Isaías 7
Thomas Constable · Citado em PreceptAustin
Isaías 7
Constable adds that "The Northern Kingdom suffered defeat in 722BC, only about 13 years from then. However in 671BC, about 62 years after this prophecy, King Esarhaddon began importing foreign settlers into the former Northern Kingdom that made return and resettlement there impossible (cf. 2Ki 17:24; 2Chr 33:11; Ezra 4:2, 10). The point is that by around 671BC, as the Isaiah had prophesied, Israel’s (Ephraim's) population (the Northern Kingdom) had been had been effectively erased from history. Note that it must be mentioned that the interpretation of "65 years" is not definitive and you are referred to the NET note below... TECHNICAL NOTE: NET Note - another 65 years - This statement is problematic for several reasons. It seems to intrude stylistically, interrupting the symmetry of the immediately preceding and following lines. Furthermore, such a long range prophecy lacks punch in the midst of the immediate crisis. After all, even if Israel were destroyed sometime within the next 65 years, a lot could still happen during that time, including the conquest of Judah and the demise of the Davidic family. Finally the significance of the time frame is uncertain. Israel became an Assyrian province within the next 15 years and ceased to exist as a nation. For these reasons many regard the statement as a later insertion, but why a later editor would include the reference to "65 years" remains a mystery. Some (see Leupold and Constable above) try to relate the prophecy to the events alluded to in Ezra 4:2, 10, which refers to how the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal settled foreigners in former Israelite territory, perhaps around 670 B.C. However, even if the statement is referring to these events, it lacks rhetorical punch in its immediate context and has the earmarks of a later commentary that has been merged with the text in the process of transmission. While it is somewhat problematic to explain the phrase "within another 65 years", this prediction does serve as another reminder of the truth of Daniel 2 that... It is He (the Sovereign God) Who changes the times and the epochs. He removes kings and establishes kings. He gives wisdom to wise men, and knowledge to men of understanding. (Daniel 2:21+) Isaiah 7:9 and the head of Ephraim is Samaria and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah. If you will not believe, you surely shall not last.": KJV And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established. NKJ The head of Ephraim is Samaria, And the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If you will not believe, Surely you shall not be established."'" NET Ephraim's leader is Samaria, and Samaria's leader is the son of Remaliah. If your faith does not remain firm, then you will not remain secure." BGT καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ Εφραιμ Σομορων καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ Σομορων υἱὸς τοῦ Ρομελιου καὶ ἐὰν μὴ πιστεύσητε οὐδὲ μὴ συνῆτε LXE And the head of Ephraim is Somoron, and the head of Somoron the son of Romelias: but if ye believe not, neither will ye at all understand. CSB the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah. If you do not stand firm in your faith, then you will not stand at all. ESV And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah. If you are not firm in faith, you will not be firm at all.'" NIV The head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is only Remaliah's son. If you do not stand firm in your faith, you will not stand at all.' " NLT Israel is no stronger than its capital, Samaria, and Samaria is no stronger than its king, Pekah son of Remaliah. Unless your faith is firm, I cannot make you stand firm." YLT And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, And the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah. If ye do not give credence, Surely ye are not stedfast.' NJB The head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah. If you will not take your stand on me you will not stand firm." ' NRS The