Testament, who entered into covenant with his people Israel, and inspired and moved the prophets, was none other than the God known in Jesus Christ. God has not changed or evolved. Jesus Christ was always at the heart of God. (The Message of John Bible Speaks Today) (Bolding added) A W
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Cole - Whenever Scripture makes such a bold declaration of Jesus’ deity, you can be sure that the enemy will attack it. Virtually all heresies down through history to the present deny either the full deity or the true humanity of Jesus Christ. The heretic Arius and his modern disciples, the Jehovah’s Witnesses, argue that Jesus was not eternal; rather, He was the first created being. The Jehovah’s Witnesses base this in part on Paul’s statement (Col. 1:15), “He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation.” But if they would read the very next verse, Paul explains what he means by “the firstborn” (Jn 1:16-17): “For by Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether throne or dominions or rulers or authorities-all things have been created through Him and for Him. He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together.” If all things have been created through Him, then clearly He is not created. He is eternal. In our text, John emphasizes the same thing (Jn 1:3), “apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being.” Obviously, if Jesus is a created being, then He came into being and verse 3 is false. But John denies this and asserts that everything that had a beginning (that came into being) came into being through Jesus. He is eternal. There never was a time when the Word was not in existence. Jesus is eternal God! (John 1:1-5 Jesus: Revealer of God) If Jesus Christ shares the nature of God, we are called to worship Him without cessation, obey Him without hesitation, love Him without reservation and serve Him without interruption. To Him be all glory for ever - Milne Bruce Milne summarizes John 1:1 - What does this tremendous opening verse imply for our approach to Jesus Christ? 1. The finality of Christ. Jesus’ place in the being of God is changeless. For evermore he is the Son in and with the Father, and hence the one in whom God is made known to us. In our time pluralism is increasingly the order of the day. This has arisen partly as political and community leaders, struggling with nations and societies torn apart by religious division, attempt to achieve a new social concord through affording equal status to the various world faiths. In addition the communications revolution has made it increasingly difficult to maintain isolation, and religious intolerance appears in many eyes as almost the ultimate form of sin. Due to these developments Christians come under considerable pressure at times to water down the great historic distinctives of the Christian faith, such as the deity of Christ. Certainly bigotry is never to be encouraged, and respect for those of other persuasions is always appropriate, but we cannot compromise the uniqueness of the revelation of Jesus Christ merely for the sake of an often vague communal harmony. He alone is God come to us. No other can stand alongside him or take his place. The revelation in Jesus Christ is the final revelation. In acknowledging him lies the seeds of true community. 2. The mystery of Jesus Christ. Since Jesus Christ is one with God in his being, he shares in the infinity and limitlessness of God. This does not mean we cannot claim to know him, or assert certain final truths about him, but it means that we do not have an exhaustive knowledge of him. This is John’s concern as his gospel closes (cf. Jn 20:30; 21:25) and it is implicit from the very first verse. We therefore know him, and yet there is always more to know, more to experience. This is why worship is fundamental to understanding, and why love and knowledge are inseparable. 3. The centrality of Jesus Christ. Because Jesus Christ is God himself come to us, he must always be in the centre of our approach to God, our thinking about God, and our relating to God (Jn 14:6). 4. The supremacy of Jesus Christ. If Jesus Christ shares the nature of God, we are called to worship Him without cessation, obey Him without hesitation, love Him without reservation and serve Him without interruption. To Him be all glory for ever. (Ibid) JESUS IS GOD THE EGO EIMI The argument of skeptics one often hears is that Jesus never claimed to be God. Let's look at several instances where Jesus clearly claimed to be God. Specifically, let's look His claim to be "I Am" which is known affectionately in Greek as the "Ego Eimi" (Spell it out for them). Ego of course is "I" and eimi is the simple verb meaning "to be" and is the usual word for existence. Eimi is in the present tense and so what Jesus is saying is "I continually exist." In fact the idea is that when Jesus used this description He was saying in essence "I am eternally self-existent!" And so for example in John 8:58 (addressing a group of Jews who had supposedly "believed" in Him earlier in John 8:30), He declared "Truly, truly (Amen, Amen), I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am (ego eimi) He (where "He" is not in the Greek but added by the translators. More literally He said "I Am")." And guess what response He solicited from this group of Jews? John records in Jn 8:59 "Therefore they picked up stones to throw at Him, but Jesus hid Himself and went out of the temple." Why did this group of Jews who had professed belief in Jesus some 28 verses earlier now seek to stone Him to death? To answer that question let's turn to Exodus 3 which is Moses' famous "Burning Bush encounter" where God is giving him instructions to go and rescue His chosen people Israel from bondage in Egypt, to which Moses responds in Exodus 3:13 "Behold, I am going to the sons of Israel, and I will say to them, 'The God of your fathers has sent me to you.' Now they may say to me, 'What is His Name?' What shall I say to them?" to which "God said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM"; and He said, "Thus you shall say to the sons of Israel, 'I AM has sent me to you." In the Greek translation (known as the Septuagint) of God's Name "I Am who I Am" find the phrase "EGO EIMI." So when Jesus declared He was "EGO EIMI" the Jews clearly understood that He was saying that He was God and thus they sought to stone Him for blasphemy because they did not believe Him to be God. We see Jesus make a similar claim in John 8:24 declaring to the Jews "Therefore I said to you that you will die in your sins; for unless you believe that I AM (again the translators add "He" but it is not in the Greek text), you will die in your sins." So what is Jesus' claiming? That He is God and He is clearly implying that belief in Him will mean that a person does not have to die in their sins! Who do you say that Jesus is? Do you believe in His Name, "Ego Eimi." If you do, you will never see the Second Death described by John at the Great White Throne Judgment in Revelation 20:11-15. In fact, the moment you believe in the Name of Jesus the great "I Am" you will immediately enter into ETERNAL LIFE… NOW, not after you die! And remember Jesus' promise of LIFE does not just describe the "quantity" of life (eternal), but He also offers us a new "quality" of life. Today. Right now. Not just in eternity future! The godless world is striving desperately to achieve a better quality of life. Jesus is saying in essence cease striving and know that I am God (Ps 46:10) and I will give you the BEST quality of life! In fact in John 10:10 Jesus even trumps Himself declaring I will give you life and give it abundantly. Beloved, a better offer has never been made to anyone. So you read through the Gospel of John seek to lay hold of that abundant life which is yours in His Name. And let us tell others about Jesus offer of the "BEST QUALITY OF LIFE" remembering that as good stewards of the manifold grace of God, we are simply to boldly, confidently tell them about Jesus and leave the results to God. John describes the two reactions we can expect in John 1:11-13 writing that "Jesus came to His own, and those who were His own did not receive Him. But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His Name (notice that believe explains "receive" so here receive Jesus is to believe in Jesus), who were born, not of blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man, BUT OF GOD." As the psalmist says "Salvation belongs to the Lord." (Psalm 3:8) Paul says that when offer the Good News about Jesus we are to leave the results to God and that takes the pressure off us to think we have to have a perfect presentation or they will never believe. Paul counters that natural way of thinking reminding us that the "Gospel is the power (dunamis) of God for salvation to everyone who believes." (Ro 1:16-note). Who's power? God's. Filled with the Spirit, we are to boldly tell others of the Name of Jesus, but it is God Who saves them in Jesus' Name. In his classic book "More Than a Carpenter" Josh McDowell says that Jesus is either "Lord, Liar or Lunatic?" (As an aside when we post this sermon transcript on the Antioch website, we will give you a link to an online version of this simple but well done apologetic resource that can be read in less than 3 hours and equip you to be able to share your faith without fear). But Jesus clearly claimed to be God and did not leave any other option open. He either LIED about it, was OUT OF HIS MIND or He is LORD of all. Josh McDowell - Was He Lord? I cannot personally conclude that Jesus was a liar or a lunatic. The only other alternative is that he was the Christ, the Son of God, as he claimed. When I discuss this with most Jewish people, it's interesting how they respond. They usually tell me that Jesus was a moral, upright, religious leader, a good man, or some kind of prophet. I then share with them the claims Jesus made about himself and then the material in this chapter on the tri-lemma (liar, lunatic, or Lord). When I ask if they believe Jesus was a liar, there is a sharp "No!" Then I ask, "Do you believe he was a lunatic?" The reply is "Of course not." "Do you believe he is God?" Before I can get a breath in edgewise, there is a resounding "Absolutely not." Yet one has only so many choices. The issue with these three alternatives is not which is possible, for it is obvious that all three are possible. But rather, the question is "Which is more probable?" Who you decide Jesus Christ is must not be an idle intellectual exercise. You cannot put him on the shelf as a great moral teacher. That is not a valid option. He is either a liar, a lunatic, or Lord and God. You must make a choice. "But," as the Apostle John wrote, "these have been written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and"—more important—"that believing you might have life in His name" (John 20:31). The evidence is clearly in favor of Jesus as Lord. Some people, however, reject this clear evidence because of moral implications involved. They don't want to face up to the responsibility or implications of calling him Lord. (More Than a Carpenter) ANSWERING JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES Adrian Rogers relates the following story of his encounter with a Jehovah's Witness - I was in my yard working one day and a person came up and they were carrying a satchel, and they wanted to talk about the Bible. And religion. And I was happy to do that. And we talked a little bit. And I said by the way, I said tell me a little about yourself. I said oh where do you worship? And he said, oh we meet in thus and such a place. I said, well, tell me what do you call yourself? He said, well, I just, we just want to study the Bible. I said, no, I said, don't beat around the bush. Said, tell me, of course I already knew, but I said tell me. Who are you, what are you? Well, he said, I'm a Jehovah Witness, does that make any difference? I said no, so am I. He said what? You're a Jehovah Witness? I said I surely am. I said you know, I'm going to tell you something else. I believe that Jesus is Jehovah. And Jesus said, ye shall be witness unto me (Acts 1:8). And I said I get no greater joy than to witness about Jesus, our Jehovah. (Walter Martin in his classic work "Kingdom of the Cults" has the following note which helps us understand why the conversation of Adrian Rogers and the JW came to an abrupt halt! Martin writes "Jehovah’s Witnesses know beyond doubt that if Jesus is Jehovah God, every one of them is going to a flaming hereafter; and hell they fear above all else. This no doubt explains a great deal of their antagonism toward the doctrines of the Trinity and hell. The Witnesses, it must be remembered, consistently berate the Trinity doctrine as of the devil and never tire of proclaiming that the hell of the Bible is the grave. The thought of being punished in unquenchable fire for their disobedience to God is probably the strongest bond holding the Watchtower’s flimsy covers together.") Barry Horner writes "For those who have no knowledge of Greek, a simple rebuttal of the Jehovah’s Witness runs as follows. The claim is made that the Greek here has no definite article or “the,” so that “a god” is more literally correct. However there is no indefinite article or “a” in Greek! Nevertheless, enquire if a passage of Scripture that clearly addresses Jesus as “the God” were revealed, then would not Jesus’ deity be established? Refer to John 20:28 where Thomas confesses Jesus to be, literally, “the Lord of me and the God of me,” ho kurios mou kai ho theos mou, with the use of the definite article. F. F. Bruce has written: “Those people who emphasize that the true rendering of the last clause of John 1:1 is ‘the word was a god,’ prove nothing thereby save their ignorance of Greek grammar. ”Those who know even some basic Greek will understand that the verb “to be” here takes a predicate nominative, so that the article with “Word” establishes the subject of the sentence. Thus John wants to declare that “the Word was God,” and not that “God was the Word.” (John 1:1-18) Notice how the New World Translation used by the Jehovah's Witnesses translates this phrase in John 1:1 "the Word was a god." Gotquestions notes that "The New World Translation is unique in one thing – it is the first intentional, systematic effort at producing a complete version of the Bible that is edited and revised for the specific purpose of agreeing with a group's doctrine. The Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Watchtower Society realized that their beliefs contradicted Scripture. So, rather than conforming their beliefs to Scripture, they altered Scripture to agree with their beliefs. The “New World Bible Translation Committee” went through the Bible and changed any Scripture that did not agree with Jehovah’s Witness theology… The most well-known of all the New World Translation perversions is John 1:1. The original Greek text reads, “the Word was God.” The NWT renders it as “the word was a god.” This is not a matter of correct translation, but of reading one's preconceived theology into the text, rather than allowing the text to speak for itself. There is no indefinite article in Greek (in English, "a" or "an"), so any use of an indefinite article in English must be added by the translator. This is grammatically acceptable, so long as it does not change the meaning of the text. There is a good reason why theos has no definite article in John 1:1 and why the New World Translation rendering is in error. There are three general rules we need to understand to see why. 1. In Greek, word order does not determine word usage like it does in English. In English, a sentence is structured according to word order: Subject - Verb - Object. Thus, "Harry called the dog" is not equivalent to "the dog called Harry." But in Greek, a word's function is determined by the case ending found attached to the word's root. There are two case endings for the root theo: one is -s (theos), the other is -n (theon). The -s ending normally identifies a noun as being the subject of a sentence, while the -n ending normally identifies a noun as the direct object. 2. When a noun functions as a predicate nominative (in English, a noun that follows a being verb such as "is"), its case ending must match the noun's case that it renames, so that the reader will know which noun it is defining. Therefore, theo must take the -s ending because it is renaming logos. Therefore, John 1:1 transliterates to "kai theos en ho logos." Is theos the subject, or is logos? Both have the -s ending. The answer is found in the next rule. 3. In cases where two nouns appear, and both take the same case ending, the author will often add the definite article to the word that is the subject in order to avoid confusion. John put the definite article on logos (“the Word”) instead of on theos. So, logos is the subject, and theos is the predicate nominative. In English, this results in John 1:1 being read as "and the Word was God" (instead of "and God was the word"). The most revealing evidence of the Watchtower's bias is their inconsistent translation technique. Throughout the Gospel of John, the Greek word theon occurs without a definite article. The New World Translation renders none of these as “a god.” Just three verses after John 1:1, the New World Translation translates another case of theos without the indefinite article as "God." Even more inconsistent, in John 1:18, the NWT translates the same term as both "God" and "god" in the very same sentence. The Watchtower, therefore, has no hard textual grounds for their translation—only their own theological bias. While New World Translation defenders might succeed in showing that John 1:1 can be translated as they have done, they cannot show that it is the proper translation. Nor can they explain the fact that that the NWT does not translate the same Greek phrases elsewhere in the Gospel of John the same way. It is only the pre-conceived heretical rejection of the deity of Christ that forces the Watchtower Society to inconsistently translate the Greek text, thus allowing their error to gain some semblance of legitimacy in the minds of those ignorant of the facts. It is only the Watchtower's pre-conceived heretical beliefs that are behind the dishonest and inconsistent translation that is the New World Translation. The New World Translation is most definitely not a valid version of God’s Word. There are minor differences among all the major English translations of the Bible. No English translation is perfect. However, while other Bible translators make minor mistakes in the rendering of the Hebrew and Greek text into English, the NWT intentionally changes the rendering of the text to conform to Jehovah’s Witness theology. The New World Translation is a perversion, not a version, of the Bible." (Is the New World Translation a valid version of the Bible?) Macleod - Theos cannot be watered down as in the Jehovah’s Witnesses translation “and the Word was a god.” Members of that cult note that the word “God” is anarthrous (lacking the article) in the Greek text. Since John did not write “the God,” they conclude he meant “a god.” This translation, however, is erroneous for four reasons, as Harris points out.53 First, a theological reason: If they took their own translation seriously, the Jehovah’s Witnesses would believe in polytheism (i.e., more than one God). John’s monotheism makes this rendering impossible. The Bible teaches there is one God (Deut. 6:4). A monotheist could apply the singular θεός (“God”) only to the Supreme Being and not to an inferior divine being. Second, a literary reason: Elsewhere in John Jesus is called “God,” and in one of those verses (John 20:28, “My Lord and my God”) the article is used. The argument that John does not call Jesus “God” is therefore baseless. Third, a grammatical reason: In their discussion of John 1:1 the Jehovah’s Witnesses betray their lack of understanding of Greek grammar. In the clause kai theos en logos the subject, although it follows the verb, is “the Word” (ὁ λόγος) because it has the article. The word “God” (θεός), which precedes the copulative verb ἦν, is an anarthrous predicate nominative. In his analysis of predicate nouns in Mark and John, Harner concluded that “anarthrous predicate nouns preceding the verb may be primarily qualitative in force yet may also have some connotation of definiteness.” Harner’s paraphrase is to the point: “the Word had the same nature as God.” Fourth, a grammatical-theological