Mateus 12
Thomas Constable · Citado em PreceptAustin
Mateus 12
Constable comments that "The Jews expected Messiah to perform miracles (Mt 12:38), but other things about Jesus, for example His servant characteristics, led them to conclude that He was not the Son of David." (Matthew 12 Commentary) D A Carson on the question of the crowd - The question does not ask whether Jesus is a magician of the kind attributed by popular superstition to David’s son Solomon (contra Loren L. Fisher, “Can This Be the Son of David?” Jesus and the Historian, ed. F.T. Trotter [Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968], pp. 82–97) but whether Jesus is the Messiah (see on Mt 1:1; 9:27; 15:22). The Messiah was expected to perform miracles (cf. Mt 12:38); so the exorcism-healing stood in Jesus’ favor. (EBC-Mt-Lk) Related Resources: What does it mean that Jesus is the son of David? Why Was Jesus Called the Son of David? Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard this, they said, “This man casts out demons only by Beelzebul the ruler of the demons.” NET Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard this they said, "He does not cast out demons except by the power of Beelzebul, the ruler of demons!" GNT Matthew 12:24 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἀκούσαντες εἶπον, Οὗτος οὐκ ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια εἰ μὴ ἐν τῷ Βεελζεβοὺλ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων. NLT Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard about the miracle, they said, "No wonder he can cast out demons. He gets his power from Satan, the prince of demons." KJV Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils. ESV Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, "It is only by Beelzebul, the prince of demons, that this man casts out demons." NIV Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard this, they said, "It is only by Beelzebub, the prince of demons, that this fellow drives out demons." ASV Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This man doth not cast out demons, but by Beelzebub the prince of the demons. CSB Matthew 12:24 When the Pharisees heard this, they said, "The man drives out demons only by Beelzebul, the ruler of the demons." NKJ Matthew 12:24 Now when the Pharisees heard it they said, "This fellow does not cast out demons except by Beelzebub, the ruler of the demons." NRS Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, "It is only by Beelzebul, the ruler of the demons, that this fellow casts out the demons." YLT Matthew 12:24 but the Pharisees having heard, said, 'This one doth not cast out demons, except by Beelzeboul, ruler of the demons.' NAB Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard this, they said, "This man drives out demons only by the power of Beelzebul, the prince of demons." NJB Matthew 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard this they said, 'The man drives out devils only through Beelzebul, the chief of the devils.' GWN Matthew 12:24 When the Pharisees heard this, they said, "This man can force demons out of people only with the help of Beelzebul, the ruler of demons." BBE Matthew 12:24 But the Pharisees, hearing of it, said, This man only sends evil spirits out of men by Beelzebub, the ruler of evil spirits. when the Pharisees heard: Mt 9:34 Mk 3:22 Lu 11:15 Casts out demons only by Beelzebul, Mt 12:27 Matthew 12 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE CONTRASTING REACTION TO THE MIRACLE But (de) is a term of contrast which in context shows the reaction of the Pharisees in striking contrast to that of the crowds. In this section we see Pharisaic opposition to Jesus come to a head! When the Pharisees heard this, they said - Heard this refers to the testimony of the amazed crowd was sufficient to set them off! They heard the crowd suggest it was "messianic" but they said it was "demonic!" Mark 3:22+ says the Pharisees were scribes that had traveled 90 miles coming "down from Jerusalem" (down is always the direction when coming from Jerusalem 2474 ft above sea level) because they had heard about this "Miracle Man."