head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah. If you do not stand firm in faith, you shall not stand at all. RSV And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah. If you will not believe, surely you shall not be established.'" NAB But within sixty years and five, Ephraim shall be crushed, no longer a nation. Unless your faith is firm you shall not be firm! GWN The capital of Ephraim is Samaria, and the leader of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If you don't remain faithful, you won't remain standing. BBE And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If you will not have faith, your kingdom will be broken. ASV and the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established. Head : 1Ki 16:24-29 2Ki 15:27 If you will not believe: 2Ch 20:20 Ac 27:11,25 Ro 11:20 Heb 11:6 1Jn 5:10 Isaiah 7 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries IF THERE IS NO BELIEF THERE WILL BE NO RELIEF The head of Ephraim is Samaria - Samaria was the capital (head) city of the nation of Israel (Ephraim). The head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah - Pekah, King of the northern kingdom of Israel. Faith is the foundation of steadfastness. If you will not believe (aman - trust - 1st use Ge 15:6+) you will not last (aman - be established) - ESV = "If you are not firm in faith, you will not be firm at all.'" NAB "Unless your faith is firm you shall not be firm!" The "If" introduces a conditional call to King Ahaz to trust Jehovah, this call being in the form of a "negative" promise - no belief , no stability or more literally "If you will not be sure, You cannot be secure." (See also discussion of men's faith and God's promises) TECHNICAL NOTE - The verse employs a striking wordplay built on the same Hebrew root (אָמַן, ʾāman), but in two different stems: Hiphil IMPERFECT – “believe” In the Hiphil stem, the verb carries the sense to regard as firm, to trust, to place confidence in. The imperfect aspect points to an ongoing, decisive act of faith—“if you will not believe.” Faith is presented as an active reliance upon God’s word. Niphal IMPERFECT – “be established” In the Niphal stem, the same root means to be made firm, to be confirmed, to be secure. The imperfect expresses the resulting state—“you will not be established.” Stability and endurance flow from trusting the Lord. Isaiah intentionally links the two forms: “If you do not believe (Hiphil), you will not be established (Niphal).” True security is not political or military but spiritual. Trust in God produces firmness; unbelief results in instability. The grammar itself preaches the message—faith is the foundation of steadfastness. NET Note - Heb “if you do not believe, you will not endure.” The verb forms are second plural; the Lord here addresses the entire Davidic family and court. (Isa 7:4 was addressed to the king.) There is a wordplay in the Hebrew text, designed to draw attention to the alternatives set before the king (cf. 1:20). “Believe” (תַאֳמִינוּ, ta’aminu) is a Hiphil form of the verb אָמָן (’aman); “endure” (תֵאָמֵנוּ, te’amenu) is a Niphal form of this same verb. ED: In support of the NET Note's comment is the fact that in Isaiah 7:2 it was not only the King who feared but also the people of Judah. Ray
Isaías 7
Constable notes that the "Hebrew has a word for virgin, bethula, so why did not Isaiah use this word if he meant the mother of the child was a virgin? Probably Isaiah used ‘alma rather than bethula because he did not want to stress the virginity of the mother, but this word does not rule virginity out either. God evidently led Isaiah to use ‘alma so the predicted mother could be simply a young unmarried woman or a virgin." Gene Brooks adds that "The Rabbis, in an effort to deflect the obvious problem that Isaiah 7:14 creates for them in Yeshua (Jesus) being the Messiah, say that bethulah should have been used if the text meant virgin. Comment: While bethulah does appear to signify a virgin in the context of a some OT passages (see Ge 24:16-see Net Bible note on this verse), it can also signify a young woman, maid or maiden (a young marriageable maiden) without