reason: If John had used the article before θεός in this clause he would have been writing, “The Son was the Father.” But this would contradict the second clause of verse 1 in which he distinguished the λόγος from the Father. Sabellius, an early third-century A.D. heretic, denied the Trinity, the doctrine that three eternal persons coexist in the Godhead. Arguing that the Godhead has only one person, he said that “Father,” “Son,” and “Spirit” are different “modes” that the one person used in different eras. If John followed the view of the Jehovah’s Witnesses, he would have been saying, like Sabellius, that the Son is the Father. (The Eternality and Deity of the Word- John 1-1-2) The following is from ex-Jehovah Witness David Reed's book which I recommend as an excellent guide for addressing their false teaching in specific Bible passages - BORROW Jehovah's Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (See also David Reed's website for addition information - AnswerJW.com) John 1:1 - In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (ASV) Until around 1950, Jehovah’s Witnesses carried with them a copy of the American Standard Version of the Bible (because it features the name Jehovah throughout the Old Testament). But they faced the embarrassing problem of trying to deny the deity of Christ, while the very Bible they held in their hand said plainly that “the Word was God.” This problem was solved when the Watchtower Society published its own New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Now, when Christians refer JWs to John 1:1, the Witnesses can answer, “That’s not in my Bible!” They can turn to John 1:1 in their own translation, and read “the Word was a god.” By reducing Jesus Christ to “a god,” the Watchtower places him among the “many ‘gods’ and many ‘lords’ ” of 1 Corinthians 8:5—on the same level as Satan, “the god of this system of things” (2Cor. 4:4, NWT). The Watchtower Society presents the New World Translation as the anonymous work of the New World Bible Translation Committee—and resists all efforts to identify the members of the committee. They say they do this in order that all credit for the work will go to God. But an unbiased observer will quickly note that such anonymity also shields the translators from any blame for errors or distortions in their renderings. And it prevents scholars from checking their credentials. In fact, defectors who have quit Watchtower headquarters in recent years have identified the alleged members of the committee, revealing that none of them was expert in Hebrew, Greek, or Aramaic—the original languages from which the Bible must be translated. For many years Jehovah’s Witnesses turned for support of their “a god” rendering to The New Testament (1937) by Johannes Greber, since Greber also translated it as “ … the Word was a god.” Watchtower Society publications quote or cite Greber in support of this and other renderings, as follows: Aid to Bible Understanding (1969), pages 1134 and 1669 “Make Sure of All Things—Hold Fast to What Is Fine” (1965), page 489 The Watchtower, 9/15/62, page 554 The Watchtower, 10/15/75, page 640 The Watchtower, 4/15/76, page 231 “The Word”—Who Is He? According to John (1962), page 5 However, after ex-Witnesses gave considerable publicity to the fact that Greber was a spiritist who claimed that spirits showed him what words to use in his translation, The Watchtower (4/1/83) said on page 31: This translation was used occasionally in support of renderings of Matthew 27:52, 53 and John 1:1, as given in the New World Translation and other authoritative Bible versions. But as indicated in a foreword to the 1980 edition of The New Testament by Johannes Greber, this translator relied on “God’s Spirit World” to clarify for him how he should translate difficult passages. It is stated: “His wife, a medium of God’s Spirit world was often instrumental in conveying the correct answers from God’s Messengers to Pastor Greber.” The Watchtower has deemed it improper to make use of a translation that has such a close rapport with spiritism. (Deuteronomy 18:10–12) The scholarship that forms the basis for the rendering of the above-cited texts in the New World Translation is sound and for this reason does not depend at all on Greber’s translation for authority. Nothing is lost, therefore, by ceasing to use his New Testament. Thus, it appeared that the Society had only just then discovered Greber’s spiritistic connections and immediately repented of using him for support. However, this, too, was yet another deception—because the JW organization already knew of Greber’s spiritism back in 1956. The Watchtower of February 15, 1956, contains nearly a full page devoted to warning readers against Johannes Greber and his translation. It refers to his book titled Communication with the Spirit-World: Its Laws and Its Purpose and states, “Very plainly the spirits in which ex-priest Greber believes helped him in his translation” (The Watchtower, 2/15/56, p. 111). Aside from Greber’s New Testament and the Watchtower Society’s slanted version, other English-language Bible translations are nearly unanimous in rendering John 1:1 as “ … the Word was God.” And this is consistent with the declaration by the apostle Thomas, also found in John’s Gospel, calling Jesus “My Lord and my God!” (John 20:28). The JW New World Translation still calls Jesus “God” in John 20:28 and Isaiah 9:6. In fact, their 1985 Kingdom Interlinear version reveals that the Greek literally says Jesus is “the God” (HO THEOS) in John 20:28. Anyone who believes that the Father is God, while the Son is “a god” should read Isaiah 43 and 44, where the inspired Word dismisses such a notion: “Before Me no God was formed, nor shall there be after Me. I, even I, am the LORD, and beside Me there is no saviour… is there a god beside me? There is no other Rock; I know of none!” (Isa. 43:10–11; 44:8, MLB italics added). ARNOLD FRUCHTENBAUM'S NOTES ON MEMRA Arnold Fruchtenbaum has several notes on Memra and Logos - In Greek philosophy the meaning of Logos encompassed two concepts, the concept of reason and the concept of speech… His use of the “Word” is completely consistent with the Jewish concept of the “Memra” (Aramaic for “Word”) that rabbis taught in first century Israel. Their understanding was derived solely from a close study of Scripture, not Greek philosophy. John was not trying to promote Greek Hellenized philosophy, with a conception of creation and creator that was incompatible with scripture. Rather, John was using concepts of God that were being taught by the rabbis of Jesus’ day, and adding to these concepts based on God’s divine revelation… The Hebrew for Word is “Davar/Dabar.” The Aramaic for Word is “Memra.” The Greek for Word is “Logos.” The Gospel of John was written in Greek, so “Logos” is used. If it had been written in Hebrew it would have been “Davar.” If in Aramaic, “Memra.” Aramaic was the vernacular speech of Israel in Jesus’ day. Much of rabbinic writings were also in Aramaic, so we will develop the six things that the rabbis taught about the Word using their word for it, “Memra.” Within John 1:1-18 we can find all SIX of the concepts the rabbis were teaching in 1st century Israel. These six concepts about God are six truths about God that the rabbis could not always explain. Likewise these same concepts about God are embodied in Jesus, as they correlate to John’s statements about Jesus. Jesus is the Memra, or the Word. The Memra was Distinct from God, but the Same as God • Read John 1:1-2. • This was a paradox that the rabbis recognized, but were unable to explain. • John will explain this paradox in the concept of the Tri-unity, or Trinity. • Look up Isaiah 45:21-25. Observe the use of “I,” “Me,” “the Lord,” and “Him.” Isaiah 55:10-11, and Hebrews 4:12 are also good examples of this. The Memra was the Agent of Creation • Read John 1:3. • God spoke, and creation came into existence. • Everything that we see in this world exists because of the Memra, the Word. • Look at Psalm 33:4-6, and Hebrews 11:3. The Memra was the Agent of Salvation • Read John 1:12. • The Memra, visible to the nation of Israel as He led them through the desert in Exodus, saved them physically. Through the Memra (Jesus) is also spiritual salvation, through faith in His work on the cross. • So whether physically in the Old Testament, or spiritually through Jesus’ work on the cross, the Memra is the agent of salvation. Psalm 130:4-8. • Those who receive the Memra (Jesus), are saved by the Memra. The Memra is the Means by which God Takes on Visible Form • Read John 1:14. • In Christian theology, these visible manifestations are called a theophany. • In rabbinic terms this is called the Shekinah/Shechinah (Hebrew). It is the visible manifestation of God’s glory, often seen as fire, cloud, or light. • In John 1:14 the word “dwelt” in Greek is not the usual Greek word used for “dwelling,” but the Greek word used for “to tabernacle,” skenoo. • John is conveying a specific meaning about Jesus here. • “Skeinei” is a derivation of the word “Shechinah,” but as there are no “sh” sounds in Greek it became skeinei. The very concept of the word was borrowed from the Hebrew concept. The Memra “tabernacled” among us. • In the book of Ezekiel 8:1-11:25, we find the account of the Shechinah of the Lord departing from Israel. • In the incarnation of Jesus, the Shechinah of the Lord had returned to earth, not in the form of light, fire or cloud but in the form of a man of flesh who tabernacled among us. • Look at Mark:2-8. • The physical body of Jesus veiled the brightness of His glory. Look up Hebrews 10:19-20. At the mount of transfiguration, three of Jesus’ apostles were allowed to see the Shechinah shine through Jesus’ flesh. • John says “and we saw His glory” in John 1:14, which refers to this transfiguration which John beheld along with Peter and James. The Memra is the Means by which God Signs His Covenants • Read John 1:17. • This verse is about God’s covenants. • Throughout human history there have been eight covenants, three with humanity and five specifically with the Jewish people.. 1. Edenic Covenant 2. Adamic Covenant 3. Noahic Covenant 4. Abrahamic Covenant 5. Mosaic Covenant - the Law, a conditional covenant with Israel. 6. Land Covenant 7. Davidic Covenant 8. New Covenant - prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-37. • Read this passage, and note that this is a JEWISH COVENANT. • The Mosaic Covenant of Exodus 24 was signed and sealed by the Shechinah, as was the Abrahamic in Genesis 15:17. • The New Covenant was signed and sealed by Jesus’ blood being shed on the cross, as described in Hebrews 8:1-10:25. • Jesus (the Memra, the Word) signed and sealed the New Covenant when He lifted the cup of redemption at the last Passover, and said “This cup which is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood,” in Luke 22:20. See also 1 Corinthians 11:25. The Memra is the Agent of Revelation • Read John 1:18 • The Word, or Memra, is personified as a revealer. • God revealed Himself when He gave His servants a Word from Him. This is the case when a passage begins with “the Word of the Lord came to… ” of which there are many examples in the scriptures. If you do a phrase search on “the word of the Lord” you will find that it comes up well over 300 times in the scriptures. • Read Hebrews 1:1-3. • Jesus = the Word = the Memra = Revealer of the Father. • This is one of the sub-themes we mentioned in the book of John, that Jesus came to reveal the Father to men. Summary, four points • So keeping in mind these SIX things that the rabbinic scholars of first century Israel were teaching about the Memra, or the Word, we can see that the purpose of John’s prologue is not to show that Jesus came to fulfill the ideals of Greek philosophy. Instead John is showing the Church at large that Jesus existed before the world was created, that He was part of the Tri-unity of God, and that He came to fulfill the New Covenant promised in Scripture. 1. The Memra came in visible form, that of a human. 2. The world did not recognize Him. 3. His own Jewish people did not recognize Him. 4. Those who did recognize Him became children of Light. • Where does the Shechinah light come into the scriptures in relation to believers in Jesus? The book of Acts, in the birth of the Church. • Does this study “throw some light” on your understanding of this passage in John? The Jewish frame of reference is very valuable in understanding the Word of God. • A Greek philosopher named Heraclitus first used the term Logos around 600 B.C. to designate the divine reason or plan which coordinates a changing universe. Plato, and the Stoics adopted this philosophy. Stoicism began around 300 B.C. Their concept of the natural order of the universe did not include a personal God, but a distant and remote one who did not interact with humans. In their view, a creator had instituted a natural order within which humans had to exist harmoniously. To the Stoics logos meant the divine animating principle pervading the universe, or a rational divine power that encompassed the idea of nature and fate. It was much like the impersonal, rational energy known as “the force” in Star Wars. • Greek logos was an “it,” and John’s logos is a “He.” • Philo (a Jew who was a contemporary of Jesus) took it up and made it familiar to Jewish readers who were already used to the Hebrew concept of Memra. Philo used allegory to fuse and harmonize Greek philosophy and Judaism. Philo’s Logos is based on a Greek philosophy of reason, going back to Plato and Stoicism. • Later church fathers took Philo as their guide rather than Jewish theology. Origen (200 A.D.) introduced allegorical interpretation of the scriptures to the church in an attempt to make Christianity more palatable to the Hellenized world. Allegorical interpretation has been the bane of both Judaism and Christianity, and can be traced back to these philosophical strains. WILLIAM BARCLAY'S ANALYSIS OF THE "LOGOS" LOGOS - THE WORD OF THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE THE word logos means word. The Fourth Gospel uses logos in a technical sense when it calls Jesus The Word; but before we come to that special usage we wish to study its ordinary usage in the NT. Naturally it is one of the commonest of all Greek words, but, common as it is, the more we study it, the more we shall see a wealth of meaning. Ho logos, the word, becomes almost a synonym for the Christian message. Mark tells us that Jesus preached the word to the crowds (Mark 2.2). In the parable the seed that the sower sowed was the word (Mark 4.14). It was the work of Paul and his friends to preach the word (Acts 14.25). Most often this word is said to be the word of God (Luke 5.1; 11.28; John 10.35; Acts 4.31; 6.7; 13.44; I Cor. 14.36; Heb. 13.7). Sometimes it is the word of the Lord (I Thess. 4.15; II Thess. 3.1). And once it is the word of Christ (Col. 3.16). Now genitives in Greek can be either subjective or objective. If these genitives are subjective the phrases mean the word which God gave, the word which the Lord gave, and the word which Christ gave. If they are objective, they mean the word which tells about God, or about the Lord, or about Christ. In all probability both the subjective and the objective meanings are involved in these phrases. This means to say that the Christian message, the logos, the word, is something which came from God; it is not the discovery of man, but the gift of God; and it is something which tells about God, something which man could not have discovered for himself. The very fact that the word logos is used for the Christian message is very significant. It means a spoken message, and therefore it means that the Christian message is not something which is learned from books, but something which is transmitted from person to person. Papias, the second-century Christian writer, says that he learned more from the living and abiding voice than from any book. The Christian message comes far more often through the living personality than through the printed or the written page. This word, this logos, has certain functions. (i) The word judges (John 12.48). An old catechism asks what will happen if the truths recounted in it are disregarded. Its answer is that condemnation will follow, and a condemnation all the greater because the reader has read this book. To have heard the truth is not only to have received a privilege; it is also to have had a responsibility laid upon us. (ii) The word purifies (John 15.3; I Tim. 4.5). It purifies by exposing evil and by pointing to good. It rebukes that which is wrong and exhorts to that which is right. It purifies in the negative sense by seeking to eradicate old faults; and it purifies in the positive sense by exhorting to new virtues. (iii) Through the word belief comes (Acts 4.4). No man can believe in the Christian message until he has heard the Christian message. The word is that which gives a man the opportunity to believe; and, having heard the word himself, there is laid upon him the duty of giving others the same chance to hear it, that they also may believe. (iv) The word is the agent of rebirth (I Peter 1.23). One thing is true, as G. K. Chesterton said, 'Whatever man is, he is not what he was meant to be.' He has to be changed so radically that the change can only be called a new birth, and the word is the first agent in that tremendous re-creating change. The study of the word logos becomes of primary importance when we study what the NT says we must do with this logos. (i) The logos must be heard (Matt. 13.20; Acts 13.7; 13.44). The duty of listening is laid upon the Christian. Among the many voices of the world he must tune his ears to hear the message which is the message of God. He will never give himself the opportunity to know unless he gives himself the opportunity to hear. (ii) The logos must be received (Luke 8.13; James 1.21; Acts 8.14; 11.1; 17.11). There is a hearing which is a purely external thing. Either the tide of words flows over the hearer and his hearing leaves no effect upon him, or he listens and dismisses the whole matter as having nothing to do with him. The Christian message must not only be listened to, but must be taken into the heart and mind and inwardly digested. (iii) The logos must be held on to (Luke 8.13). The Greeks described time by an adjective which means 'time which wipes all things out'. Any word can be heard, and for a time accepted, and then obliterated by the passage of time. The Christian message must be deliberately retained. It must be held in the forefront of the mind, thought about, meditated on, so that it is retained and not lost. (iv) The logos is something to abide in (John 8.31). There is always a circle of thoughts and ideas in which a man lives and moves and has his being; in which he rests his life and by which he directs his activities. The Christian message must be the thing in which and by which a man lives. (v) The logos must be kept (John 8.51; 14.23; I John 2.5; Rev. 3.8). It is a message which is not knowledge for the mind alone; it is direction for life. It issues not in speculation but in action. Its demand is obedience. It is not only a knowledge to think about; it is an ethic and a law to be obeyed. (vi) The logos must be witnessed to (Acts 8.25; Rev. 1.2). It is something to which a man's whole life must bear witness. He can only prove that he has accepted it by living it. It is something which in any society he must be prepared to show that he accepts. It is something of which his whole life and action must say, 'I know and bear witness that this is true.' (vii) The logos is something which must be served (Acts 6.4). It is something which brings its duties. It is not only something which a man accepts for himself, but something which he is bound to wish to bring to others. It is not only something which brings wealth to his own soul; it is also something for which he must be prepared to spend his whole life. (viii) The logos is something which must be announced. Two words are specially used. II Tim. 4.2 uses the word kirussein, which is the word that is used for a herald making a proclamation. Acts 15.36 and 17.13 use the word kataggellein which is the word that is used for making an official and an authoritative pronouncement. The proclamation must be made with authority and with certainty. The proclamation is so made because, when we announce the Christian message to others, we are not saying, 'I am saying this,' we are saying, 'Thus saith the Lord.' (ix) The logos must be spoken with boldness (Acts 4.29; Phil. 1.14). Some time ago a book was published with the suggestive title, No More Apologies. It may well be that we have been too anxious to meet the world halfway, that we have tried too much to attune the Christian message to the world's ears, that we have watered it down, and emasculated it in order to make it less demanding and therefore more attractive. There should be a certain uncompromising quality in our proclamation of the logos. (x) The logos must be taught (Acts 18.11). The Christian message begins with proclamation, but it must go on to explanation. One of the gravest weaknesses of the Church is that so many people do not know what Christianity really means and believes and stands for; and one of the gravest faults in preaching is that it so often exhorts a man to be a Christian without teaching him what Christianity is. Teaching is an essential part of the Christian message. (xi) The logos must be acted upon (James 1.22). The Christian message is not something exclusively for the calm of the study, for the dissection of the lecture room, for the mental acrobatics of the discussion group. It is something which has to be lived out in day-to-day living. (xii) The logos may involve persecution and suffering (I Thess. 