Mateus 12
Constable observes that "This is the third time in Matthew that Jesus argued for the superiority of human life over animal life (cf. Mt 6:26; Mt 10:31). His argument presupposed the special creation of man (Genesis 1–2). Jesus assumed, apparently with good reason, that the Pharisees would lift a sheep out of a pit on the Sabbath. His argument was again Qal wahomer (see below)(from the light to the heavy, cf. Mt 12:5–6). Neither the sheep in the illustration nor the man in the synagogue was in mortal danger. Jesus cut through the Pharisaic distinctions about how much help one could give to the more basic issue of doing good. (Expository Notes) Jesus’ interpretation of Scripture and his teaching style share affinities with some of the rabbinic rules of biblical interpretation codified in later rabbinic literature (cf. t. Sanhedrin 7.11; ’Abot deRabbi Natan 37.10). One of the so-called “seven middoth [i.e., measurements] of Hillel” is as follows: Qal wahomer (literally “light and heavy”). According to this rule, what is true or applicable in a “light” (or less important) instance is surely true or applicable in a “heavy” (or more important) instance (cf. m. Qiddushin 4:14 and Matt. 6:26 = Luke 12:24). Matthew 12:13 Then He said to the man, “Stretch out your hand!” He stretched it out, and it was restored to normal, like the other. NET Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." He stretched it out and it was restored, as healthy as the other. GNT Matthew 12:13 τότε λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, Ἔκτεινόν σου τὴν χεῖρα. καὶ ἐξέτεινεν καὶ ἀπεκατεστάθη ὑγιὴς ὡς ἡ ἄλλη. NLT Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, "Hold out your hand." So the man held out his hand, and it was restored, just like the other one! KJV Matthew 12:13 Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it forth; and it was restored whole, like as the other. ESV Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." And the man stretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other. NIV Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." So he stretched it out and it was completely restored, just as sound as the other. ASV Matthew 12:13 Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thy hand. And he stretched it forth; and it was restored whole, as the other. CSB Matthew 12:13 Then He told the man, "Stretch out your hand." So he stretched it out, and it was restored, as good as the other. NKJ Matthew 12:13 Then He said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." And he stretched it out, and it was restored as whole as the other. NRS Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." He stretched it out, and it was restored, as sound as the other. YLT Matthew 12:13 Then saith he to the man, 'Stretch forth thy hand,' and he stretched it forth, and it was restored whole as the other. NAB Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." He stretched it out, and it was restored as sound as the other. NJB Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, 'Stretch out your hand.' He stretched it out and his hand was restored, as sound as the other one. GWN Matthew 12:13 Then he said to the man, "Hold out your hand." The man held it out, and it became normal again, as healthy as the other. BBE Matthew 12:13 Then said he to the man, Put out your hand. And he put it out, and it was made as well as the other. and it was restored to normal: Lu 13:13 Ac 3:7,8 Matthew 12 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Parallel Passages: Mark 3:1-6, Matthew 12:9-14, Luke 6:6-11 Mark 3:5+ After looking around at them with anger, grieved at their hardness of heart, He said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” And he stretched it out, and his hand was restored. Luke 6:8+ But He knew what they were thinking, and He said to the man with the withered hand, “Get up and come forward!” And he got up and came forward. 9 And Jesus said to them, “I ask you, is it lawful to do good or to do harm on the Sabbath, to save a life or to destroy it?” 10 After looking around at them all, He said to him, “Stretch out your hand!” And he did so; and his hand was restored. JESUS HEALS WITH A WORD NOT A WORK! In Mt 9:1-8 Jesus had healed with a word. When He created the universe, Jesus the Living Word spoke the Word (Heb 11:3). His speaking of the Word to bring healing shows He had creative power and should have been clear evidence to all that He was God's Messenger! Then He *said to the man, “Stretch out your hand!” - Now think about this question. His hand was withered, atrophic, paralyzed and Jesus asked him to do the impossible. What does the man have to do? Simply believe! He has to believe that God is able to carry out what He commands. However belief is not genuine and efficacious unless it acts. Genuine faith obeys. This man had genuine faith. Jesus is directly challenging what He knew the Pharisees would deem as unlawful and He knew this would only escalate their antagonism toward Him to the point of rage (Lk 6:11+). He stretched it out, and it was restored to normal, like the other - When he acts in faith, the miracle transpires immediately. The stretching out and the restoring miraculously occur at the same time and apparently immediately. Like the other indicates perfect symmetry. And one can only hope that when he actually stretched forth his hand it was point straight at the wicked watching Pharisees! That would be poetic justice for sure! This