definitively labeling her as a virgin. Thus this term is actually no more specific for virgin than is the Hebrew word 'almah. The well respected TWOT makes the point that "a strong case can be presented that betulah is not a technical term for virgo intacta ("maiden intact") in the OT." -- See TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament) Betulah - 50x in OT - Ge 24:16; Ex 22:16, 17; Lev 21:3, 14; Dt 22:19, 23, 28; 32:25; Jdg 19:24; 21:12; 2Sa 13:2, 18; 1Kgs 1:2; 2Kgs 19:21; 2Chr 36:17; Esther 2:2f, 17, 19; Job 31:1; Ps 45:14; 78:63; 148:12; Isa 23:4, 12; 37:22; 47:1; 62:5; Jer 2:32; 14:17; 18:13; 31:4, 13, 21; 46:11; 51:22; Lam 1:4, 15, 18; 2:10, 13, 21; 5:11; Ezek 9:6; 44:22; Joel 1:8; Amos 5:2; 8:13; Zech 9:17 As an aside Irving Jensen reminds us that as we study Isaiah, we need to keep a proper prophetic perspective explaining that... Isaiah, like many of the prophets, was given divine revelation concerning four prophetic points: (1) the prophet’s own time, (2) coming captivity, (3) coming of Christ, (4) new heavens and new earth. How these are distributed throughout the book is summarized below. 1. The prophet’s own time. Messages concerning this appear throughout the book. Forthtelling was Isaiah’s major role. 2. Captivity. Isaiah foresaw Judah taken captive by the Babylonians. God alone knew when the captivity would come (586BC). The first mention of Babylon (Shinar) as the captor is in Isa 11:11. In the days of King Hezekiah the prophecy was made very clear (cf. Isa 39:6). 3. Coming of Christ. These prophecies abound in the “Book of Consolation” (chaps. 40–66). They concern both the first and second comings of Christ. 4. New heavens and new earth. Isaiah prophesies of end times, especially with reference to the Millennium, with Christ as the Prince of peace (Isa 9:6), and the elect nation of Israel gathered together after their worldwide dispersion (Isa 27:12, 13; 43:5, 6, 7; 65:8, 9, 10). On the most distant horizon he sees the new heavens and new earth (Isa 65:17). Isaiah 7 Commentary - Brian Bell Isaiah 7:14 Wondering at Immanuel, Isaiah 7:14; Mt 1:18-25 The Virgin Birth and History - James M Boice Isaiah 7:14 - The Virgin Shall Conceive - Gene Brooks Isaiah 7:14 Signs of the Virgin - W A Criswell Isaiah 7:14-15 Butter & Honey - Don Fortner Isaiah 7:14-15 Immanuel - Don Fortner Isaiah 7:14-15 Our Virgin Born Savior - Don Fortner Isaiah 7:14-15 Surely, you don't believe in the virgin birth - Do you - Don Fortner Isaiah 7:1-25 It Shall Not Stand - Don Fortner Isaiah 7:9-13 If Ye Will Not Believe - Don Fortner Isaiah 7:14-15 Our Virgin Born Savior - Don Fortner Development of the Interpretation of Isaiah 7:14 - Edward Hindson Context And Content In The Interpretation Of Isaiah 7:14 - Alex Motyer Isaiah 7:14 Christmas B.C. Terry Trivette Isaiah 7:14 Jesus - The Promise Foretold Steve Wagers Isaiah 7:14 Christmas in its Christian Context Donnie L. Martin Isaiah 7:14 God with Us - Wil Pounds Isaiah 7:14 The Virgin Birth Series Brian Bill Isaiah 7:7-14 God With Us - Hope Stephen Sheane Isaiah 7:1-14 Do You Hear What I Hear? Jeff Strite Isaiah 7:1-16 A Son Is Given Jeff Strite Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel: The Right Choice John Phillip R. Pesebre Isaiah 7:14 God With Us: The Reality Of Emmanuel Blake Inscore Isaiah 7:14, 15 The Birth of Christ - C H Spurgeon Isaiah 7:14 Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel - C H Spurgeon Let us to-day go down to Bethlehem, and in company with wondering shepherds and adoring Magi, let us see him who was born King of the Jews, for we by faith can claim an interest in him, and can sing, “Unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given.” Jesus is Jehovah incarnate, our Lord and our God, and yet our brother and friend; let us adore and admire. Let us notice at the very first glance his miraculous conception. It was a thing unheard of before, and unparalleled since, that a virgin should conceive and bear a Son. The first promise ran thus, “The seed of the woman,” not the offspring of the man. Since venturous woman led the way in the sin which brought forth