1.6; Rev. 1.9). It is not likely that in this country we shall have to die for our faith: but we shall have to live for it, and there may well be times when we have to choose between what is easy and what is right. If our relationship to the logos involves obligations, it will inevitably be liable to failures. (i) The logos may be disbelieved (I Peter 2.8). It may be disbelieved either because the hearer thinks it too good to be true, or because, in wishful thinking, he does not want it to be true, because it condemns his life and seeks to change him. (ii) The logos can both be snatched away and choked (Matt. 13.22; cp. Mark 4.15). The temptations, the impulses and the passions of life can make a man forget the Christian message as soon as he has heard it. The activities, the cares and the pleasures of life can take up so much of a man's life and time that the Christian message is choked out of his life because there is no room left for it to breathe. (iii) The logos can be corrupted and adulterated (II Cor. 2.17; 4.2). Whenever a man begins to listen to himself and stops listening to God, his version of the Christian message will be distorted and inadequate. Whenever he forgets to test his ideas and conceptions by the Word and the Spirit of God, he will produce a version of the Christian message which is his and not God's. If he goes on doing that he may well end by loving his own little system better than he loves God's truth. (iv) The logos can be rendered ineffective (Mark 7.13). It is fatally easy to explain the Christian message away, to overlay it with human interpretations, to complicate its simplicities with conditions and reservations and explanations. Whenever we regard the Christian message as some-thing with which to make terms rather than something to which to surrender we are in danger of making it in-effective. Without `yieldedness' to the message the message cannot have its full effect. When we begin to examine the NT content of the Christian message, we begin to appreciate, as never before, the riches of this faith which is offered to us. The word logos is used in the NT with at least seven different genitives which express that in which the message consists. Let us look at them. (i) The Christian message is a word of good news (Acts 15.7). It brings to us tidings about God which set the heart singing for joy. The discovery of love is always the greatest day in a man's life; and the Christian message leads a man to discover nothing less than the love of God. (ii) The Christian message is a word of truth (John 17.7; Eph. 1.13; James 1.8). The whole of life is the search for truth. `What is truth?' said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer. That may be so, but life is intolerable if there are no fixed stars in it. The Christian message is that which makes a man sure. (iii) The Christian message is a word of life (Phil. 2.16). The Christian message is that which enables a man to stop existing and to begin living. It gives him life with a capital L. (iv) The Christian message is a word of righteousness (Heb. 5.13). It tells a man where goodness lies; it shows him what goodness is; it gives him new standards for life; and it enables him to reach them and gives him the power which is not his own power to achieve them. (v) The Christian message is a word of reconciliation (II Cor. 5.19). The very essence of it is that God is not our enemy but our friend. It is not that God needed to be reconciled to us; the NT never puts it that way; it is we who needed to be reconciled to God. The great gift of the Christian message is that it removes the estrangement between man and God and makes possible the greatest friend-ship of all. (vi) The Christian message is a word of salvation (Acts 13.26). It is a word of rescue. It rescues a man from the evil bonds which bind him. It strengthens him to defeat the temptations of evil and to do the right. It rids him of the punishment which is his by right, if God were to treat him only with justice and not with love. It lifts a man out of the deadly situation in which he finds himself in this life, and in which he ought in justice to find himself in the life to come. (vii) The Christian message is a word of the Cross (I Cor. 1.18). It is the story of one who died for men. It is the story of a love which did not stop until it reached the very limits of sacrifice, and which thereby proved that there is nothing that God will not dare and suffer and sacrifice for the sake of man. The heart of the Christian logos is the Cross. In the NT there is one technical use of the word logos. It occurs in the Prologue to the Fourth Gospel, and it culminates in that great saying, 'The Word (logos) was made flesh and dwelt among us' (John 1.14). This is one of the greatest sayings in the NT and we shall have to dig deep if we wish to grasp something of its meaning. (i) We must begin by remembering that in Greek logos has two meanings. (a) It means word, and (b) it means reason, and these two meanings are always intertwined. (ii) We must begin with the Jewish background of this idea. In Jewish thought a word was more than a sound expressing a meaning; a word actually did things. The word of God is not simply a sound; it is an effective cause. In the creation story God's word creates. God said, Let there be light, and there was light (Gen. 1.3). By the word of the Lord the heavens were made … for he spake and it was done (Ps. 33.6, 9). He sent his word and healed them (Ps. 107.20). God's word will accomplish that which God pleases (Isa. 55.11). Always we must remember that in Jewish thought God's word not only said things; it did things. (iii) There came a time when the Jews forgot their Hebrew; their language became Aramaic. It was necessary that the scriptures should be translated into Aramaic. These translations are called the Targums. Now in the simplicity of the OT human feelings, actions, reactions, thoughts are ascribed to God. The makers of the Targums felt that this was far too human; and in such cases they used a circumlocution (the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea) for the name of God. They spoke not of God but of the Word, the memra of God. This is the kind of thing that happened. In Ex. 19.17 the Targums say that Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet with the memra, the Word of God, instead of, quite simply, with God. In Deut. 9.3 it is God's Word, the memra, which is a consuming are. In Isa. 48.13 we read, Mine hand hath laid the foundations of the earth; and my right hand hath spanned the heavens. In the Targums this becomes, by my Word, my memra, I have founded the earth, and by my strength I have hung up the heavens. The result of all this was that the Jewish scriptures in their popular form became full of the phrase, The Word, the memra, of God; and the word was always doing things; not merely saying things. (iv) Now let us remember that Word and Reason are locked together. In Jewish thought there is another great conception—the conception of Wisdom (sophia). This is specially so in the Old Testament in Proverbs. By Wisdom God founded the earth (Pr. 3.13-20). The great passage is in Pr 8.1-9. There wisdom is from everlasting, before the earth came into being : she was with God in the day of creation. This idea was much developed in the books between the Testaments. In Ecclus. 1.1-10 there is the picture of Wisdom who was created before all things and who is intertwined with creation. In the Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom works all things (8.5). God made all things by his Word and man by his Wisdom (9.1, 2). Wisdom was God's instrument in creation and is woven throughout all the world. So in Jewish thought we have two great conceptions at the back of the idea of Jesus as the Word, the logos of God. First, God's Word is not only speech; it is power. Second, it is impossible to separate the ideas of Word and Wisdom; and it was God's Wisdom which created and permeated the world which God made. By the end of the first century the Christian Church was faced with an acute problem in communication. The Church had been cradled in Judaism, but now she had to present her message to a Greek world, to which the categories of Judaism were quite alien. As Goodspeed puts it 'A Greek who felt like becoming a Christian was called upon to accept Jesus as the Christ, the Messiah. He would naturally ask what this meant, and would have to be given a short course in Jewish apocalyptic thought. Was there no way in which he might be introduced directly to the values of Christian civilization without being for ever routed, we might even say detoured, through Judaism? Must Christianity always speak in a Jewish vocabulary?' Round about A.D 100 there was a man in Ephesus called John who saw this problem. He was perhaps the greatest mind in the Christian Church; and suddenly he saw the solution. Both Jew and Greek possessed the conception of the logos of God. Could the two ideas not be brought together? Let us see the Greek background with which John had to work. (i) Away back in 560 B.c there was a Greek philosopher called Heracleitus, who also lived in Ephesus. He conceived of the world as what he called a flux. Everything is in a state of change; there is nothing static in the world. But if everything is changing all the time, why is the world not an absolute and complete chaos? His answer was that 'all things happen according to the logos'. In the world there is a reason and a mind at work; that mind is the mind of God, God's logos; and it is that logos which makes the world an ordered cosmos and not a disordered chaos. (ii) This idea of a mind, a reason, a logos ruling the world fascinated the Greeks. Anaxagoras spoke of the mind (nous) which 'rules over all things'. Plato declared that it was God's logos which kept the planets in their courses, and brought back the seasons and the years in their appointed times. But it was the Stoics, who were at their strongest when the NT was being written, who passionately loved this conception. To them this logos of God, as Cleanthes said, 'roamed through all things'. The times, the seasons, the tides, the stars in their courses were ordered by the logos; it was the logos which put sense into the world. Further, the mind of man himself was a little portion of this logos. 'Reason is nothing else than a part of the divine spirit immersed in the human body,' said Seneca. It was the logos which put sense into the universe and sense into man; and this logos was nothing other than the mind of God. (iii) This conception was brought to its highest peak by Philo, who was an Alexandrian Jew, and who had the aim of joining together in one synthesis the highest thought of Jew and Greek. To him the logos of God was 'inscribed and engraved upon the constitution of all things'. The logos is 'the tiller by which the pilot of the universe steers all things'. 'Every man is akin in understanding to the divine logos." 'The logos is the high priest which sets the soul before God.' The logos is the bridge between man and God. Now we can see what John was doing when he uttered his tremendous statement, 'The Word was made flesh.' (Jn 1:14) (i) He was clothing Christianity in a dress that a Greek could understand. Here is a challenge to us. He refused to go on expressing Christianity in outworn and Judaistic categories. He used categories that his age knew and understood. Again and again the Church has failed in that task through mental laziness, through fear to cut adrift from the past, through shrinking from possible heresy; but 'the man who would discover a new continent must accept the hazard of sailing upon an uncharted sea.' If we are ever to tell people about the Christian message we must tell it in language that they can understand. That is precisely what John did. (ii) He was giving us a new Christology. By calling Jesus the logos, John said two things about Jesus. (a) Jesus is the creating power of God come to men. He does not only speak the word of knowledge; he is the word of power. He did not come so much to say things to us, as to do things for us. (b) Jesus is the incarnate mind of God. We might well translate John's words, 'The mind of God became a man.' A word is always 'the expression of a thought' and Jesus is the perfect expression of God's thought for men. We should do well to rediscover and to preach again Jesus Christ as the logos. the Word of God. (BORROW New Testament Words - William Barclay)
João 1:3
Cole - As with the person of Christ, it is not just a coincidence that Satan has so strongly attacked the biblical doctrine of creation. If God created everything that exists out of nothing by the word of His power, then contrary to what atheists claim, matter is not eternal. Only God is eternal. Creation also points to the amazing power and intelligence of God. It shows us that we are finite, limited creatures and thus we must submit to God and depend on Him. In other words, if Jesus is the Creator, then He is God, which means, I am not God! And that is a fundamental lesson in all of life! APART FROM HIM NOTHING! Apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being - panta di' auto egeneto (3SAMI), kai choris autou egeneto (3SAMI) oude en ho gegonen (3SRAI) - John follows a positive declaration with a negative one for emphasis, "another note of his style as in John 1:20 and 1 John 1:5. Thus John excludes two heresies (Bernard) that matter is eternal and that angels or aeons had a share in creation." (A T Robertson) Nothing is more literally "not even one thing," which is emphatic. "The whole of creation is included in one broad sweep. Nothing is outside the range of his activity." (Leon Morris) Alexander
João 1:4
Cole - John uses “life” 36 times in his Gospel, more than any other New Testament book. D. A. Carson (The Gospel according to John -The Pillar New Testament Commentary) argues that in light of Jn 1:1-3, “the life inhering in the Word is related not to salvation but to creation.” The next phrase, “the life was the Light of men,” then either points to the fact of man being created in the image of God or to the way in which God’s invisible attributes, eternal power and divine nature are revealed in creation (Ro 1:20). But since John goes on to develop the truth that Jesus came to earth to bring spiritual life to those who are dead in their sins and spiritual light to those who live in darkness, Jn 1:4 may have a dual meaning, pointing back to creation, but also ahead to the salvation Jesus brings. So the application is, those who are spiritually dead in their sins (Ed: This includes everyone ever born = Ro 5:12, Eph 2:1) need life and Jesus is the Source of that life (Ed: This truth permeates the Gospel - Jn 5:24, 5:39-40, Jn 6:35 = "I am the Bread of Life", etc). They are spiritually in darkness, but when they are born again, the light goes on. As Paul puts it (2Cor. 4:4-note, 2Cor 4:6-note), referring to those who are perishing, “in whose case the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelieving so that they might not see the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God.... For God, who said, ‘Light shall shine out of darkness,’ is the One who has shone in our hearts to give the Light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ.” (John 1:1-5 Jesus: Revealer of God )
João 1:5
Cole on katalambano - The word translated “comprehend” (NAS translation) can have two meanings, much like our word grasp. It can mean to comprehend or grasp mentally, or it can mean to overcome or take hold of something in the sense of mastering it physically. ....John uses the present tense (for shines) here, which probably focuses on Jesus’ coming to earth and the conflict between Him and the powers of darkness that unfold in this Gospel. They crucified Him, but He arose and conquered the darkness. His salvation conquers the spiritual darkness in every heart that trusts in Him. But the word may also be translated “comprehend,” and this meaning also fits a theme in this Gospel. In Jn 1:10b, those in the world “did not know Him.” In Jn 1:11b, even His own people “did not receive Him.” Jesus points out (Jn 3:19-20) that those in the darkness love the darkness and hate the Light because their deeds are evil. Thus they didn’t “comprehend” Jesus. Because sinners walk in darkness (Jn 8:12), they fail to see who Jesus really is. In John 8:48, they actually accuse Him of having a demon! So perhaps John’s use of this ambiguous term has both meanings: the darkness will not overcome the Light as it comes through Jesus. Also, the darkness cannot comprehend the Light, unless Jesus opens their blind eyes to see. (John 1:1-5 Jesus: Revealer of God ) Constable favors katalambano having the sense of overcome - John did not view the world as a stage on which two equal and opposing forces battle; He was not a philosophical dualist. He viewed Jesus as superior to the forces of darkness that sought to overcome Him but could not. This gives humankind hope. The forces of light are stronger than the forces of darkness. John was here anticipating the outcome of the story that he would tell, specifically, Calvary. Though darkness continues to prevail, the light can overcome it. (John 1 Commentary - Expository Notes) Barton on meaning of katalambano writes that "On one hand, this word can refer to physical restraint, controlling, or conquering. On the other hand, the word can allude to a mental grasping or understanding. John may well have meant both (Ed: John is fond of using words that seem to convey a double meaning). Unbelievers did not comprehend Christ’s true identity and tried to conquer him. Thus, darkness failed on both counts to master Christ!" (Life Application New Testament Commentary) Blaise Pascal wrote that "There is enough light for those who only desire to see the light, and enough darkness for those who only desire the contrary." John Calvin said that "The blindness of unbelievers in no way detracts from the clarity of the gospel; the sun is no less bright because blind men do not perceive its light." A. W. Tozer - The human intellect, even in its fallen state, is an awesome work of God, but it lies in darkness until it has been illuminated by the Holy Spirit. Spurgeon on the fact that the darkness will not overcome the light - It never has done so; it never will. You may sometimes call the darkness, the ignorance of men, or the sin of men. If you like, you may call it the wisdom of men, and the righteousness of men, for that is only another form of the same darkness. “The light shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.” Vincent on the meaning of the verb katalambano - The word is used in the sense of laying hold of so as to make one’s own; hence, to take possession of. Used of obtaining the prize in the games (1Cor. 9:24); of attaining righteousness (Ro 9:30); of a demon taking possession of a man (Mk 9:18); of the day of the Lord overtaking one as a thief (1Th. 5:4). Applied to darkness, this idea includes that of eclipsing or overwhelming. Hence some render overcame (Westcott, Moulton). John’s thought is, that in the struggle between light and darkness, light was victorious. The darkness did not appropriate the light and eclipse it. “The whole phrase is indeed a startling paradox. The light does not banish the darkness; the darkness does not overpower the light. Light and darkness coexist in the world side by side” (Westcott). (John 1 Commentary - Vincent's Word Studies) W Hall Harris on katalambano - “To seize” or “to grasp” is possible, but this also permits “to grasp with the mind” in the sense of “to comprehend” (esp. in the middle voice). We are probably faced with another Johannine double meaning here, but I prefer the sense of “to overcome” rather than “to understand”: one does not usually think of Darkness as trying to understand light. For it to mean this, we must understand “darkness” as meaning “certain men,” or perhaps “mankind” at large, darkened in understanding. But in John’s usage, darkness is not normally used of men or a group of men. Rather it usually signifies the evil environment or ‘sphere’ in which men find themselves. They loved darkness rather than light (Jn 3:19). Those who follow Jesus do not walk in darkness (Jn 8:12). They are to walk while they have light, lest the darkness “overtake”/”overcome” them (Jn 12:35, same verb as here). For John, with his set of symbols and imagery, darkness is not something which seeks to “understand/comprehend” the light, but the forces of evil which seek to “overcome/conquer” it. But they did not succeed. (Prologue John 1:1-18) Did not comprehend (2638) (katalambano from katá = adds intensity [or surprise as in 1Th 5:4] to the meaning of the verb + lambáno = take; gives us our word catalepsy) means to take eagerly, grasp with force, lay hold of, seize with hostile intent (this literal meaning vividly depicted by the demon who seizes the son and dashed him to the ground in Mark 9:18). Katalambano was used in the sense of laying hold of so as to gain control of. In a secular Greek use we read "they were pursued and overtaken." Katalambano is used with its meaning to overtake, lay hold of or seize in Jn 8:3-4 ("caught in adultery") and Jn 12:35 = "Jesus therefore said to them, “For a little while longer the light is among you. Walk while you have the light, that darkness may not overtake (katalambano) you; he who walks in the darkness does not know where he goes." Paul uses katalambano with a similar sense writing " But you, brethren, are not in darkness, that the day should overtake you like a thief." (1Thess 5:4)
