Jeremias 31
Thomas Constable · Citado em PreceptAustin
Jeremias 31
Constable - Jeremiah 30-33 Commentary A C Gaebelein's Annotated Bible - Jeremiah 30-33 Commentary David
Jeremias 31
Constable has an interesting interpretation seeing this passage as an allusion to Israel in the time of the Tribulation - "When the Israelites would seek rest from the attacks of their enemies (cf. Jer 6:16; Ex. 33:14; Dt. 3:20; Josh. 1:13, 15; 22:4; Isa. 63:14), they would find it in the wilderness (cf. 2:2; Rev. 12:14–16). They will find refuge in the wilderness in the Tribulation, as they did following the Exodus (cf. Ex. 14:5–23; 33:14; Nu 14:20). But Israel’s ultimate rest will occur in the Millennium when they rest in the Promised Land." David
Jeremias 31
Constable has an interesting comment that Jer 31:12-14 "may be referring to the eschatological banquet that will occur on earth at the beginning of the Millennium (cf. Isa. 25:6–10). Then the Israelites will appreciate Yahweh as their father (Jer 31:9), shepherd (Jer 31:10), redeemer (Jer 31:11), and king (Jer 31:12). Jeremiah 31:13 "Then the virgin will rejoice in the dance, and the young men and the old, together, for I will turn their mourning into joy and will comfort them and give them joy for their sorrow. JOY IN THE MILLENNIAL KINGDOM NET The LORD says, "At that time young women will dance and be glad. Young men and old men will rejoice. I will turn their grief into gladness. I will give them comfort and joy in place of their sorrow. Notice that the NET version adds the words "the LORD says" the NET Note explaining that "This phrase has been brought up to the beginning of Jer 31:13 from the end of Jer 31:14 to introduce the transition from third person description by Jeremiah to first person address by the LORD....The translation follows the reading of the LXX (Greek version). The Hebrew reads “will dance and be glad, young men and old men together.” (Jeremiah 31 NET Notes) Then - expression of time - When? When the conditions described in Jer 31:12 prevail in the promised land, in the Messiah's Millennial Kingdom. Such wonderful descriptions make one wonder why there is such resistance to the truth of a literal Millennium. For - term of explanation - Explaining why all those in this future time will be rejoicing (there are 3 reasons stated). Rejoice (gladness, pleasure, delight) (08057)(simchah) speaks of exceeding joy affecting one's whole disposition and was used earlier in Jer 31:7 (= gladness) (Simchah also used twice in parallel passage in Isa 35:10). The Lxx translates simchah with the verb chairo which means to be "cheer" full, calmly happy or well-off, to enjoy a state of gladness, to be delighted. Chairo is used in a whole range of situations in which the emotion of joy is evoked. It means to be in a state of happiness and well being (often independent of what is happening when the Source is the Spirit!). Simchah is the word used in the wonderful passage in Zephaniah 3:17-note = "The LORD your God is in your midst, a victorious warrior. He will exult over you with joy, He will be quiet in His love, He will rejoice over you with shouts of joy." Rejoice with dance - "Dancing was an essential part of Jewish life in Bible times. According to Ecclesiastes 3:4 , there is “a time to mourn, and a time to dance.” Dances were performed on both sacred and secular occasions, though the Hebrew mind would not likely have thought in these terms....Dances were performed for different purposes. The mood behind the dance was one of celebration and praise....Dances were customary at weddings. On some occasions young ladies, dressed in their best clothing, danced in a bride-choosing ceremony (Judges 21:1 )." (See full article on Dancing). I will turn their mourning into joy - Israel's present mourning (as they historically experienced over their destruction by Babylon and in the future when they will mourn in the time of Jacob's distress - Jer 30:7-note) will not last but be replaced by joy. This prophetic promise is a complete (supernatural) reversal of the words of Jer 7:34, Jer 16:9 and Jer 25:10 (cp Isa 16:10 describing Moab)! Grief and Mourning - Holman Bible Dictionary Mourning Customs - Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Isaiah gives a parallel description of the conditions in the Millennium (cp similar wording in Jer 35:10-11 above) - "So the ransomed (padah; Lxx = lutroo) of the LORD will return and come with joyful shouting to Zion, and everlasting joy (and this Millennial joy will give way to everlasting joy of the New Jerusalem) will be on their heads. They will obtain gladness and joy, and sorrow and sighing will flee away." (Isa 51:10 in context part of a prayer beginning in Isa 51:9) Ed Young rightly remarks that "A God who can deliver from such an obstacle is a God Who can deliver at any time, no matter what the obstacles may be." Dear Reader do you find yourself in a time of mourning