Paradise lost, she, and she alone, ushers in the Regainer of Paradise. Our Saviour, although truly man, was as to his human nature the Holy One of God. Let us reverently bow before the holy Child whose innocence restores to manhood its ancient glory; and let us pray that he may be formed in us, the hope of glory. Fail not to note his humble parentage. His mother has been described simply as “a virgin,” not a princess, or prophetess, nor a matron of large estate. True the blood of kings ran in her veins; nor was her mind a weak and untaught one, for she could sing most sweetly a song of praise; but yet how humble her position, how poor the man to whom she stood affianced, and how miserable the accommodation afforded to the new-born King! Immanuel, God with us in our nature, in our sorrow, in our lifework, in our punishment, in our grave, and now with us, or rather we with him, in resurrection, ascension, triumph, and Second Advent splendour. Isaiah 7:14 What’s In A Name - John Walton A Double Tolerance in Isaiah's Prophecies D. M. Sweets. Isaiah 7:14 A New Thing in the Earth Anon. Isaiah 7:14 A Prediction of the Miraculous Conception of Jesus Christ J. A. Alexander. Isaiah 7:14 A Prophecy of the Messiah Canon Ainger. Isaiah 7:14 Christ in Prophecy H. L. Hastings. Isaiah 7:14 Deliverance by a Lowly Agent Prof. S. R. Driver, D. D. Isaiah 7:14 God with Us Gates of Imagery Isaiah 7:14 God with Us, Though His Presence is not Always Realised "Niger" in Expositor. Isaiah 7:14 God's Sign to Ahaz J. A. Alexander. Isaiah 7:14 God's Sign to King Ahaz D. M. Sweets. Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel Evan Lewis, B. A. Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel T. H. Barnett. Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel John Newton Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel, a Stimulus to the Prophet Himself "Niger" in Expositor. Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel, the Messiah F. Delitzsch. Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel, the Sympathiser Canon Ainger. Isaiah 7:14 Life's Best Amulet Christian Endeavor Isaiah 7:14 Miracle of Miracles Shear-Jashub; Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz; Immanuel F. H. Woods, B. D. Isaiah 7:14 The Birth of Christ The Child Immanuel "Niger" in Expositor. Isaiah 7:14 The Figure of Immanuel an Ideal One Prof. S. R. Driver, D. D. Isaiah 7:14 The Immanuel-Child R. Tuck Isaiah 7:14 The Mercy of God J. Donne. Isaiah 7:14 The Mystery of the Sign F. Delitzsch. Isaiah 7:14 The Presence of God W. Clarkson Isaiah 7:14 The Responsibility of Revelation E. T. Marshall, M. A. Isaiah 7:14 The Virgin Prof. A. F. Kirkpatrick., Speaker's Commentary., Prof. W. J. Beecher, D. D. Isaiah 7:14 The Virgin Mother F. H. Woods, B. D. Isaiah 7:14 What Sign Could the Distant Birth of Christ be to Ahaz F. T. Bassett, M. A. Isaiah 7:14 Who was the Virgin and Who the Son D. M. Sweets. Isaiah 7:14 The Nature of the Messianic Prophecies R. Tuck Isaiah 7:14-16 Isaiah 7:15 He will eat curds and honey at the time He knows enough to refuse evil and choose good.: curds: Isa 7:22 Mt 3:4 know: Ps 51:5 Am 5:15 Lk 1:35 2:40,52 Ro 12:9 Php 1:9,10 Isaiah 7 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Isaiah 7:22+ and because of the abundance of the milk produced he will eat curds, for everyone that is left within the land will eat curds and honey. EATING CURDS AND HONEY REFUDING EVIL, CHOOSING GOOD He - Who is "He"? The interpretation is difficult and there is no absolute consensus. Some favor this as a reference to Isaiah’s second son, Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz (Isa 8:3+), because in the next chapter Isaiah records... Behold, I and the children whom the Lord has given me are for signs and wonders in Israel from the Lord of hosts, who dwells on Mount Zion. (Is 8:18+). He will eat curds and honey The majority of scholars see the expression as indicating a land that has been devastated (cf Isa 7:20-25) so that virtually no agriculture is possible, and the only food available is wild honey and the produce of the flocks. Curds - Coagulated milk (like cottage