healing confirmed again that Jesus was indeed Lord of the Sabbath (Mt 12:8). Stretch...stretched (1614)(ekteino from ek = out + teino = to stretch) means stretch out literally, as a gesture with one's hand stretched out. Jesus' stretched His hands out "toward His disciples" (Mt 12:49), to Peter drowning (Mt 14:31), to the leper (Mk 1:41, Mt 8:3, Lk 5:13, cf healing in Acts 4:30). Ekteino is used of the stretching out of Paul's hand as he prepared to offer his verbal defense (Acts 26:1). Ekteino is used in all three synoptic accounts of Jesus telling the lame man to stretch out his hand (Mt 12:13, Mk 3:5, Lk 6:10). Restored (600)(apokathistemi from apo = from + kathistemi = to set in order, appoint) means literally to restore to an earlier condition. Apokathistemi in secular Greek was a medical technical term for restoring to health (to cure) (Mt 12:13+, Mk 3:5, Mk 8:5, Lk 6:10). This verb is used in the Septuagint to describe restoration of Nebuchadnezzar's reason (Da 4:36+) Note that restored is in the passive voice which in this context is a so-called 'divine passive" indicating it was God Who did the miraculous restoration. Has Jehovah Rapha, the Great Physician, performed a miraculous "restoration" in your life or are you still "spiritually sick" and dead in your trespasses and sins (Eph 2:1+)? Normal (5199)(hugies gives us English "hygiene") means healthy, pertaining to being physically well, sound or whole. This Greek word makes it clear that the man’s hand was completely healed! This detail is is not found in the synoptic accounts in Mark or Luke. All NT uses - Matt. 12:13; Matt. 15:31; Mk. 5:34; Jn. 5:4; Jn. 5:6; Jn. 5:9; Jn. 5:11; Jn. 5:14; Jn. 5:15; Jn. 7:23; Acts 4:10; Titus 2:8 = good health(1), healed(1), normal(1), restored(1), sound(1), well(7). Steven Cole discusses this nameless paralyzed man's faith - The man with the withered hand pictures how we should respond when Jesus stomps on our toes. He could have refused to do what Jesus asked because of fear of the Pharisees. They easily could take out their anger on him: “You know what our law states. Why didn’t you wait and come back tomorrow for healing? This upstart Jesus is just undermining our heritage and way of life! You shouldn’t have gone along with Him!” But the man wanted to be healed even if it meant enduring the wrath of the Pharisees. He could have refused to obey Jesus out of embarrassment, as I’ve already said. When Jesus asked him to stretch out his hand, he could have thought, “Is He mocking me? He knows that my problem is precisely that I cannot stretch out my hand!” He could have thought of a lot of excuses why he couldn’t do what Jesus asked him to do. But instead, recognizing his own impotence and need, he believed and obeyed Jesus. He was instantly healed. There were several elements in his obedient faith that we must follow. First, he recognized and admitted his need and inability. He didn’t angrily say, “Why are you singling me out? I’m no different than anyone else here.” He didn’t deny or camouflage his problem. He didn’t offer to go fifty-fifty in helping Jesus solve the problem. If you want Jesus to heal your soul, you must admit, “I am a hopeless, helpless sinner. My thoughts, my attitudes, my words, and my deeds have continually violated Your holy Word. I cannot save myself. Lord, I need Your powerful Word to save me.” Second, he believed in Christ’s ability to heal him. This isn’t stated, but it’s implicitly behind his action. Probably he had heard how Jesus had healed the paralytic. He knew how Jesus had healed everyone who gathered at Peter’s door one evening. He had just heard Jesus teach. Now Jesus was looking directly at him. He knew and believed that Jesus had the power from God to heal him. Even so, we must look at the records of Jesus’ life and ministry and come to the conclusion that He is who He claimed to be. He is God in human flesh, the only Mediator between sinners and a holy God. He is able to save my soul. Third, he acted in obedience to Christ’s command. Jesus commanded him to do something impossible: “Stretch out your hand!” But with the command, Jesus imparted the power and ability to obey it. The man obeyed and was instantly healed. Jesus commands sinners to do something impossible: Repent and believe in the gospel (Mk 1:15). If you will look to Him and cry out, “Lord, I cannot repent and believe by my ability, but grant me repentance and faith by Your grace,” He will do it and you will be instantly saved. Although the text does not say so, I agree with G. Campbell Morgan’s insight (The Westminster Pulpit [Baker], 1:294) that Jesus didn’t heal this man so that he could wrap his healed hand in a bandage and protect it, but so that he could use it. By exercising and using it, he would maintain the new strength. Even so, when the Lord has delivered us from our sins, He expects us to use our healed lives in service for His glory. Conclusion - Morgan also points out that the only man in the synagogue that Jesus sought out was the man with the greatest need. If you have a problem, it does not exclude you from Jesus. Rather, it makes you the target of His gracious call. You may have an embarrassing problem that you would rather not face up to and you certainly don’t want to expose it in public. But Jesus says to you, “Arise and stand in the midst! Admit that you have a sin problem.” He just kinda sorta stomps on your aorta! But if you will respond in obedient faith, He will say, “Stretch out your