João 1:8
Cole - C. H. Dodd (cited by James Boice, The Gospel of John) observes that the apostle John’s three points in 1:6-8 outline the development of the rest of the chapter. First, John the Baptist is not the light (developed in 1:19-28). Second, John was sent to bear witness to the light (Jn 1:29-34). Third, John’s aim was that all may believe through him (Jn 1:35-51). Those three points are helpful to keep in mind whenever you have an opportunity to bear witness of Christ. First, the message is not about you. It’s fine to give your testimony, but keep the focus on Christ. Second, tell people who Jesus is. John testified that Jesus is the Lord (Jn 1:23). John said that he wasn’t worthy to untie the thong of Jesus’ sandal (Jn 1:27). He said of Jesus (Jn 1:29), “Behold, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!” He said that Jesus was of higher rank than he (John) because He existed before John, even though John was older than Jesus (Jn 1:30). He testified that he saw the Spirit of God descending on Jesus as a dove out of heaven (Jn 1:32). He said (Jn 1:34), “I myself have seen, and have testified that this is the Son of God.” He said (Jn 3:30), “He must increase, but I must decrease.” Tell people who Jesus is. Third, seek to bring people to faith in Jesus. Don’t just have a nice discussion and leave it at that. Encourage people to put their trust in Jesus Christ for salvation before it is too late. (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict) John testified about the Light… Mark 1:2 As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, "BEHOLD, I SEND (apostello) MY MESSENGER BEFORE YOUR FACE, WHO WILL PREPARE YOUR WAY; 3 THE VOICE OF ONE CRYING IN THE WILDERNESS, 'MAKE READY THE WAY OF THE LORD, MAKE HIS PATHS STRAIGHT.'" 4 John the Baptist appeared in the wilderness preaching a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. 5 And all the country of Judea was going out to him, and all the people of Jerusalem; and they were being baptized by him in the Jordan River, confessing their sins. 6 And John was clothed with camel's hair and wore a leather belt around his waist, and his diet was locusts and wild honey. 7 And he was preaching, and saying, "After me One is coming who is mightier than I, and I am not fit to stoop down and untie the thong of His sandals. 8 "I baptized you with water; but He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit." Comment: What a testimony to John's spiritual walk that he would have to explain that "he was not that Light!" Would it be that we each would seek to imitate our Lord to such a degree as John obviously did! Bob
João 1:9
Cole has an excellent summary of how the phrase enlightens every man has been interpreted… (1) Some argue that this refers to the light of general (natural) revelation that God gives through creation (Ro. 1:20). Included in this may be the light of conscience that bears witness of God (Calvin’s view; Ro 2:14 16). (2) The Quakers say that this refers to an “inner light” that God gives to all people. (3) Some (Augustine) say that “every man” only refers to those who have been born again. (4) Others say that it means that Jesus would “give the light of truth to all whom his ministry would affect, whether in greater or lesser degree” (Merrill Tenney, Expositor’s Bible Commentary; also Colin Kruse). (5) Wesleyans argue that this verse teaches that God has given all people “prevenient grace,” which gives them to ability to choose or reject salvation. But that view contradicts the many verses that declare fallen man’s inability to choose God (Luke 10:22; John 8:43; Ro. 3:10-18; 8:7-8; 9:16; 1 Cor. 2:14; 2 Cor. 4:4; see Thomas Schreiner, Still Sovereign [Baker], ed. by Thomas Schreiner & Bruce Ware, pp. 229-246). (6) The best view is that John 1:9 refers to the exposure that light brings when it shines on something. The Greek verb (photizo) means to shed light upon or to make visible. This isn’t referring to inner illumination, but to the objective revelation or light that came into the world through the incarnation (Ed: But what about natural revelation and even special revelation of Yeshua prior to His incarnation? I address this question below) (Carson, p. 124; Schreiner, p. 240). Carson explains (ibid.), - It shines on every man, and divides the race: those who hate the light respond as the world does (Jn 1:10): they flee lest their deeds should be exposed by this light (Jn 3:19-21). But some receive this revelation (Jn 1:12-13), and thereby testify that their deeds have been done through God (Jn 3:21). In John’s Gospel it is repeatedly the case that the light shines on all, and forces a distinction (e.g. Jn 3:19-21; 8:12; 9:39-41)." John’s point here is that the witness that comes from the Light (Jesus) demands a response. When the Light exposes the corruption and sin that’s in everyone’s heart, some will react like cockroaches when the light is flipped on: they run for cover to hide their evil deeds. But others welcome the light, knowing that it’s for their healing and good. John goes on to show these opposite responses in Jn 1:10-13. (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict) COMMENTARIES NOT FAVORING NATURAL REVELATION See Steven Cole's interpretation above. I like John Piper's analysis of enlightens every man (he seems to favor explanation #6 above): the enlightenment of every man is probably not universal reason or intellect or the common grace of knowledge because (1) the next verse shows people unknowing and blind to the light; (2) light in this gospel comes as judgment into the world and causes people either to approach or reject; (3) the meaning of photizo 1 Corinthians 4:5 and 2 Timothy 1:10 is “shed light on so as to bring out the true quality of.” This is probably the meaning here. (How to Become a Child of God - Desiring God) Edwin Blum - This does not mean universal salvation or general revelation or even inner illumination (ED: LIKE QUAKERS). Instead, it means that Christ as the Light shines (phōtizei) on each person either in salvation or in illuminating him with regard to his sin and coming judgment (Jn 3:18–21; 9:39–41; cf. Jn 16:8–11). (See Bible Knowledge Commentary) Lange on enlightens every man - Christ gives sufficient light to every man to leave him without excuse, but not sufficient to save (Arrowsmith, Ryle). (John 1 Lange Commentary) Chuck Swindoll explains it this way - "Now that the Source of light has come to earth and has illumined the minds of humanity, no one can legitimately claim ignorance. All who do not believe are without excuse. (Ed: cf Paul's logic in Ro 1:20-note, Ro 2:1-note) Before His arrest, Jesus told His disciples: "If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have sin, but now they have no excuse for their sin. He who hates Me hates My Father also. If I had not done among them the works which no one else did, they would not have sin; but now they have both seen and hated Me and My Father as well. But they have done this to fulfill the word that is written in their Law, “They hated Me without a cause.” (John 15:22–25) Let me illustrate John’s point another way. Every modern house connects to an electric grid, which provides all the energy necessary to illumine every dark corner. The people living in these homes, however, can choose to live in the dark. The light is available but it isn’t compulsory. Although the Source of light has come to the world and has illumined all minds, many choose to draw the shades and shun the light. Now that Christ has come, belief or unbelief is no longer a crisis of the intellect (if it ever was); it is a crisis of the will. When a darkened mind chooses to remain in darkness, no one is to blame but the individual making that choice." (See Insights on John) Robert Gundry on enlightens every man - John 1:9 says that the Word enlightens every human being. But the context deals with the incarnate ministry of Christ as providing light, and John later shows awareness that the disciples need to be sent in order for the saving effects of that light to be felt (John 20:21–23). Furthermore, the gaining of Christ’s light links with believing in Christ (John 1:9–13; 3:16–21; 8:12–30). We do better to say that John jumps from the old creation at the beginning (Jn 1:1–3) to the new creation, dating from the incarnation (Jn 1:4–18), than to think that he writes concerning a preincarnate and continuing general ministry of the Word through the light of reason and conscience (ED: OR THRU NATURAL REVELATION OF WHICH HE WAS THE CREATOR). Therefore, John 1:9 means that Jesus the Word as preached in the gospel brings the light of salvation to everyone who hears and believes (ED: BUT THAT SAME LIGHT DIVIDES EVERY MAN, FOR MOST WILL CHOOSE TO REJECT HIS LIGHT). (Themelios - The Hopelessness of the Unevangelized) J M Boice on enlightens every man - The second important teaching in this verse is that today the light of the Lord Jesus Christ shines on every man. Here we are helped by realizing that John is writing out of a definite historical situation. John was writing toward the end of the apostolic era, and he had known the conflicts that had come about as the result of preaching the gospel to the Jews. The Jews, like some modern American Christians, thought that because God had blessed them in a certain historical way they were therefore the only ones whom God could be blessing. They looked back to their religious heritage and boasted in it. They considered the light that God had shed abroad to be their property exclusively. John writes that Jesus came to shine upon all men so that Greeks and Romans, as well as Jews, might share in his kingdom. That is glorious, of course. But it also has a somber side. For we ask ourselves, “What does the light do when it shines, as it does, on every man?” We must answer, “It brings the works of darkness to light.” When Jesus Christ came into the world he was a light such as the world had never seen before, and men hated him for existing simply because he revealed how dirty and vile their lives were morally. He did that then and he does that today. Hence, if you will allow his light to shine upon you, the first thing you will discover is that you are at heart a child of the darkness. (Gospel of John, James Montgomery Boice) Bob Deffinbaugh - Jesus is the true light that gives light to all mankind. Does this mean that Jesus placed an understanding of Himself in every person? No. It is the idea that Christ came and shined His light upon all people. This forced humanity to make a decision about who He was. This is a key theme in John’s Gospel—that Jesus’ light forces people to come to grips with their sin. John uses the imagery of light more than twenty times to refer to Jesus. He continues to draw a distinction between the world in darkness and the light of Jesus. (Layman's Bible Commentary) Charles Ryrie on enlightens every man - Not that every man is redeemed automatically, for redemption comes through faith in the Savior (Jn 1:12). But this light is available to all men (ED: WELL, YES, IF THE LIGHT OF HIS GOSPEL IS TAKEN TO THEM. AT THAT POINT HIS LIGHT ENLIGHTENS EVERY MAN IN SOME DARK JUNGLE TRIBE. SOME MAY RECEIVE AND SOME MAY NOT RECEIVE, BUT IN BOTH CASES HIS LIGHT EXPOSES THE DARKNESS OF THEIR SIN). William Hendriksen feels that enlightens every man refers "to the light of… the life of God in Christ—and therefore Christ himself—made manifest to the world by the preaching of the Gospel." (ED: AGAIN FOR HIM TO ENLIGHTEN EVERY MAN, THE GOSPEL MUST BE TAKEN TO EVERY MAN) (New Testament Commentary Exposition of the Gospel According to John) A T Robertson on enlightens every man - This true Light had been on hand all the time in the darkness… The Quakers (erroneously) appeal to this phrase for their belief that to every man there is given an inner light that is a sufficient guide, the "Quaker’s text" it is called. But it may only mean that all the real light that men receive comes from Christ, not necessarily that each one receives a special revelation. Keener - God did provide the light for all humanity in Jesus’ incarnation [for instance, T. Levi 14:4 says that the law was given to ‘enlighten every person’] just as in the Jewish tradition he provided the light of Torah to all nations at Sinai. But just as the nations rejected Torah, so the world rejected God’s Word made flesh.” Thomas
João 1:10
Cole explains that world (kosmos) "is a key concept in John. He uses it 78 times, often with reference to the evil system that is under Satan, “the ruler of this world” (Jn 12:31; 14:30; 16:11). It is hostile both toward Jesus and His followers (Jn 7:7; 15:18; 16:20). (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict) John Heading on kosmos - usually the word refers to the world of men, and only occasionally to the physical creation. In the expressions "in the world" and "the world was made by him", no doubt there is an element of the physical, but after that the world of men is implied, "the world knew him not". The Lord stood in complete contrast to this world of men, "ye are of this world; I am not of this world" (Jn 8:23). This world of men had no knowledge naturally of this One in their midst; faith in the messages of the various witnesses sent by God was necessary for any man to know Him. Their ignorance was demonstrated, for example, by the names that they applied to Him (Matt 16:14). Even the religious leaders knew no better, for they knew not their own OT Scriptures that spoke of Him. (What the Bible teaches)
João 1:10
Cole - These verses show the tragedy of sin and the terrible wickedness of the human heart. Sin is utterly irrational. If God loves sinners enough to send His own Son to pay for their sin and offer them eternal life as a free gift, it’s insane for them to scream, “Get out of here! Turn off that light! I love my sin so much that I’m willing to face eternal judgment rather than to receive the right to become God’s child!” (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict) ><>><>><> Jon Courson - When the Bulls and the Blazers play basketball, people in the stands go crazy. They lift their hands in the air victoriously, clap exuberantly, and cheer wildly. They stand, yell, and stomp their feet. And they won't care who sees them. The same thing happens at rock concerts and hockey games, beauty pageants and rodeos. Humanity creatively and radically worships with abandon. But when it comes to worshiping Jesus, arms fold, voices hush, and sitting becomes the position of choice. Our culture finds it very easy to worship sports, movie, or rock stars—but has great difficulty worshiping Jesus. (Jon Courson's Application Commentary ><>><>><> While the World Sleeps - In the vivid imagination of many young children, high above the decorations and colorful holiday lights, a jolly man in a red suit is pulled through the sky by a team of flying reindeer. Youngsters go to bed in fitful anticipation of the next morning. It’s Christmas Eve! Yet today my mind wanders across time and space to a very different scene. The animals are restless. A mule brays. A cow bumps the stable door. An anxious husband stops pacing the makeshift delivery room floor to console his love. Suddenly a newborn baby sputters with His first breath. With a spirited cry He announces His own arrival. The long-awaited Son has come! On Christmas morning this year, children will leap out of bed and rush downstairs. Paper and ribbon will soon threaten to push everyone out of the room. Will we let it push out the Son of God too? In all the excitement of the holiday, let’s draw attention to the Savior. Like John the Baptist, let’s point others to the One who came into the world but was not recognized by it (Jn. 1:6-10). May the greetings we speak, the cards we send, the presents we give be motivated by our love for Jesus. After all, He is the real reason for the season! The world drowns the carol with its sleighbells— Giftwraps the manger—shoves it out of sight; Yet though the darkness deepens while the din swells, The Star of Bethlehem still shines as bright. —Gustafson The best gift in the world was wrapped in a manger. ><>><>><> Surprise! - A writer for The Washington Post conducted an experiment to test people’s perception. He asked a famous violinist to perform incognito at a train station in the nation’s capital one January morning. Thousands of people walked by as he played, but only a few stopped to listen. After 45 minutes, just $32 had been dropped into the virtuoso’s open violin case. Two days earlier, this man—Joshua Bell—had used the same $3.5 million Stradivarius for a sold-out concert where people paid $100 a seat to hear him perform. The idea of a person not being recognized for his greatness isn’t new. It happened to Jesus. “He was in the world,” John said, “. . . and the world did not know Him” (John 1:10). Why did people who had been expecting the Messiah give Jesus such a cold reception? One reason is that they were surprised. Just as people today don’t expect famous musicians to play in railway stations, the people in Jesus’ day didn’t expect Messiah to be born in a stable. They also expected Him to be a political king—not the head of a spiritual kingdom. The people in the first century were blinded to God’s purpose in sending Jesus to this world. He came to save people from their sins (John 1:29). Receive God’s surprising gift of salvation that He offers freely to you today. Amazing thought! that God in flesh Would take my place and bear my sin; That I, a guilty, death-doomed soul, Eternal life might win! —Anon. God broke into human history to offer us the gift of eternal life. Lappin's Sermon Outline - THE DIVINE PRESENCE “And as he sat on the mount of Olives, the disciples came onto him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world?”—Mt. 24:3. "He was in the world, and the world was made through him, and the world knew him not.”—Jn 1:10. INTRODUCTION.—If Jesus is in the world—a divine presence—where is He? How may we know Him? I. He is where the gospel is being preached. Mt. 19:28. II. He is where the needy are being relieved. Mt. 25:40. III. He is where His table is spread—for Christians. “Where one or two” (Mt. 18:20). IV. He is where sinners are repenting. “If any man hear and open.”