cheese) reflects a diet of poverty as one would see in a land that had been overrun by enemy forces. The following passages describe the enemy occupation and devastation of Judah by the fly (Egyptian forces) and the bee (Assyrian forces) leaving only milk producing animals At the time He knows enough to refuse evil and choose good - This description marks a specific stage of moral awareness—an age of discernment when a child becomes capable of distinguishing right from wrong and acting upon that knowledge. It does not merely refer to biological growth but to the development of moral consciousness, the time when a child becomes able to discern right from wrong. When combined with Isa 7:16, we see Isaiah is telling King Ahaz that before the promised child reaches an age of moral discernment, the two threatening kings, Rezin of Aram and Pekah of Israel, will be toast (removed)! Thus, what seemed like an overwhelming political crisis to King Ahaz would dissolve within only a few short years. The prophecy assured Judah that God’s timetable, not foreign alliances, controlled history. Within three years Damascus had been destroyed and most of Samaria's holdings had been plundered. John Oswalt has a helpful comment...Some believe it refers to moral discrimination (as in Ge 2:17; 3:5; Dt. 1:39; 1Ki. 3:9; Isa 5:20) and, in that light, suggest an elapsed time of twelve to twenty years. Others point to Isa 8:4, where it is said that Isaiah's son will not be able to speak clearly before Damascus and Samaria are plundered, and argue that this is the correct interpretation of good and evil here: distinguishing between what is helpful and what is harmful....Either idea would fit here. Within three years Damascus had been destroyed and most of Samaria's holdings had been plundered. But it is also true that it was not until some twelve or thirteen years later that Samaria was destroyed and Israel ceased to exist. On balance, given the evident connection of the phrase with moral discernment at several points, and given a lack of clear evidence to the contrary, the best interpretation seems to be that by the time the child has reached an age of official accountability, both of the threatening powers will have ceased to exist. (BORROW The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 1–39) Isaiah 7:16 For before the boy will know enough to refuse evil and choose good, the land whose two kings you dread will be forsaken.: before : Dt 1:39 Jon 4:11 the land: Isa 8:4 9:11 17:1-3 2Ki 15:29,30 16:9) THE SIGN OF AHAZ'S ENEMIES SOON CRUSHED The boy will know enough to refuse good and evil - There is some disagreement on the identity of this boy, as some (Rydelnik) think this was a different boy than in the previous passage. Another interpretation is that this description is a literal boy born to the "virgin" who served as a sign from Jehovah to King Ahaz. If this is the case, God was giving Ahaz a sign that within a few years, both Aram (Syria) and Ephraim (Israel) would be crushed. "Whatever a man trusts in place of God (Ahaz trust in Assyria) will one day turn to devour him." (Oswalt - BORROW The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 1–39) Teed has an interesting thought on this passage noting that...A Jewish boy became bar-mitzvahed, a “son of the commandment,” at 12 or 13 years of age. At this time he was considered a moral adult, responsible enough for his own acts to reject wrong and choose right (enough to refuse good and evil). Thus the sign proving Isaiah’s words about the salvation to be won by Immanuel would be the destruction of Israel and Syria by Assyria within a dozen years. And this is exactly what happened, for by 722 B.C., just thirteen years after Ahaz became king, the two lands he feared lay in waste. This sign was ultimately fulfilled 700 years later in Matthew 1:20-23 (Isaiah 7 Teed Commentaries) The land whose two kings you dread will be forsaken - This prophecy clearly refers to the downfall of Aram (Syria) and Israel (Ephraim). Isaiah 7:17 The LORD will bring on you, on your people, and on your father's house such days as have never come since