hand!” He will impart the power of His salvation, and you will be changed in your heart to the praise of the glory of His saving grace. When Jesus stomps on your toes, don’t resist Him. Respond with obedient faith and He will save you and use you for His glory. (Luke 6:6-11 When Jesus Stomps on Your Toes) Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against Him, as to how they might destroy Him. NET Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and plotted against him, as to how they could assassinate him. GNT Matthew 12:14 ἐξελθόντες δὲ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι συμβούλιον ἔλαβον κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ ὅπως αὐτὸν ἀπολέσωσιν. NLT Matthew 12:14 Then the Pharisees called a meeting to plot how to kill Jesus. KJV Matthew 12:14 Then the Pharisees went out, and held a council against him, how they might destroy him. ESV Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him. NIV Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and plotted how they might kill Jesus. ASV Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out, and took counsel against him, how they might destroy him. CSB Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and plotted against Him, how they might destroy Him. NKJ Matthew 12:14 Then the Pharisees went out and plotted against Him, how they might destroy Him. NRS Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him. YLT Matthew 12:14 And the Pharisees having gone forth, held a consultation against him, how they might destroy him, NAB Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and took counsel against him to put him to death. NJB Matthew 12:14 At this the Pharisees went out and began to plot against him, discussing how to destroy him. GWN Matthew 12:14 The Pharisees left and plotted to kill Jesus. BBE Matthew 12:14 But the Pharisees went out and made designs against him, how they might put him to death. went: Mt 27:1 Mk 3:6 Lu 6:11 Joh 5:18 10:39 11:53,57 Matthew 12 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Parallel Passages: Mark 3:1-6, Matthew 12:9-14, Luke 6:6-11 Mark 3:6+ The Pharisees went out and immediately began conspiring with the Herodians against Him, as to how they might destroy Him. Luke 6:11+ But they themselves were filled with rage, and discussed together what they might do to Jesus. COLLUSION AND CONSPIRACY Collusion means a secret agreement or cooperation especially for an illegal or deceitful purpose. These men are the prototype of the most evil collusion and conspiracy in the history of the world! But (de) can be rendered a contrast or as a marker of sequence (then - NLT, KJV, NKJV), and in context is best seen as an adversative, because it highlights the contrast between Jesus and His intractable adversaries, the Pharisees! The Pharisees went out - So at least they carried their unholy conspiracy outside of the synagogue. Mark 3:6+ adds that the Pharisees began conspiring with the Herodians against Him giving us a living example of the ancient proverb "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" in which two opposing parties (Pharisees and Herodians) choose to work together against their common enemy Jesus Christ! Robertson suggests that "This incident marks a crisis in the hatred of the Pharisees toward Jesus. They bolted out of the synagogue and actually conspired with their hated rivals, the Herodians, how to put Jesus to death." And conspired against Him, as to how they might destroy Him - Luke 6:11+ tells us the state of their hearts was that their hearts were filled with rage and as we know from study of the filling of the Spirit (Eph 5:18+), what fills a person gains control over the will and thoughts of that person. In this case their murderous thoughts were stirred by their rage (anoia = void of understanding, these men lost their minds and went into a "paroxysm of psychopathic rage" so to speak, their venom directed at the Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath!). Don't miss the tragic irony that the Lord's purpose to heal motivated the Pharisees purpose to destroy. These hypocrites regarded Jesus’ healing on the Sabbath as a horrible crime, but had no qualms about plotting murder of the Lord of the Sabbath on the Sabbath. It is amazing what people will do when they are deceived and in a rage of madness! Plummer notes that the phrase conspired against Him "means to come to a conclusion, rather than to deliberate whether or not. John Broadus - Their pretended reason for plotting his destruction was that he violated the Sabbath, and so was condemned to death by the law (Ex. 31:14; 25:2); the true reason seems to have been their jealousy of his growing credit among the people, and fear that he would impair their own influence. What a reproach upon human nature, to see men maintaining that it was a mortal sin to heal disease on the Sabbath, and yet foully plotting on that same sacred day, how they might destroy the innocent Teacher and Healer. (Matthew 11 Commentary) Knox Chamblin adds "It is horrifying to contemplate the judgment in store for these ‘wise and intelligent’ people (Mt. 11:25) who, having witnessed yet another miracle of grace (cf. Mt 11:20–24), not only refuse to trust Jesus but actively seek to destroy Him!" (Matthew 12:1-14 Matthew 12:15-37) Conspired (plotted together)(4824) (sumboulion from sún = together + boulé= counsel) to engage in joint planning so as to devise a course of common action, often one with a harmful