João 1:11
Cole - Then John heightens the irony of the world not knowing Jesus (Jn 1:11): “He came to His own, and those who were His own did not receive Him.” There is a word play in Greek: the first “His own” is neuter and refers to “His own property or home.” The second “His own” is masculine and refers to His fellow Jews, the people of Israel. The two phrases both may refer to Israel, with the first emphasizing that Israel belongs to the Lord as His inheritance (Ps. 78:71), and the second emphasizing that they were His own kinsmen. They should have recognized Jesus as their promised Messiah, (See also Josh McDowell's classic "More Than A Carpenter") prophesied of in their Scriptures. But He wasn’t the kind of Messiah that they envisioned or wanted. They were hoping for a political Messiah who would deliver them from Rome’s power and provide peace and prosperity. They didn’t see their need for a Savior from sin. And so they rejected the true Light who made them and who rightfully owned them. There are two applications for us: First, make sure that you’re not rejecting the true Light in spite of the solid testimony that He is the eternal Word in human flesh. It’s easy to be disappointed with Jesus because He didn’t give you quick relief from all your problems. It’s a short step from there to turning your back on Him altogether. Second, don’t be surprised when people do not respond positively to your witness for Christ. People still love the darkness because their deeds are evil. (Jn 3:19-20) (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict)
João 1:12
Cole - These verses state the purpose for which this Gospel was written and thus form an inclusio (like “bookends”) with Jn 20:30-31. They also strike the balance between human responsibility (we must receive Christ by believing in His name) and divine sovereignty (those who believe in Him were not born of human decision, but of God). (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict) Westcott - The Jews as a nation did not receive Christ as Him for whose advent they had been disciplined (trained) (Jn 1:11); but this national rejection was qualified by the personal belief of some. These (many) however believed as men, so to say, and not as Jews.....The privilege of Israel (Ex. 4:22) was extended to all the faithful.. (The Gospel According to St John)
João 1:12
Cole - To receive Christ is the opposite of not knowing Him and rejecting Him (1:10-11). It means to welcome Him into your life. John further defines it as believing in His name. “His name” refers to all that Jesus is in His person as the eternal Word made flesh. It refers to all that He did by dying on the cross as the substitute for your sins. Believing in His name means that you stop relying on your own merits and works as the way to approach God and instead you rely totally on what Jesus did for you on the cross. It means that when you stand before God, your only hope for heaven is not your good works, but rather that Jesus died for your sins and you are trusting in Him alone. Often when you share the gospel with people from a Roman Catholic background, they will tell you that they have received Christ, because they think that they are receiving Christ when they eat the communion wafer. But when you question them on why God should let them into heaven, they will say that they have gone to Mass and confession, they have lived a good life, etc. So you need to make it clear to them that receiving Christ means to rely on Him totally as the payment for their sins. Taking communion or going to mass or doing penance can never qualify us for heaven. John says that when we receive Christ or believe in Him, He gives us the right or authority to become children of God. The “right” means a legitimate claim, much like a birth certificate proves that you are the child of your natural father. The fact that those who believe “become children of God” means that all people are not God’s children by natural birth. To become God’s child requires a spiritual new birth (Jn 1:13; 3:1-8). Maybe you’ve daydreamed about what it would be like to be the child of a wealthy family, where you could have everything you ever wanted. Or maybe you never had parents who loved you and you wish that you could have been born into a family where you were loved and cared for. We get all of that and more as God’s children! In 1 John 3:1, the apostle exclaims, “See how great a love the Father has bestowed on us, that we would be called children of God; and such we are. For this reason the world does not know us, because it did not know Him.” What a wonderful privilege! (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict) BELIEF IN HIS NAME Even to those who believe in His Name - As discussed above believe parallels received, like two sides of a coin. While not an identical spiritual dynamic, the relationship of receive and believe reminds one of the integral association of repentance and belief (Mk 1:15, cf Acts 19:4, 26:20), both necessary for one to be born again. Believe (4100)(pisteuo [click detailed discussion of belief] from pistis; pistos; related studies the faith, the obedience of faith) means to consider something to be true and therefore worthy of one’s trust. To accept as true, genuine, or real. To have a firm conviction as to the goodness, efficacy, or ability of something or someone. Pisteuo means to entrust oneself to an entity in complete confidence. To believe in with the implication of total commitment to the one who is trusted. While obviously belief must first have some intellectual apprehension of the truth, "intellectual belief" is absolutely not genuine, soul saving belief! The respected Greek lexicon author W E Vine adds that believe that saves a soul consists of "(1) a firm conviction which produces full acknowledgment of God's revelation of Truth - (2Thes 2:12 -"in order that they all may be judged who did not believe [pisteuo] the truth, but took pleasure in wickedness.") (2) a personal surrender to the Truth (Jn 1:12 "But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe [pisteuo] in His name") and (3) a conduct inspired by and consistent with that surrender." NET Note - John uses pisteuo in 4 major ways: (1) of believing facts, reports, etc., 12 times; (2) of believing people (or the scriptures), 19 times; (3) of believing “in” Christ” (pisteuo + eis + acc.), 36 times; (4) used absolutely without any person or object specified, 30 times. On the use of the πιστεύω + εἰς (pisteuō + eis) construction in John: The verb πιστεύω occurs 98 times in John (compared to 11 times in Matthew, 14 times in Mark [including the longer ending], and 9 times in Luke). One of the unsolved mysteries is why the corresponding noun form πίστις (pistis) is never used at all. Many have held the noun was in use in some pre-Gnostic sects and this rendered it suspect for John. It might also be that for John, faith was an activity, something that men do (cf. W. Turner, “Believing and Everlasting Life—A Johannine Inquiry,” Expository Times 64 [1952/53]: 50–52). John uses πιστεύω in 4 major ways: (1) of believing facts, reports, etc., 12 times; (2) of believing people (or the scriptures), 19 times; (3) of believing “in” Christ” (πιστεύω + εἰς + acc.), 36 times; (4) used absolutely without any person or object specified, 30 times (the one remaining passage is 2:24, where Jesus refused to “trust” himself to certain individuals). Of these, the most significant is the use of πιστεύω with εἰς + accusative. It is not unlike the Pauline ἐν Χριστῷ (en Christō) formula. Some have argued that this points to a Hebrew (more likely Aramaic) original behind the Fourth Gospel. But it probably indicates something else, as C. H. Dodd observed: “πιστεύειν with the dative so inevitably connoted simple credence, in the sense of an intellectual judgment, that the moral element of personal trust or reliance inherent in the Hebrew or Aramaic phrase—an element integral to the primitive Christian conception of faith in Christ—needed to be otherwise expressed” (The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel, 183). Believe is in the present tense (one does not believe and then cease believing but continues believing) and in the active voice, which signifies that one has made a volitional choice, a choice of their will. While this supernatural birth is initiated by a sovereign work of the Spirit of God (born...of God = Jn 1:13, cf the Spirit of God = Jn 3:3-7), one must still make a conscious, volitional choice to place their faith in the Logos, the Light of the World. To say it another way, God's revelation of the Light, calls for a personal response to the Light. And frankly each new day is an opportunity to live by grace through faith as enabled by the Holy Spirit and Holy Word (thus the importance of daily "eating" the "breakfast of champions!") J
João 1:13
Cole - They were born, but it was not a natural birth. “Blood” (lit., “bloods”) refers to human ancestry. “The will of the flesh” refers to the decision of human parents to have a child. “The will of man” refers to human willpower. John probably piles up these phrases to counter the Jewish pride of race (Morris, p. 101). Ed Blum explains (The Bible Knowledge Commentary), ““The birth of a child of God is not a natural birth; it is a supernatural work of God in regeneration. A person welcomes Jesus and responds in faith and obedience to Him, but the mysterious work of the Holy Spirit is ‘the cause’ of regeneration (Jn 3:5-8).” Just as we had nothing to do with our physical birth, so we had nothing to do with our spiritual birth. We can’t take credit for it. We can’t boast in our wise decision to believe in Christ. All glory must go to God. (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict)
João 1:13
Cole - The question comes up, “Do we first believe and then are born again, or are we born again and then believe?” They both happen at the same instant, and so it’s a question of logical, not chronological, order. The clearest verse for answering the question is 1John 5:1, which is literally translated, “Whoever believes [present tense] that Jesus is the Christ has been born [perfect tense] of God.” In other words, believing in Christ is evidence that God has given you new life through the new birth. John Stott comments on that verse and its verb tenses (The Epistles of John [Eerdmans], p. 172), “It shows clearly that believing is the consequence, not the cause, of the new birth. Our present, continuing activity of believing is the result, and therefore the evidence, of our past experience of new birth by which we became and remain God’s children.” There is a mystery here that we can’t fully resolve. Suffice it to say that your responsibility is to believe in Christ for salvation and to urge others to believe in Christ. But whenever we believe in Christ, we can’t take credit for our faith or our wise decision. All we can say is, “If God had not graciously chosen me and imparted new life to me, I would still be in my sin. All glory goes to Him!” (See 1Cor. 1:26-31; Eph. 2:1-10; Acts 13:48.) So now you’ve heard the witnesses. John has testified that Jesus is the Light. Jesus Himself shines as the true Light. It’s time for your verdict. Will you ignore Him as you pursue your own agenda? Will you flat out reject Him because He confronts your pride? Or, will you receive Him by believing in His name so that you become His child, born of God? (John 1:6-13 God’s Witness, Your Verdict) NOT OF BLOOD Not of blood - Of physical descent. We are not born into the family of God just because both of our parents are believers. The new birth has nothing to do with physical generation. Some see this as a reference to being born into a particular nation or ethnicity (Jewish).. Certainly the Jews in large part thought they were "safe" from judgment. This supernatural birth has nothing to do with one's heredity or physical lineage. You can ride your believing parents spiritual coat-tails… God has no spiritual grandchildren! A W
João 1:14
Cole - John could have said, “The Word lived among us,” but instead he used the unusual word, translated dwelt, which means “to pitch a tent” or “to tabernacle.” It is used of the tabernacle in the Old Testament, where God dwelt with His people in the wilderness. John does not mean by this term that Jesus’ humanity was temporary, but rather, His stay on earth was temporary. By using the word that was used of the tabernacle, coupled with seeing Jesus’ glory, John wants us to make some connections. Just as the tabernacle was the place where God dwelt with His people and manifested His glory, so Jesus is Immanuel, God with Us. Just as the tabernacle was at the center of Israel’s camp, so Christ is to be at the center of the church. Just as sacrifices and worship were offered at the tabernacle, so Jesus is our complete and final sacrifice, and we have access to God through Him. Every aspect of the tabernacle speaks of Christ (See Christ in the Tabernacle by Louis T. Talbot). The bronze altar for sacrifice and the bronze laver for cleansing point to Christ. The table of showbread in the holy place speaks of Christ, the living bread. The golden lampstand points to Christ, the light, who illumines the things of God. The altar of incense reminds us of Christ’s making intercession for us. In the holy of holies, the ark of the covenant, made of wood covered with gold, points to the two natures of Christ. On top of the ark was the mercy seat, where the blood of atonement was sprinkled. Inside were the tablets of the law, pointing to Christ, the fulfillment of God’s law for us; the jar of manna, pointing to Christ as our sustenance; and Aaron’s rod that budded, pointing to Jesus as “the branch,” who was raised from the dead and gives new life to those who were dead in their sins. Jesus, our tabernacle, “dwelt among us”! (The Word Became Flesh John 1:14) Ray Pritchard - In the Bible three kinds of people lived in tents—shepherds, sojourners, and soldiers. They lived in tents because they never stayed in one place very long. Jesus lived in the “tent” of his humanity for 33 years on the earth because he too was a shepherd, a sojourner, and a soldier. He came to be the Good Shepherd, he came as a visitor from heaven, and he came as the Captain of our Salvation to defeat the devil once and for all. Jesus was God’s rescue mission to the human race. He came on a mission from God. When his mission was over, he went back to heaven. While he was here, he pitched his tent among us. When his time was up, he took his tent of human flesh and rejoined his Father in heaven. (Sermon) Ray
João 1:14
Cole concludes John 1:14 - J. C. Ryle, in his wonderful Expository Thoughts on the Gospels [Baker], 3:26-27) draws several practical lessons from John 1:14. He points out that the constant undivided union of two perfect natures in Christ’s person gives infinite value to His mediation for sinners, to His imputed righteousness to believers, to His atoning blood, and to His resurrection. Then he adds (pp. 27-28), Did the Word become flesh? Then He is One who can be touched with the feeling of His people’s infirmities, because He has suffered Himself, being tempted. He is almighty because He is God, and yet He can sympathize with us, because He is man. Did the Word become flesh? Then He can supply us with a perfect pattern and example for our daily life…. Having dwelt among us as a man, we know that the true standard of holiness is to “walk even as He walked” (1 John 2:6). He is a perfect pattern, because He is God. But He is also a pattern exactly suited to our needs, because He is man. Finally, did the Word become flesh? Then let us see in our mortal bodies a real, true dignity, and not defile them by sin. Vile and weak as our body may seem, it is a body which the Eternal Son of God was not ashamed to take upon Himself, and to take up to heaven. That simple fact is a pledge that He will raise our bodies at the last day, and glorify them together with His own. As Charles
João 1:14-18