and sorrow, in need of deliverance? Remember that He is able! Will comfort (console) (05162)(naham/nacham) is used 109x in the OT most often in Jeremiah and essentially means to have a change of heart or disposition (as in Jer 4:28, 8:6, 15:6, 18:8, 20:16, 26:3, 13, 19, 31:19, 42:10). In other contexts such as the present passage nacham means to comfort (cp Jer 16:7, Jer 31:15, cp Isa 40:1, 49:13). Isaiah reiterates this prophetic promise declaring "Indeed, the LORD will comfort Zion; He will comfort all her waste places And her wilderness He will make like Eden, And her desert like the garden of the LORD; Joy and gladness will be found in her, Thanksgiving and sound of a melody....Break forth shout joyfully together, You waste places of Jerusalem; For the LORD has comforted His people, He has redeemed Jerusalem." (Isa 51:3...Isa 52:9) In a parallel prophecy the Messiah Himself proclaims... The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me (Yeshua the Messiah is speaking), because the LORD has anointed me to bring good news (the Gospel) to the afflicted; He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, To proclaim liberty to captives, And freedom to prisoners; 2 To proclaim the favorable year of the LORD (Fulfilled at Messiah's First Advent in Luke 4:18-20, 21), And the day of vengeance of our God; To comfort (nacham) all who mourn (This prophecy is yet to be fulfilled at Messiah's Second Coming), 3 To grant those who mourn in Zion, Giving them a garland instead of ashes, The oil of gladness instead of mourning, The mantle of praise instead of a spirit of fainting. So they will be called oaks of righteousness, The planting of the LORD, that He may be glorified. (Isaiah 61:1-3) Give them joy for them sorrow - This is the "fruit" that will be borne when Messiah returns to ransom captive Israel. Until that day may our song and prayer (cp Ps 122:6) daily (not just as a Christmas carol!) be... O come, O come Emmanuel And ransom captive Israel That mourns in lonely exile here, Until the Son of God appear. Play and pray this vocal version Maranatha! Hosanna! Jeremiah 31:14 "I will fill the soul of the priests with abundance, and My people will be satisfied with My goodness," declares the LORD. THE PROMISE OF SUPERNATURAL SPIRITUAL SATIETY I will fill the soul of the priests with abundance - Literally it reads “I will satiate the priests with fat (deshan)” but clearly conveys a figurative meaning of abundance, profusion or plenty. In this case it speaks of spiritual satiation! Full souls are always superior to full stomachs! Are you hungry? More directly is your soul hungry? Do you sense you are missing something, that your soul is empty? If so beloved, then imitate Jeremiah's example in Jer 15:16-note and your soul will experience Spirit wrought abundance as you digest the pure milk of God's Word (1Pe 2:2-note). Fill...with abundance...satisfied with My goodness - These promises picture a future bliss for the nation of Israel which await consummation (the point at which something is complete or finalized) in Messiah's Millennial Kingdom. Abundance (01880)(deshan from dashen = to be fat) is a masculine noun that means fatness or ashes (First use - Lev 1:16). Deshan refers to the spiritual blessings of God freely bestowed on His people who will respond (Ps. 36:8; 63:5; Isa. 55:2). Deshan refers to ashes of fat (fatty ashes) representing burned wood on the altar fire soaked or mixed with fat of animal sacrifice (Lev 1:16; 4:12; 6:10,11; 1Ki13:3, 5; Jer 31:40). In Ps 22:29 the adjective form of deshan refers to the rich as a class of people. Deshan is translated (in NAS) as abundance (3), ashes (8) and fatness (4). Deshan - 14v - Lev 1:16; 4:12; 6:10f; Jdg 9:9; 1 Kgs 13:3, 5; Job 36:16; Ps 36:8; 63:5; 65:11; Isa 55:2; Jer 31:14, 40 Ps 36:8; They drink their fill of the abundance of Thy house; And Thou dost give them to drink of the river of Thy delights. Ps 63:5 My soul is satisfied as with marrow and fatness, And my mouth offers praises with joyful lips. Isaiah 55:2 “Why do you spend money for what is not bread, And your wages for what does not satisfy? Listen carefully to Me, and eat what is good, And delight yourself in abundance. Satisfied with My goodness - Only Jesus fully satisfies our soul! And while "My people" includes the redeemed of Jacob, it would certainly include the redeemed Gentiles who survived the Great Tribulation and entered into the Messiah's One Thousand Year Kingdom on earth. Satisfied (07646)(saba) means to be satiated with food or drink and figuratively to be filled to satisfaction, to have enough. Clearly Jehovah is speaking here of spiritual satisfaction as David described in Ps 17:15 declaring "I will be satisfied with Your likeness" and in Ps 63:5 "My soul is satisfied as with marrow and fatness." In Ps 65:4 David affirmed "We will be satisfied with the goodness of Your house, Your holy temple." A good prayer for