or evil purpose." Turner points out that "Their conspiracy to kill Jesus does not surprise the attentive reader of Matthew (cf. Mt 3:7; Mt 9:11, 34; Mt 12:24; Mt 15:7, 12; Mt 16:6, 21; Mt 17:9, 12, 22; Mt 20:18; Mt 21:38, 46; Mt 22:15, 34; Mt 23:30–32; Mt 26:2–5, 14–16). This passage reinforces the basic impasse that is evident in 12:1–8. Jesus and the Pharisees are at loggerheads over the relationship of Sabbath law to compassionate deeds. The Pharisees’ strict tradition evidently makes little exception for instances of compassion such as Jesus’s healings. But the Pharisees’ approach is inconsistent. It is assumed that they have no problem with a sheep’s being rescued from a pit on the Sabbath, yet they condemn Jesus for healing a person....As the ultimate interpreter of Torah (Mt 5:17–48), Jesus properly relates Sabbath law and human need. The written Torah is not violated by this healing.(Ibid) Might destroy (622)(apollumi from apo = away from or wholly + olethros = state of utter ruin <> ollumi = to destroy) means to destroy utterly, to kill. Apollumi was the verb Matthew used earlier to describe Herod's searching "for the Child (INFANT JESUS) to destroy Him.” (Mt 2:13+). So the irony is that what Herod could not accomplish, these wicked followers of Herod, the Herodians along with the "separatist" Pharisees would eventually finish on the Cross! Let us not miss the irony here, for as the legalistic Pharisees are accusing Jesus of breaking the law to keep the Sabbath holy, they themselves are breaking the law "You shall not murder!" (cf Mt 5:21, 22+)! Matthew 12:15 But Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. Many followed Him, and He healed them all, GNT Matthew 12:15 Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς γνοὺς ἀνεχώρησεν ἐκεῖθεν. καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ [ὄχλοι] πολλοί, καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας NLT Matthew 12:15 But Jesus knew what they were planning. So he left that area, and many people followed him. He healed all the sick among them, KJV Matthew 12:15 But when Jesus knew it, he withdrew himself from thence: and great multitudes followed him, and he healed them all; ESV Matthew 12:15 Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. And many followed him, and he healed them all NIV Matthew 12:15 Aware of this, Jesus withdrew from that place. Many followed him, and he healed all their sick, ASV Matthew 12:15 And Jesus perceiving it withdrew from thence: and many followed him; and he healed them all, CSB Matthew 12:15 When Jesus became aware of this, He withdrew from there. Huge crowds followed Him, and He healed them all. NKJ Matthew 12:15 But when Jesus knew it, He withdrew from there. And great multitudes followed Him, and He healed them all. NRS Matthew 12:15 When Jesus became aware of this, he departed. Many crowds followed him, and he cured all of them, YLT Matthew 12:15 and Jesus having known, withdrew thence, and there followed him great multitudes, and he healed them all, NAB Matthew 12:15 When Jesus realized this, he withdrew from that place. Many (people) followed him, and he cured them all, NJB Matthew 12:15 Jesus knew this and withdrew from the district. Many followed him and he cured them all GWN Matthew 12:15 He knew about this, so he left that place. Many people followed him, and he cured all of them. BBE Matthew 12:15 And Jesus, having knowledge of this, went away from there, and a great number went after him; and he made them all well, He withdrew: Mt 10:23 Lu 6:12 Joh 7:1 10:40-42 11:54 Many: Mt 4:24,25 19:2 Mk 3:7-12 6:56 Lu 6:17-19 Joh 9:4 Ga 6:9 1Pe 2:21 Matthew 12 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Craig Evans points out that "Matthew reduces Mark 3:7–12 to two verses (Matt. 12:15–16) and then introduces and quotes Isa. 42:1–4 (Matt. 12:17–21), the longest quotation of Old Testament Scripture in the Gospels. The Matthean evangelist has done this, in order to explain to his readers the meaning of the various injunctions to silence that we find especially in Mark’s gospel (e.g., Mk 1:25, 34, 44; and esp. in the parallel to the present passage at Mk 3:12)." (BKBC-Mt-Lk) But Jesus, aware of this - Jesus was aware that the Pharisees conspired to destroy Him (Mt 12:14). While it is not stated how Jesus became aware, based on passages like John 2:23-25+, it was almost certainly supernatural knowledge (omniscience).
Mateus 12
Constable - Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, in view of the context (vv. 24–28), involved attributing Jesus’ works to Satan rather than to the Spirit. God would not forgive this sin because the person who committed it in Jesus’ day was thereby strongly rejecting Jesus as the Messiah. Even today the only sin one can commit that God will not forgive and that will result in his or her eternal damnation is rejection of Jesus Christ. Attributing Jesus’ works to Satan was blasphemy of the Spirit in Jesus’ day and this resulted in damnation. Can a person commit this sin today? One can reject Jesus Christ, but one cannot blaspheme the Spirit in the same sense in which Jesus’ contemporaries could. To do so one would have to observe Jesus doing His works and attribute them to Satan. One could say therefore that blasphemy against the Spirit was an unforgivable sin during Jesus’ earthly ministry. The unforgivable sin at any time since Jesus began His earthly ministry to the present day is rejection of Jesus Christ. (Matthew 12 Commentary)