Cole - John could have said, “The Word lived among us,” but instead he used the unusual word, translated dwelt (skenoo) , which means “to pitch a tent” or “to tabernacle.” It is used of the tabernacle in the Old Testament, where God dwelt with His people in the wilderness. John does not mean by this term that Jesus’ humanity was temporary, but rather, His stay on earth was temporary. By using the word that was used of the tabernacle, coupled with seeing Jesus’ glory, John wants us to make some connections. Just as the tabernacle was the place where God dwelt with His people and manifested His glory, so Jesus is Immanuel, God with Us. Just as the tabernacle was at the center of Israel’s camp, so Christ is to be at the center of the church. Just as sacrifices and worship were offered at the tabernacle, so Jesus is our complete and final sacrifice, and we have access to God through Him. Every aspect of the tabernacle speaks of Christ (See Christ in the Tabernacle by Louis T. Talbot). The bronze altar for sacrifice and the bronze laver for cleansing point to Christ. The table of showbread in the holy place speaks of Christ, the living bread. The golden lampstand points to Christ, the light, who illumines the things of God. The altar of incense reminds us of Christ’s making intercession for us. In the holy of holies, the ark of the covenant, made of wood covered with gold, points to the two natures of Christ. On top of the ark was the mercy seat, where the blood of atonement was sprinkled. Inside were the tablets of the law, pointing to Christ, the fulfillment of God’s law for us; the jar of manna, pointing to Christ as our sustenance; and Aaron’s rod that budded, pointing to Jesus as “the branch,” who was raised from the dead and gives new life to those who were dead in their sins. Jesus, our tabernacle, “dwelt among us”! (The Word Became Flesh John 1:14) Ray Pritchard - In the Bible three kinds of people lived in tents—shepherds, sojourners, and soldiers. They lived in tents because they never stayed in one place very long. Jesus lived in the “tent” of his humanity for 33 years on the earth because he too was a shepherd, a sojourner, and a soldier. He came to be the Good Shepherd, he came as a visitor from heaven, and he came as the Captain of our Salvation to defeat the devil once and for all. Jesus was God’s rescue mission to the human race. He came on a mission from God. When his mission was over, he went back to heaven. While he was here, he pitched his tent among us. When his time was up, he took his tent of human flesh and rejoined his Father in heaven. (Sermon) Ray
João 1:14-18
Cole concludes John 1:14 - J. C. Ryle, in his wonderful Expository Thoughts on the Gospels [Baker], 3:26-27) draws several practical lessons from John 1:14. He points out that the constant undivided union of two perfect natures in Christ’s person gives infinite value to His mediation for sinners, to His imputed righteousness to believers, to His atoning blood, and to His resurrection. Then he adds (pp. 27-28), Did the Word become flesh? Then He is One who can be touched with the feeling of His people’s infirmities, because He has suffered Himself, being tempted. He is almighty because He is God, and yet He can sympathize with us, because He is man. Did the Word become flesh? Then He can supply us with a perfect pattern and example for our daily life…. Having dwelt among us as a man, we know that the true standard of holiness is to “walk even as He walked” (1 John 2:6). He is a perfect pattern, because He is God. But He is also a pattern exactly suited to our needs, because He is man. Finally, did the Word become flesh? Then let us see in our mortal bodies a real, true dignity, and not defile them by sin. Vile and weak as our body may seem, it is a body which the Eternal Son of God was not ashamed to take upon Himself, and to take up to heaven. That simple fact is a pledge that He will raise our bodies at the last day, and glorify them together with His own. As Charles
João 1:14-18
Cole - John the Baptist began his public ministry before Jesus’ ministry. So by the first part of that declaration, John was dispelling the common cultural view that the older man had greater honor than the younger one. He is saying that Jesus is the greater one… So, the apostle John wants us to see that Jesus is greater than John the Baptist and all the other prophets because, whether the Baptist fully recognized it or not, Jesus is the eternal Word. He had a higher rank than John because He existed before John, although he was younger than John. Jesus said that there were none greater than John the Baptist (Mt. 11:11). So if John himself testified that Jesus was greater than he, and if John’s words about Jesus may be taken to point to His preexistence, then Jesus is greater than all the prophets. Thus we should believe in Him. (Why You Should Believe in Jesus - John 1:15-18) Jesus affirmed that He existed before John by testifying that He even existed before "father Abraham," in his confrontation with the Jews who had "believed" with the "belief of unbelief" in John 8 (Compare Jn 8:30 with Jn 8:45 - it could not be clearer for Jesus Himself says their "belief" is "unbelief!") for… Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am.” (John 8:58) Comment: "I Am" is the identical "ego eimi" statement with which God identified Himself to Moses in Ex 3:14 (as recorded in the Greek Septuagint): " God said to Moses "I Am Who I Am" ("ego eimi [present tense] hos on [present tense of eimi]") (Yhwh is Commonly known as the "tetragrammaton", the "four letters" which Jews over the ages have zealously avoided pronouncing). While scholars might argue on the meaning of "I Am" falling from the lips of Jesus was crystal clear in the ears of the Jewish audience. They recognized that He had just claimed to be Jehovah, to be God, and that they considered blasphemy and for that they sought to stone Him to death (Jn 8:59)! Passages on Pre-existence of Christ John 1:1+ In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. John 8:56-59+ “Your father Abraham rejoiced to see My day, and he saw it and was glad.” 57 So the Jews said to Him, “You are not yet fifty years old, and have You seen Abraham?” 58 Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am.” 59 Therefore they picked up stones to throw at Him, but Jesus hid Himself and went out of the temple. John 16:28+ “I came forth from the Father and have come into the world; I am leaving the world again and going to the Father.” Philippians 2:6-7+ who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, 7 but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. Colossians 1:17+ He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. John 17:5 “Now, Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with the glory which I had with You before the world was. Comment: In the night before He was crucified, in His high priestly prayer to His Father Jesus prayed this prayer. Clearly Jesus is testifying to His eternal existence. Those who say Jesus never claimed God simply have not read and interpreted the Word of God in its natural, literal, plain sense. To conclude anything else is utter nonsense! QUESTION - Does the Bible support the pre-existence of Jesus? ANSWER - The biblical argument for the pre-existence of Jesus is certainly multi-faceted. Pre-existence is defined as “existence in a former state or previous to something else.” In the case of Jesus Christ, His pre-existence means that, before He became a man and walked upon the earth, He was already in existence as the second Person of the triune God. The Bible not only explicitly teaches this doctrine but also implies this fact at various points throughout the Gospels and Epistles. In addition, Jesus’ own actions reveal His divine identity and, as a consequence, His pre-existence. Several places in the New Testament explicitly teach Jesus’ pre-existence. Jesus said, “And now, Father, glorify me in your presence with the glory I had with you before the world began” (John 17:5). This passage alone is sufficient to show that the Scripture supports Jesus’ pre-existence, but it is just one of many such passages. Jesus Himself explicitly taught His own pre-existence (John 3:13; 6:33, 38, 62; 8:23; 16:28). Christ even said that He existed prior to Abraham’s birth (John 8:58–59) even though Abraham’s birth preceded Jesus’ own birth by many centuries! Several texts present Jesus as pre-existing with His Father (Romans 8:3; 1 John 1:2; Galatians 4:4). Several passages even identify Jesus as the Creator (John 1:2–3; Colossians 1:16–17; Hebrews 1:2). Probably the most powerful evidence for the pre-existence of Christ was the very behavior of Jesus Himself. He was often doing and saying things that only the God of Israel had the right or power to do. Jesus’ healing of the paralytic in Mark 2 was done to demonstrate His authority and His ability to forgive sins (Mark 2:3–12). Jesus’ Jewish audience was well aware that such actions were reserved only for Yahweh. Jesus’ actions in Luke 7 drew a similar reaction (Luke 7:48–50). That Jesus pre-existed in His divinity is further proven by His being the object of worship repeatedly in the Gospels (Matthew 28:9, 17; Luke 24:52; John 9:38; 20:28). Never did Jesus reject such adoration. He saw such worship as entirely appropriate. Jesus implied that He had authority over the Sabbath (Mark 2:28) as well as the authority to abolish the Law (Ephesians 2:14–15). Such behavior is sheer blasphemy coming from anyone short of a divine (and therefore pre-existent) Person. In addition, Jesus identified Himself as the divine Son of Man (Mark 14:61–64) and claimed to be able to raise Himself from the dead (John 10:17–18)! This turned out to be the very miracle that He claimed would authenticate His radical claims and ministry (Matthew 12:38–40;16:1–4). Jesus accomplished this grand miracle and gave convincing proof of it (Luke 24:36–43; John 20:26; 21:1-14; Acts 1:3–6). This miracle established Jesus’ claim to deity and thus provides further confirmation of His pre-existence. John 1:16 For of His fullness we have all received, and grace upon grace. Greek: hoti ek tou pleromatos autou hemeis pantes elabomen, (1PAAI) kai charin anti charitos; Amplified: For out of His fullness (abundance) we have all received [all had a share and we were all supplied with] one grace after another and spiritual blessing upon spiritual blessing and even favor upon favor and gift [heaped] upon gift. ESV: And from his fullness we have all received, grace upon grace. KJV: And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace. NLT: We have all benefited from the rich blessings he brought to us--one gracious blessing after another.
João 1:14-18
Cole - we do need to consider what John means by the phrase, “grace upon grace.” John uses a Greek preposition, anti, that means that one thing is replaced by another or put in the place of another. In light of verse 17, many reputable commentators understand it to mean that the grace of the law was replaced by the grace of Jesus Christ (Carson, p. 132; Andreas Kostenberger, John [Baker], pp. 46-47; this view goes back to several early church fathers). They contend that if John had meant “grace upon grace,” he would have used another preposition, epi. In light of God’s revelation to Moses of His grace in Exodus 33 & Exodus 34, this may be what John means for us to understand. But it strikes me as a bit subtle (ED: I AGREE), especially since the law itself was not noted for dispensing grace. The Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek-English Lexicon [University of Chicago Press], 2nd ed., p. 73) says that in John 1:16, anti means “grace pours forth in ever new streams.” (In the same vein, see A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament [Broadman Press], p. 574.) Another scholar, Murray J. Harris (ONLINE - The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology [Zondervan], ed. by Colin Brown, p. 1179) says that the preposition in this verse “denotes a perpetual and rapid succession of blessings, as though there were no interval between the arrival of one blessing and the receipt of the next.” When you add in the idea of Jesus’ fullness, at the very least John wants us to see that in Him we get all the grace that we need. It’s an inexhaustible supply. (Why You Should Believe in Jesus John 1:15-18) Cambridge - Literally, Grace in the place of grace, one grace succeeding another and as it were taking its place. There is no reference to the New Testament displacing the Old. Possibly the anti may imply that one grace leads on to another, so that the second is, as it were, a reward for the first. Winer, p. 456. (John 1 - Cambridge Greek Testament Commentary) Expositor's Greek Testament - "ever and anon fresh grace appears over and above that already received"… “Where in the history of mankind can we find anything resembling this, that men who had eaten and drunk with their Master should glorify Him, not only as the Revealer of God, but as the Prince of Life, as the Redeemer and Judge of the world, as the living power of its existence, and that a choir of Jews and Gentiles, Greeks and barbarians, wise and foolish, should along with them immediately confess that out of the fulness of this one man they have received grace for grace?” (John 1 - The Expositor's Greek Testament) J C
João 1:14-18
Cole explains that "in the bosom of the Father” corresponds to “the Word was with God” (Jn 1:1) and points to the close and unbroken fellowship that Jesus enjoyed with the Father, as seen in His prayer in chapter 17. It also shows us the horror of the cross for Jesus, when as He bore our sins He cried out (Mt. 27:46), “My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?” This shows that as horrible as Jesus being the Bearer of all mankind's sins was, even worse was the momentary separation from His Father (a mystery no man can explain, certainly not this writer!). It is interesting that Paul in his description of the judgment of unbelievers does not emphasize the fiery torment but the separation from God (2Th 1:6-10+ = "These will pay the penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power."). (Why You Should Believe in Jesus (John 1:15-18)) D A Carson - A similar expression is found elsewhere: Lazarus is in Abraham’s bosom (Lk. 16:22–23+), and John rests on Jesus’ bosom at the last supper (Jn 13:23+). It apparently conveys an aura of intimacy, mutual love and knowledge. (The Gospel according to John).
João 1:14-18
Cole - The word “explained” is the Greek word from which we get our word “Exegete.” It is parallel to “the Word” in Jn 1:1. Just as a word explains an unseen thought, so Jesus, the Word, explains the unseen God to us. The only way that you can know the Father is through Jesus His Son (Luke 10:22; Jn 14:6). Elsewhere John writes (1 John 2:23), “Whoever denies the Son does not have the Father; the one who confesses the Son has the Father also.” In John 5:23 Jesus states, “He who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent Him.” This means that the cults, which all deny the deity of Jesus, cannot bring anyone to God. It also means that the Insider Movement, which has changed the terms “Father” and “Son” because they are offensive to Muslims has perverted the core of the gospel. It’s fine to explain what the terms mean, but it’s not fine to change the terms that God has used to reveal Himself to us in His Son. (Why You Should Believe in Jesus John 1:15-18) Explained (1834)(exegeomai from ek = out or as an intensifier + hegeomai = tell, lead means literally to lead out, then to unfold, declare by making plain, or tell the meaning of something, especially to tell it fully. To make known or thoroughly explain. Figuratively the idea is to "bring out" the meaning. To "draw out" in narrative form and so to relate (Luke 24:35; Acts 10:8; 15:12, 14; 21:19). In English relate means to give an account of. Exegeomai means to "lead completely out" which means more than simple "telling" for it also unfolds something to reach a proper understanding, e.g., the "leading out" (expounding) of the facts proceeds to its necessary objective. About AD 75, Josephus used exegeomai as a "technical term for the interpretation of the law as practiced by the rabbinate" Exegeomai is used of a man relating his dream (Jdg 7:13), of describing a miracle (2 Ki. 8:5), and of declaring the Lord’s glory among the nations (1Chr. 16:24). The closely related noun exegetes (also in Ge 41:8) is used in Pr 29:18 (see commentary) which says "Where there is no vision (no expounder, on one who leads on, no interpreter), the people are unrestrained, But happy is he who keeps the law." The clear application to pastors is to "Preach (every verb in red is aorist imperative = command to do so even with a sense of urgency) the word; be ready in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort, with great patience and instruction." (2Ti 4:2-note) How few pastors are exegetes and thus their sheep are not fed. Explain (Webster's definitions - Ponder Jesus' incarnation as you read these definitions! Interesting!) - To make known or clear by providing more detail, to make plain or understandable, to give the reason for or cause of, to show the logical development or relationships of, to explain implies a making plain or intelligible what is not immediately obvious or entirely known; to make (something) comprehensible, esp. by giving a clear and detailed account of the relevant structure, operation, surrounding circumstances, etc; Synonyms = clarify, clear up, define, demonstrate, describe, disclose, elucidate, explicate (formal), expound, illustrate, interpret, make clear or plain, resolve, solve, teach, unfold. Webster's 1828 = To make plain, manifest or intelligible; to clear of obscurity; to expound; to illustrate by discourse, or by notes. The first business of a preacher is to explain his text. Notes and comments are intended to explain the scriptures.