us to pray is Ps 90:14 - "O satisfy us in the morning with Your lovingkindness, that we may sing for joy and be glad all our days." Is this not in a sense a prayer that we be filled with His Spirit considering that the fruit of filling is singing (Eph 5:18-note, Eph 5:19-note) and joy (Gal 5:22-note)? In Ps 103:5 we see that Jehovah "satisfies your years with good things So that your youth is renewed like the eagle." All the uses of saba in Jeremiah - Jer 5:7; 31:14; 44:17; 46:10; 50:10, 19; Lam 3:15, 30; 5:6 Goodness (02898)(tub) is a masculine noun meaning property, goods, goodness, fairness, and beauty. The basic idea of tub speaks of desirability for enjoyment whether material or spiritual. Tub is translated by the NAS as best(3), best things(1), bounty(2), comeliness(1), fair(1), glad(2), good(2), good thing(2), good things(3), goodness(10), goodness'(1), prosperity(3), well(1). The first use in Ge 24:10 describes Isaac's servant going to look for a wife for his master and setting "out with a variety of good things." Pharaoh offered Joseph the "best of the land" for his brothers. When Moses asked God "“I pray Thee, show me Thy glory!”" God answered and said "I Myself will make all My goodness pass before you." (Ex 33:18-19, cp His "great goodness toward the house of Israel" - Isa 63:7) In Dt 28:47 tub describes the character of our heart with which we should serve the LORD (= "a glad heart", cp Isa 65:14). Neh 9:35 laments how despite God's giving His "great goodness" they still did not serve Him! Can any of us identify with that sad statement?(!) In Job 20:21, 21:16 tub describes prosperity (goods). Solomon says that "When it goes well with the righteous, the city rejoices. (Pr 11:10). In the context of God's gracious offer in Isaiah 1:16-18-note, He adds that ""If you consent and obey, You will eat the best of the land." (Isa 1:19-note). The other two uses in Jeremiah refer to "good things" of the land (Jer 2:7) and "the bounty of the LORD" in the Millennium Kingdom (Jer 31:12). Hosea gives a prophetic promise that "Afterward the sons of Israel will return and seek the LORD their God and David their king; and they will come trembling to the LORD and to His goodness in the last days (When Messiah returns to set up His Millennial Kingdom) (Hos 3:5). In another prophecy given to Israel, Zechariah records that "the LORD their God will save them in that day (of Messiah's return - cp Ro 11:26) as the flock of His people; for they are as the stones of a crown, sparkling in His land. For what comeliness (tub) and beauty will be theirs! Grain will make the young men flourish, and new wine the virgins." (Zech 9:16-17, cp context Zech 9:13-15 = "The initial historical fulfillment of this prophecy came when the Maccabees defeated the Greeks ca. 167 B.C.; the final, complete fulfillment will occur at His Second Advent. The Maccabean triumph is only a pledge and a preview of final triumph over all enemies." - John
Jeremias 31
Constable - Instead of Judah being a target for cursing in the future, as she became because of the Babylonian exile, she would be a subject of blessing. She would become a place where righteousness dwelt, a holy hill. Nelson Study Bible on holy hill - refers to the ideal city of Jerusalem, the holy mountain home of God, the Righteous One, and Judah, His righteous remnant. As with Israel, Judah’s reestablishment would see renewed productivity of its crops and flocks (Jer 31:5, 12). The people would be satiated (Jer 31:14). The holy hill is the Temple Mount and specifically speaks of the rebuilt Millennial Temple. Compare these descriptions... Psalms 2:6 “But as for Me, I have installed My King Upon Zion, My holy mountain.” Isaiah 66:20 “Then they shall bring all your brethren from all the nations as a grain offering to the LORD, on horses, in chariots, in litters, on mules, and on camels, to My holy mountain Jerusalem,” says the LORD, “just as the sons of Israel bring their grain offering in a clean vessel to the house of the LORD. Jeremiah 31:24 "Judah and all its cities will dwell together in it, the farmer and they who go about with flocks. LXE And there shall be dwellers in the cities of Juda, and in all his land, together with the husbandman, and the shepherd shall go forth with the flock. KJV And there shall dwell in Judah itself, and in all the cities thereof together, husbandmen, and they that go forth with flocks. NET The land of Judah will be inhabited by people who live in its towns as well as by farmers and shepherds with their flocks. ESV And Judah and all its cities shall dwell there together, and the farmers and those who wander with their flocks. NIV People will live together in Judah and all its towns-- farmers and those who move about with their flocks. NLT Townspeople and farmers and shepherds alike will live together in peace and happiness. ASV And Judah and all the cities thereof shall dwell therein together, the