the day that Ephraim separated from Judah, the king of Assyria.": bring on: Isa 8:7,8 10:5,6 36:1-37:38 2Ki 18:1-19:37 2Ch 28:19-21 32:1-33 2Ch 33:11 36:6-20 Ne 9:32 the day: 1Ki 12:16-19 2Ch 10:16-19 Isaiah 7 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries DAYS OF DESTRUCTION DECREED The LORD will bring on you (King Ahaz) - Assyria could not have come to Palestine apart from the Lord’s permission! God is sovereign, righteous and just and so He must punish evil. In His sovereignty He uses the king of Assyria as His implement of punishment to King Ahaz and Judah. Oswalt comments that...By depending on himself rather than God, Ahaz has unleashed a whirlwind (cp Hos 8:7) which will not be content to devour his troublesome northern neighbors. Led by the God he has disdained, it will come sweeping over him and his nation as well.(BORROW The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 1–39) Comment: How important it is for a country to be governed by a righteous leader! Jeremiah's description of the judgment of Jehovah is applicable to Judah's present plight... Your own wickedness will correct you, and your apostasies will reprove you; Know therefore and see that it is evil and bitter for you to forsake the LORD your God, and the dread of Me is not in you," declares the Lord GOD of hosts. (Jeremiah 2:19) Teed comments... Not only did God use the Assyrians to judge the Northern kingdom of Israel (Ephraim - defeating them in 722BC), He also used them to invade Ahaz’s domain in Judah. The desolation prophesied in this section began in the days of Ahaz and reached its climax when the Babylonians conquered Judah (586BC Jerusalem and the Temple destroyed). And its results will continue right up to the time Jesus will return to deliver Israel and establish His kingdom on earth (cp Time of Jacob's Distress or Trouble - Jer 30:7, 8, 9; Great Tribulation). (Isaiah 7 Teed Commentaries) Isaiah 7:18 In that day the LORD will whistle for the fly that is in the remotest part of the rivers of Egypt and for the bee that is in the land of Assyria whistle: Isa 5:26 fly: Isa 30:1,2 31:1 Ex 8:21,24 Dt 1:44 7:20 Jos 24:12 Ps 118:12 bee: Isa 7:17 2Ki 23:33,34 Isaiah 7 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Deuteronomy 1:44+ “The Amorites who lived in that hill country came out against you and chased you as bees do, and crushed you from Seir to Hormah. Like a Swarm of Flies and Bees "IN THAT DAY" A DAY OF JUDGMENT In that day - Whenever you observe an expression of time, pause and ask questions, such as when is that day, what transpires, why does it happen, who is involved, etc. In this case that day is clearly the day when God begins to judge Judah using the foreign powers of Egypt and Assyria. The day of judgment of Judah is but a vague preview of the final day of the LORD, His day of judgment on this godless world, a day which (praise God) will be followed by a new day, a day of glorious, unspeakable peace and joy in the presence of our Redeemer and King. Since this will truly occur one day let us celebrate this future glorious day with this great Robin Mark song "One Day (click to play)"... ONE DAY To you O Lord will all the earth give glory. No other name will share the glory due. Though kingdoms rise and nations mock Your mercy. One day they'll stand and worship only You! Every knee will bow down, every tongue say out loud, "You are the Lord of earth and heaven." Every hand will be raised in the thunder of praise, "You are the king of all creation," they'll say...One day.... Today we'll join with angels and archangels, Who never cease by day and night to sing. Yet we await the moment earth joins heaven, Around Your throne to raise an offering. For yours is the kingdom, the power and the glory forever and ever. Amen This repetition of day also serves to explain (the explanation continuing from Isa 7:18-25) why the coming days will be unlike any since the time Israel became a divided kingdom. The prophesied desolation of Judah in Isaiah 7:18-25 began in the days of King Ahaz and unto the third and final Babylonian conquest of Judah and Jerusalem in 586 BC. John