João 1:15
Cole - John the Baptist began his public ministry before Jesus’ ministry. So by the first part of that declaration, John was dispelling the common cultural view that the older man had greater honor than the younger one. He is saying that Jesus is the greater one....So, the apostle John wants us to see that Jesus is greater than John the Baptist and all the other prophets because, whether the Baptist fully recognized it or not, Jesus is the eternal Word. He had a higher rank than John because He existed before John, although he was younger than John. Jesus said that there were none greater than John the Baptist (Mt. 11:11). So if John himself testified that Jesus was greater than he, and if John’s words about Jesus may be taken to point to His preexistence, then Jesus is greater than all the prophets. Thus we should believe in Him. (Why You Should Believe in Jesus - John 1:15-18) Jesus affirmed that He existed before John by testifying that He even existed before "father Abraham," in his confrontation with the Jews who had "believed" with the "belief of unbelief" in John 8 (Compare Jn 8:30 with Jn 8:45 - it could not be clearer for Jesus Himself says their "belief" is "unbelief!") for... Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am.” (John 8:58) Comment: "I Am" is the identical "ego eimi" statement with which God identified Himself to Moses in Ex 3:14 (as recorded in the Greek Septuagint): " God said to Moses "I Am Who I Am" ("ego eimi [present tense] hos on [present tense of eimi]") (Yhwh is Commonly known as the "tetragrammaton", the "four letters" which Jews over the ages have zealously avoided pronouncing). While scholars might argue on the meaning of "I Am" falling from the lips of Jesus was crystal clear in the ears of the Jewish audience. They recognized that He had just claimed to be Jehovah, to be God, and that they considered blasphemy and for that they sought to stone Him to death (Jn 8:59)! Passages on Pre-existence of Christ - Jn1:1; 8:56–59; 16:28; 17:5; 1Cor. 8:9; Php. 2:6–7; Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:3 In the night before He was crucified, in His high priestly prayer to His Father Jesus prayed... “Now, Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with the glory which I had with You before the world was. (John 17:5) Comment: Clearly Jesus is testifying to His eternal existence. Those who say Jesus never claimed God simply have not read and interpreted the Word of God in its natural, literal, plain sense. To conclude anything else is utter nonsense!
João 1:16
Cole - we do need to consider what John means by the phrase, “grace upon grace.” John uses a Greek preposition, anti, that means that one thing is replaced by another or put in the place of another. In light of verse 17, many reputable commentators understand it to mean that the grace of the law was replaced by the grace of Jesus Christ (Carson, p. 132; Andreas Kostenberger, John [Baker], pp. 46-47; this view goes back to several early church fathers). They contend that if John had meant “grace upon grace,” he would have used another preposition, epi. In light of God’s revelation to Moses of His grace in Exodus 33 & 34, this may be what John means for us to understand. But it strikes me as a bit subtle, especially since the law itself was not noted for dispensing grace. The Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek-English Lexicon [University of Chicago Press], 2nd ed., p. 73) says that in John 1:16, anti means “grace pours forth in ever new streams.” (In the same vein, see A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament [Broadman Press], p. 574.) Another scholar, Murray J. Harris (The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology [Zondervan], ed. by Colin Brown, p. 1179) says that the preposition in this verse “denotes a perpetual and rapid succession of blessings, as though there were no interval between the arrival of one blessing and the receipt of the next.” When you add in the idea of Jesus’ fullness, at the very least John wants us to see that in Him we get all the grace that we need. It’s an inexhaustible supply. (Why You Should Believe in Jesus John 1:15-18) John
João 1:17
Cole - Why does John introduce the law and Moses here? For one thing, in Exodus 34, when God called Moses back to Mount Sinai to reveal His glory, He instructed him to cut out two stone tablets like the former ones that he had broken in anger when he went down the mountain and found the people worshiping the golden calf (Ex 34:1). God reissued the law on that occasion of showing Moses His glory. The law, as summarized in the Ten Commandments, manifested God’s grace (“lovingkindness”) and truth (Ex 34:6). If that passage is the backdrop for these verses in John, then he is showing that as great as the law and Moses were, someone who embodies grace and truth had now “tabernacled” among us. Andreas Kostenberger (ibid., p. 47) points out, “Rather than offend the Gospel’s Jewish audience, this verse is designed to draw it in: ‘If you want an even more gracious demonstration of God’s covenant love and faithfulness,’ the evangelist tells his readers, ‘it is found in Jesus Christ.’” So John is saying, “If you thought that God’s gift of the law through Moses was a great thing (and it was), He has given us a greater gift now through Jesus Christ.” But it seems to me that John is at the same time drawing a contrast between the inferiority of the law and the superiority of Jesus Christ. Leon Morris (The Gospel According to John[Eerdmans], p. 112) points out, “The contrast of the Christian way with the Jewish and the function of Moses as subordinate to and pointing forward to the Christ is a recurring theme in the Gospel (see 5:39, 46; 6:32; 8:32ff.; 9:28ff.).” J. C. Ryle (Ibid., 3:40) puts it this way: By Moses was given the law-the moral law, full of high and holy demands, and of stern threatenings against disobedience;-the ceremonial law, full of burdensome sacrifices, ordinances, and ceremonies, which never healed the worshipper’s conscience, and at best were only shadows of good things to come. By Christ, on the other hand, came grace and truth-grace by the full manifestation of God’s plan of salvation, and the offer of complete pardon to every soul that believes on Jesus,-and truth, by the unveiled exhibition of Christ Himself, as the true sacrifice, the true Priest, and the true atonement for sin. Augustine, on this verse, says: “The law threatened, not helped; commanded, not healed; showed, not took away, our feebleness. But it made ready for the Physician who was to come with grace and truth.” Also, note that this is the first time that John has used the human name, Jesus, or His designation as Christ, or Messiah. He uses “Jesus” 237 times, more than any other gospel and more than a quarter of all New Testament uses (Morris, p. 112). He also uses “Christ” more often than any other gospel, although he only uses “Jesus Christ” together one other time (17:3; but see 20:31). In 1:17, John is making it clear that the Word who was in the beginning with God, the Word who was God, and the Word who became flesh and dwelt among us, is none other than Jesus the Messiah of Israel. As I pointed out in our last study, God’s grace and truth reach their apex at the cross. His truth demanded that the penalty for sin be fully paid. His grace provided Jesus, the eternal Son of God, as that payment for sin for all who believe in Him. So make sure that you have received God’s gift of eternal life by trusting in Jesus Christ as your sin-bearer. Thus John says that you should believe in Jesus because He is greater than all the prophets, including John the Baptist; you should believe in Him because He provides abundant grace for all who believe; you should believe in Him because He is greater than Moses and the law. James Hastings - THE LAWGIVER - The law was given by Moses.—John 1:17. 1. That “the law was given by Moses” is the universal tradition of the Jewish Church. To what extent does modern scholarship confirm the truth of the tradition? (1) It may fairly be questioned, says Ottley, whether the Decalogue in its present form can be ascribed to Moses. In the first place, what appears to be an older and widely different version of the “ten words” is found in the Book of Exodus (34:14–26); secondly, the Decalogue in its present form seems to be influenced by the teaching of the eighth-century prophets. It is also urged that an exclusively moral code is not consistent with the predominantly ritualistic character of early religions. Other arguments have been adduced which it is needless to consider in detail. The facts as they stand are perplexing, and justify a suspension of judgment. It is reasonable to suppose that the Decalogue in its present form bears traces of expansion in prophetic times; at the same time it lays down principles of morality which are so elementary as to be strictly consistent with what we know of the condition of Israel in Mosaic times. It is difficult to see what other precepts could have been better adapted to lift the Hebrews above the degraded nature-religion of their heathen neighbours, to teach them the true character of their Divine Deliverer, and to educate them in the rudiments of social justice and humanity. In short, the “ten words” as we have them in the Pentateuch may be a later prophetic summary of the great moral ideas contained in the religion of Moses; but there is every reason to suppose that in a brief and easily remembered form the primary moral precepts of the Decalogue constituted from the first the foundation of Israel’s national development. It is indeed impossible otherwise to account for the vitality and vigour which gave to the Hebrews their physical and moral superiority over the inhabitants of Canaan. The Decalogue has in fact intrinsic credibility as a Mosaic utterance, and we may reasonably accept it as an authentic monument—at least in its main substance—of the period to which Hebrew tradition assigns it. ¶ While many of the enactments of the Book of the Covenant served but a temporary purpose, and passed away with the religion of Judaism, the Decalogue has been retained unchanged in the Christian Church. The Divinity of its origin and the excellency of its contents still give it a foremost place in the theology of every Christian community. There is nothing in it that is not valid for mankind. It is a universal code of morals. No compend of morality among ethnic religions can be compared with it. The ethical systems of Confucius, of Zoroaster, of Buddha, of the Greek moralists, are far behind it as a summary of human duty. All will admit that the Decalogue is cast in an archaic mould; and the negative form in which its commandments are addressed is in keeping with its primitive character. In the infantile life of a nation, as in child life, the early part of its moral training must always consist of concrete precepts, expressed in a prohibitory form. In the first portion of a child’s life it has to be kept from harm by continual prohibitions; and the formation at that early stage of the habit of obedience to these simple prohibitory commands is essential to moral well-being. Thus it is thoroughly consistent with the youthful stage of the Beni-Israel, a horde of slaves newly enfranchised and little better than children, that this fundamental code of moral and religious duty should be one not of principles but of plain precepts. Children do not understand principles: they must at first receive simple, concrete directions as to what they shall do and not do. Truth must be accommodated to the measure of their mind; and while they cannot comprehend the principles that lie at the basis of property, they understand the command “Do not steal.” The first stage of moral education will be full of restrictions. And the form of the Decalogue is in keeping with the stage of Israel’s progress in morality. (2) Again, some forms of worship were doubtless observed in the wilderness, though it is impossible to point to any details of cultus prescribed by Moses himself. Some traditional usages seem to have been retained or regulated by the lawgiver. There certainly existed a primitive sanctuary, or “tent of meeting,” designed to serve as the seat of the sacred oracle and as a shelter for the ark. In form this structure would resemble the ordinary shepherd’s tent, having its outer and inner compartment, and standing in an enclosed court. The tent of meeting seems in Mosaic times to have been pitched outside the camp (Exod. 33:7; Num. 11:26, 12:4), and not, as was assumed in post-exilic times, at its centre. Sacrifices of some kind must have been offered during the wanderings, but we can only conjecture what their exact significance may have been. According to the primitive Semitic idea, sacrifice was the means of renewing or maintaining the bond which united the people to their god; and a ceremony like that described in connexion with the ratification of the covenant (Exod. 24) would probably be repeated on special occasions, e.g., before the tribes engaged in battle with their enemies. If Moses instituted a regular priesthood, possibly recruited from members of his own tribe (Levi), it is unlikely that its main function was that of sacrifice. The “holy” persons of Semitic antiquity were attached to the sanctuary and were its recognized guardians, but they were employed chiefly in consulting the oracle touching matters of difficulty. To the priesthood would naturally fall the task of continuing the work of Moses, i.e., imparting torah to those who asked for guidance, and giving judicial sentences (toroth) in matters of dispute. Thus a traditional and authoritative torah would gradually be formed, and there would be a tendency for the priesthood to become hereditary in certain families. The means by which Jehovah’s will was ascertained was usually the casting of the sacred lot, and it is easy to understand how rapidly the priesthood would acquire a powerful influence over the mass of the people. The original torah given by Moses, and after his time by the priesthood, was oral; and the name “En-mishpat” (“well of judgment”) at Kadesh, which was for a long period the religious centre of the tribes, indicates that the sanctuary was invariably the seat of justice, as well as the place of worship. ¶ Even on Wellhausen’s own admissions, it may be urged that the Levitical Law, as we have it now, is but the codified form of the Torahs given by Moses. For that critic makes the Jews go from Egypt to Kadesh, as “the original object of their wanderings,” and there spend “the forty years of their wanderings in the wilderness.” “The legislation at the seat of judgment at Kadesh,” he proceeds to say, “goes on for forty years, and consists in the dispensation of justice at the sanctuary, which he begins, and the priests and judges carry on after him according to the pattern he set. And in this way the Torah has its place in the historical narrative, not in virtue of its matter as the contents of a code, but from its form as constituting the professional activity of Moses. It is in history not as a result, as the sum of the laws and usages binding on Israel, but as a process.” From this point of view Moses was the author of the Customary Law of Israel, which assumes a codified form in the Pentateuch, and the Law thus codified may not improperly be called the Law of Moses, as tradition has taught us to call it. 2. If we seek to know to what extent the Mosaic legislation is original, we need go no further than the Code of Hammurabi. Dr. C. H. W. Johns, in a very full examination of the Code of Hammurabi and its relation to the Mosaic legislation, in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, v. 611, sums up in these words: “We may say that the Israelite legislation shows strong traces of Babylonian influence, and yet not destroy the independence of its origin. We cannot suppose that the author of any code set to work to draw up a comprehensive scheme of law. Each built upon the already prevailing custom. His attention would be directed chiefly to what was not matter of uniform treatment. The most characteristically Babylonian things in the current custom of the day in Israel may be just those which are not legislated for. The new legislation did not require to touch what was so firmly established. Other things of Babylonian origin may have been abrogated by the new laws—it would not be necessary to say what they had been, but merely by stating the new law to say they should be no longer. That any Israelite code shows marked differences from the Code of Hammurabi is enough to show an independent origin. The absence of any difference would show complete dependence. The co-existing likenesses and differences argue for an independent recension of ancient custom deeply influenced by Babylonian law. The actual Code of Hammurabi is a witness to what influence might accomplish. It cannot be held to be a creative source. The Code may only be itself a proof of the same influences. These may be called Semitic in preference to Babylonian. But that view calls for overwhelming proof that there was any source of civilization powerful enough to have this influence on both Israel and Babylonia. The presumption that Babylonia had a prominent influence on Palestine long before Israelite codes were drawn up is one that grows stronger as time goes on.”
João 1:18
Cole explains that "in the bosom of the Father” corresponds to “the Word was with God” (1:1) and points to the close and unbroken fellowship that Jesus enjoyed with the Father, as seen in His prayer in chapter 17. It also shows us the horror of the cross for Jesus, when as He bore our sins He cried out (Mt. 27:46), “My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?” This shows that as horrible as Jesus being the Bearer of all mankind's sins was, even worse was the momentary separation from His Father (a mystery no man can explain, certainly not this writer!). It is interesting that Paul in his description of the judgment of unbelievers does not emphasize the fiery torment but the separation from God (2Th 1:6-10 = "These will pay the penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power."). D A Carson - A similar expression is found elsewhere: Lazarus is in Abraham’s bosom (Lk. 16:22–23), and John rests on Jesus’ bosom at the last supper (Jn 13:23). It apparently conveys an aura of intimacy, mutual love and knowledge. (The Gospel according to John).