husbandmen, and they that go about with flocks. NET Note - It is generally agreed that three classes of people are referred to here, townspeople, farmers, and shepherds. (Jeremiah 31 NET Notes) Compare the description of this future glorious time which is described again in Jeremiah 33:11-13 (Read parallel descriptions in Ezek 36:10, Zech 2:4, Zech 8:4-8)... the voice of joy and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride, the voice of those who say, "Give thanks to the LORD of hosts, For the LORD is good, For His lovingkindness is everlasting"; and of those who bring a thank offering into the house of the LORD. For I will restore the fortunes of the land as they were at first,' says the LORD. 12 "Thus says the LORD of hosts, 'There will again be in this place which is waste, without man or beast, and in all its cities, a habitation of shepherds who rest their flocks. 13 'In the cities of the hill country, in the cities of the lowland, in the cities of the Negev, in the land of Benjamin, in the environs of Jerusalem and in the cities of Judah, the flocks will again pass under the hands of the one who numbers them,' says the LORD. This is the picture of God's good hand of blessing on His remnant of repentant, returned people! Jeremiah 31:25 "For I satisfy the weary ones and refresh everyone who languishes." JEHOVAH - SOURCE OF SATISFACTION AND REFRESHMENT LXE For I have saturated every thirsting soul, and filled every hungry soul. KJV For I have satiated the weary soul, and I have replenished every sorrowful soul. NET I will fully satisfy the needs of those who are weary and fully refresh the souls of those who are faint. ESV For I will satisfy the weary soul, and every languishing soul I will replenish." NIV I will refresh the weary and satisfy the faint." NLT For I have given rest to the weary and joy to the sorrowing." ASV For I have satiated the weary soul, and every sorrowful soul have I replenished. NET Note on I satisfy...and refresh - The verbs here again emphasize that the actions are as good as done (i.e., they are prophetic perfects) (Ed: The prophetic perfect tense is a literary technique used in the Bible that describes future events that are so certain to happen that they are referred to in the past tense as if they already happened.) (Jeremiah 31 NET Notes) Earlier Jeremiah used the same Hebrew word for satisfy (ravah) recording Jehovah's promise "I will fill the soul of the priests with abundance, And My people will be satisfied with My goodness," declares the LORD." (Jer 31:14) The English translation of the Septuagint has "filled every hungry soul." In a very real sense this passage is a fulfillment of the words of Jesus Who declared "Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied." (Matthew 5:6-note) The nation of Israel having come to repentance and renewal will be blessed in the Millennial Kingdom and shall be satisfied. Languish (used in Jer 31:12) (01669)(daeb) means to become faint. The Lxx translates daeb with the verb peinao which means to hunger. While this description may be literally true (that they will never again be physically hungry), it is more true spiritually, for as Jesus declared (using the verb peinao) “I am the bread of life; he who comes to Me shall not hunger, and he who believes in Me shall never thirst." (John 6:35) NET Note - For the concept here compare Jer 31:12 where the promise was applied to northern Israel. This represents the reversal of the conditions that would characterize the exiles according to the covenant curse of Dt 28:65–67. (Jeremiah 31 NET Notes)
Jeremias 31
Constable comments on this popular "proverb that said that the children were bearing the consequences of their fathers’ sins. This proverb expressed a popular misconception (cf. Deut. 24:16; Ezek. 18:25). It blamed present trouble on past ancestors inordinately. In that day everyone would bear the consequences of his own actions. Justice would be obvious then whereas at present it did not seem to be operating. Whereas people do suffer for the sins of their ancestors to a limited extent (corporate responsibility), they much more consistently suffer for their own sins (individual responsibility)." Thompson - The proverb quoted here occurs also in Ezekiel 18:2. It seems that they feeling was widespread that the nation was being punished for the sins of past generations and that Yahweh was unjust. Jeremiah 31:30 "But everyone will die for his own iniquity; each man who eats the sour grapes, his teeth will be set on edge. Reformation Study Bible - The principle that each person is judged individually is elaborated at length in Ezek. 18:4–32. Ezek 18:20 "The person who sins will die. The son will not bear the punishment for the father's iniquity, nor will the father bear the punishment for the son's iniquity; the righteousness of the righteous will be upon himself, and the wickedness of the wicked will be upon himself.