João 1:18
Cole - The word “explained” is the Greek word from which we get our word “Exegete.” It is parallel to “the Word” in Jn 1:1. Just as a word explains an unseen thought, so Jesus, the Word, explains the unseen God to us. The only way that you can know the Father is through Jesus His Son (Luke 10:22; Jn 14:6). Elsewhere John writes (1John 2:23), “Whoever denies the Son does not have the Father; the one who confesses the Son has the Father also.” In John 5:23 Jesus states, “He who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent Him.” This means that the cults, which all deny the deity of Jesus, cannot bring anyone to God. It also means that the Insider Movement, which has changed the terms “Father” and “Son” because they are offensive to Muslims has perverted the core of the gospel. It’s fine to explain what the terms mean, but it’s not fine to change the terms that God has used to reveal Himself to us in His Son. (Why You Should Believe in Jesus John 1:15-18)
João 1:29
Cole adds that "Some think that (LAMB OF GOD) was referring to the Passover lamb, whose blood spared the Israelites from the loss of their firstborn (John connects Jesus with the Passover lamb in John 19:36). It could refer to the lambs that were offered as morning and evening sacrifices at the temple (Ex 29:36-42+). Others say that it refers to the lamb of Isaiah 53:7, who died to bear the sin of many (see Isa. 53:3-12+). Or, it could refer to the lamb that God provided as a substitute so that Abraham did not have to sacrifice his “only” son Isaac (Gen. 22:7-13). Leon Morris is probably correct when he states (The Gospel According to John [Eerdmans], p. 147), “He used an expression which cannot be confined to any one view. He is making a general allusion to sacrifice.” He adds (p. 148), “All that the ancient sacrifices foreshadowed was perfectly fulfilled in the sacrifice of Christ. J. C. Ryle (Expository Thoughts on the Gospels [Baker], 3:55) wrote, “It meant that Christ was the great sacrifice for sin, who was come to make atonement for transgression by His own death upon the cross.” He adds (3:57), “He is describing our Lord’s official character as the great propitiation for sin.”" The Lamb of God - John does not say Behold me. "John doesn’t say, “Look at me! I’m a great prophet!” He doesn’t say, “Look at your good works; they will save you.” He doesn’t say, “Look at your religious rituals; they will put you in good stead on judgment day.” He doesn’t say, “Look at your religious heritage or your church attendance.” He says, “Look to the Lamb of God!” Jesus saves sinners who look in faith to Him." (Cole) In using this phrase, John described Jesus by the name Lamb, an animal which was recognized by all Jews as one used in the Temple sacrifices and in the celebration of Passover. It was as if John was saying behold the "Sacrifice." The implication is that John understood in some way that Jesus had come to die a sacrificial death. How John came to have this understanding is not clear. Of course, ultimately the Spirit of Truth (Jn 14:17, 15:26, 16:13; cf "illumination") opened the eyes of John's heart to "see" this spiritual truth. And surely John was familiar with the Old Testament and so would have some understanding of the metaphorical descriptions of coming Messiah depicted as a "lamb. He would also have understood there were passages that described a "Suffering Messiah," (see some of these passages below) a teaching that was not popular among most of the Jews of John's day who were looking for a "Conquering Messiah." (See the Jewish Tradition of Two Messiahs - very informative 34 page booklet) One other point to note is the definite article ("the", the Greek article "ho") precedes Lamb, . You may be asking "So what?" The importance is that the definite article preceding "Lamb" signifies that Jesus is THE UNIQUE Lamb, THE "ONE and ONLY" Lamb, that He is distinct and different and is not like other lambs Jews had been sacrifices for centuries. Hebrews 10:4+ explains why stating that "it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins." Only the blood of THE Lamb can take away the sin of the world! Steven Cole notes that John 1:29 "is so familiar that it doesn’t shock us, but it should. That was a radical thing for John to say about a young Galilean carpenter to a bunch of Jewish people who for centuries had offered their sacrificial lambs at the temple! “This man is the One Whom God has sent to be what all of those thousands of lambs over hundreds of years have symbolized! And He is not only the Lamb that God sent for Israel, but also for the whole world!” For centuries the Israel had been sacrificing two lambs daily, one in the morning and a second in the evening, first in the Tabernacle and then in the Temple. John would have been very familiar with this practice as his father served as one of the priests and would have taught him about the sacrificial system and how the blood of the slain animals provided atonement for sins. But now John sees Jesus and recognizes Him as the ultimate sacrifice for the sin of the world. John would have read about the OT statute in Exodus which foreshadowed and pointed to the Lamb of God... “Now this is what you shall offer on the altar: two one year old lambs (Lxx = amnos- same word John uses here in Jn 1:29) each day, continuously. 39 “The one lamb (Lxx = amnos) you shall offer in the morning and the other lamb (Lxx = amnos) you shall offer at twilight; 40 and there shall be one-tenth of an ephah of fine flour mixed with one-fourth of a hin of beaten oil, and one-fourth of a hin of wine for a drink offering with one lamb (Lxx = amnos). 41 “The other lamb (Lxx = amnos) you shall offer at twilight, and shall offer with it the same grain offering (minchah) and the same drink offering (necek) as in the morning, for a soothing aroma (nihoah reah - See foreshadowing of Jesus), an offering by fire (ishsheh) to the LORD. (Ex 29:38-41+) “Command the sons of Israel and say to them, ‘You shall be careful to present My offering, My food for My offerings by fire, of a soothing aroma to Me, at their appointed time.’ 3 “You shall say to them, ‘This is the offering by fire which you shall offer to the LORD: two male lambs (Lxx = amnos- same word John uses here in Jn 1:29) one year old without defect (tamim cf 1 Pe 1:18-19+) as a continual burnt offering ('olah) every day (cf what Paul says we should do today - Ro 12:1-2+). 4 ‘You shall offer the one lamb (Lxx = amnos) in the morning and the other lamb (Lxx = amnos) you shall offer at twilight; 5 also a tenth of an ephah of fine flour for a grain offering, mixed with a fourth of a hin of beaten oil. 6 ‘It is a continual burnt offering which was ordained in Mount Sinai as a soothing aroma, an offering by fire to the LORD. 7 ‘Then the drink offering with it shall be a fourth of a hin for each lamb (Lxx = amnos), in the holy place you shall pour out a drink offering of strong drink to the LORD. 8‘ The other lamb (Lxx = amnos) you shall offer at twilight; as the grain offering of the morning and as its drink offering, you shall offer it, an offering by fire, a soothing aroma to the LORD. (Numbers 28:2-8 = see in depth commentary on this daily offering as well as weekly, monthly and yearly offerings God commanded, all of which pointed to the Lamb of God proclaimed here in John 1:29, 36 by John the Baptist). Some other passages related to Jesus as the Lamb of God... SUFFERING SERVANT - Isaiah 53 (commentary) - Who has believed our message? And to whom has the arm of the LORD been revealed? 2For He grew up before Him like a tender shoot, And like a root out of parched ground; He has no stately form or majesty That we should look upon Him, Nor appearance that we should be attracted to Him. 3He was despised and forsaken of men, A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief; And like one from whom men hide their face He was despised, and we did not esteem Him. 4 Surely our griefs He Himself bore, And our sorrows He carried; Yet we ourselves esteemed Him stricken, Smitten of God, and afflicted. 5 But He was pierced through for our transgressions, He was crushed for our iniquities; The chastening for our well-being fell upon Him, And by His scourging we are healed. 6 All of us like sheep have gone astray, Each of us has turned to his own way; But the LORD has caused the iniquity of us all To fall on Him. 7 He was oppressed and He was afflicted, Yet He did not open His mouth; LIKE A LAMB that is led to slaughter, And like a sheep that is silent before its shearers, So He did not open His mouth. 8 By oppression and judgment He was taken away; And as for His generation, who considered That He was cut off out of the land of the living For the transgression of my people, to whom the stroke was due? 9 His grave was assigned with wicked men, Yet He was with a rich man in His death, Because He had done no violence, Nor was there any deceit in His mouth. 10 But the LORD was pleased To crush Him, putting Him to grief; If He would render Himself as a guilt offering (see asam), He will see His offspring, He will prolong His days, And the good pleasure of the LORD will prosper in His hand. 11 As a result of the anguish of His soul, He will see it and be satisfied; By His knowledge the Righteous One, My Servant, will justify the many, As He will bear their iniquities. 12 Therefore, I will allot Him a portion with the great, And He will divide the booty with the strong; Because He poured out Himself to death, And was numbered with the transgressors; Yet He Himself bore the sin of many (OUR SINS WERE PLACED ON THE LAMB OF GOD UPON THE CROSS!), And interceded for the transgressors. PASSOVER LAMB - Ex 12:5-11 (commentary) Your lamb shall be an unblemished male a year old; you may take it from the sheep or from the goats. 6 ‘You shall keep it until the fourteenth day of the same month (NISAN), then the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel is to kill it at twilight. (THE TIME OF THE DAILY SACRIFICE OF THE LAMB - COMPARE WHEN JESUS DIED IN THE AFTERNOON AS THE ETERNAL SACRIFICE - SEE Mt 27:45 = DARKNESS FROM NOON TO 3PM, ABOUT THE TIME OF THE SACRIFICES OF THE LITERAL PASSOVER LAMBS!) 7 ‘Moreover, they shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and on the lintel of the houses in which they eat it. 8 ‘They shall eat the flesh that same night, roasted with fire, and they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. 9 ‘Do not eat any of it raw or boiled at all with water, but rather roasted with fire, both its head and its legs along with its entrails. 10 ‘And you shall not leave any of it over until morning, but whatever is left of it until morning, you shall burn with fire. 11 ‘Now you shall eat it in this manner: with your loins girded, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it in haste–it is the LORD’S Passover. 12‘For I will go through the land of Egypt on that night, and will strike down all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments–I am the LORD. 13‘The blood shall be a sign for you on the houses where you live; and when I see the blood I will pass over you, and no plague will befall you to destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt. 14 ‘Now this day will be a memorial to you, and you shall celebrate it as a feast to the LORD; throughout your generations you are to celebrate it as a permanent ordinance. PROPHECY OF LAMB FULFILLED AND PROFITABLE - Acts 8:32-35+ (ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH READING ISAIAH'S PROPHECY AND IS BORN AGAIN) - Now the passage of Scripture which he was reading was this: “HE WAS LED AS A SHEEP TO SLAUGHTER; AND AS A LAMB BEFORE ITS SHEARER IS SILENT, SO HE DOES NOT OPEN HIS MOUTH. “IN HUMILIATION HIS JUDGMENT WAS TAKEN AWAY; WHO WILL RELATE HIS GENERATION? FOR HIS LIFE IS REMOVED FROM THE EARTH.” 34The eunuch answered Philip and said, “Please tell me, of whom does the prophet say this? Of himself or of someone else?” 35 Then Philip opened his mouth, and beginning from this Scripture he preached Jesus to him (AND CLEARLY EXPLAINED THAT ISAIAH 53 WAS A PROPHECY FULFILLED BY JESUS.). SACRIFICED PASSOVER LAMB - 1 Cor 5:7 Clean out the old leaven so that you may be a new lump, just as you are in fact unleavened. For Christ our Passover also has been sacrificed. SIN BEARING LAMB - 1 Peter 2:21-24+ For you have been called for this purpose, since Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example for you to follow in His steps, 22 WHO COMMITTED NO SIN, NOR WAS ANY DECEIT FOUND IN HIS MOUTH; 23 and while being reviled, He did not revile in return; while suffering, He uttered no threats, but kept entrusting Himself to Him who judges righteously; 24 and He Himself bore our sins in His body on the cross, so that we might die to sin and live to righteousness; for by His wounds you were healed. Revelation 5:6-13+ And I saw between the throne (with the four living creatures) and the elders a Lamb standing, as if slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God, sent out into all the earth. 7 And He came and took the book out of the right hand of Him who sat on the throne. 8 When He had taken the book, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, each one holding a harp and golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints. 9 And they *sang a new song, saying, “Worthy are You to take the book and to break its seals; for You were slain, and purchased for God with Your blood men from every tribe and tongue and people and nation. 10 “You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to our God; and they will reign upon the earth.” 11 Then I looked, and I heard the voice of many angels around the throne and the living creatures and the elders; and the number of them was myriads of myriads, and thousands of thousands, 12 saying with a loud voice, “Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power and riches and wisdom and might and honor and glory and blessing.” 13 And every created thing which is in heaven and on the earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all things in them, I heard saying, “To Him who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb, be blessing and honor and glory and dominion forever and ever.” COMMENT - Lamb in the Revelation passages is arnion the diminutive of aren. Aren signifies the young offspring of a sheep, and can speak of an animal for slaughter and is used only in Lk 10:3+. Aren is used in the description of the Passover Lamb in Ex 12:5 "‘Your lamb (Lxx = aren) shall be an unblemished male a year old; you may take it from the sheep or from the goats." In the coming Millennium "the wolf will dwell with the lamb (Lxx = aren), And the leopard will lie down with the young goat, And the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little boy will lead them. (Isa. 11:6+, cf Isa 65:25). The other uses of arnion that refer to the Messiah are found in the Revelation - Rev 19:7, 9+ Rev 21:22, 2+ Rev 22:1-+ Rev 22:3+ Take a moment to WORSHIP the Lamb of God, remembering that the etymology of the word WORSHIP is "WORTHY!" HE ALONE IS WORTHY OF ALL OUR PRAISES... WORTHY IS THE LAMB Thank you for the cross, Lord Thank you for the price You paid Bearing all my sin and shame In love You came And gave amazing grace Thank you for this love, Lord Thank you for the nail pierced hands Washed me in Your cleansing flow Now all I know Your forgiveness and embrace Worthy is the Lamb Seated on the throne Crown You now with many crowns You reign victorious High and lifted up Jesus Son of God The Darling of Heaven crucified Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Thank you for the cross, Lord (thank you) Thank you for the price You paid Bearing all my sin and shame In love You came And gave amazing grace Thank you for this love, Lord Thank you for the nail pierced hands Washed me in Your cleansing flow Now all I know Your forgiveness and embrace Worthy is the Lamb Seated on the throne Crown You now with many crowns You reign victorious High and lifted up Jesus Son of God The Treasure of Heaven crucified Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Seated on the throne Crown You now with many crowns You reign victorious High and lifted up Jesus Son of God The Treasure of Heaven crucified Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb Worthy is the Lamb And if that did not bless your heart enough, take some more time and play Shane & Shane's version of "IS HE WORTHY?" Do you feel the world is broken? (We do) Do you feel the shadows deepen? (We do) But do you know that all the dark won't stop the light from getting through? (We do) Do you wish that you could see it all made new? (We do) Is all creation groaning? (It is) Is a new creation coming? (It is) Is the glory of the Lord to be the light within our midst? (It is) Is it good that we remind ourselves of this? (It is) Is anyone worthy? Is anyone whole? Is anyone able to break the seal and open the scroll? The Lion of Judah who conquered the grave He is David's root and the Lamb who died to ransom the slave Is He worthy? Is He worthy Of all blessing and honor and glory? Is He worthy of this? He is Does the Father truly love us? (He does) Does the Spirit move among us? (He does) And does Jesus, our Messiah, hold forever those He loves? (He does) Does our God intend to dwell again with us? (He does) Is anyone worthy? Is anyone whole? Is anyone able to break the seal and open the scroll? The Lion of Judah who conquered the grave (Re 5:5+) He is David's root and the Lamb who died to ransom the slave From every people and tribe (People and tribe) Every nation and tongue (Every nation and tongue) (Re 5:9+) He has made us a kingdom and priests to God To reign with the Son Is He worthy? Is He worthy Of all blessing and honor and glory? Is He worthy? Is He worthy? Is He worthy of this? He is, He is Is He worthy? Is He worthy? He is, He is He is worthy, He is worthy He is As noted in the excursus below on the Lamb of God, John's declaration is the answer to the OT question "Where is the Lamb?" (Ge 22:7+) Note that even in Genesis 22 we see a statement by Abraham that could be taken as a prophecy when he answered Isaac's question "God will provide for Himself the LAMB for the burnt offering (THE CROSS WAS THE ULTIMATE "BURNT OFFERING"!), my son." (Ge 22:8+). Behold (2400)(idou) is the second person singular aorist middle imperative of eidon which is a call for the audience to see, perceive, look. In the NT idou is used as a demonstrative particle that draws attention to what follows. Idou in the middle voice means "you yourself look, see, perceive!" The aorist imperative is a command emphasizing "Do it now! Don't delay!" Zodhiates writes that idou is a "demonstrative particle. “Lo and behold!”, serving to call attention to something external or exterior to oneself; usually used at the beginning of a clause.