Atos 12
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Atos 12
(12:24-13:12) CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS TO ACTS 12 The lineage of Herod the Great (for more information consult the index of Flavius Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews). Herod the Great King of Judea (37-4 B.C.) Matt. 2:1-19; Luke 1:5 His Sons Herod Philip (son of Marianne of Simon) Husband of Herodias Tetrarch of Iturea (4 B.C. ‒ A.D. 34) Matt. 14:3; Mark 6:17 Herod Philip (son of Cleopatra) Tetrarch of area north and west of the Sea of Galilee (4 B.C. ‒ A.D. 34) Luke 3:1 Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea (4 B.C. ‒ A.D. 39) Executed John the Baptist Matt. 14:1-12; Mark 6:14,29; Luke 3:19; 9:7-9; 13:31; 23:6-12,15; Acts 4:27; 13:1 Archelaus, Herod the Ethnarch Ruler of Judea, Samaria and Idumea (4 B.C. ‒ A.D. 6) Matt. 2:22 Aristobulus (son of Mariamne) his only son was Herod Agrippa I Ruled all of Palestine (A.D. 41-44) Killed James and had Peter imprisoned Acts 12:1-24; 23:35 his son was Herod Agrippa II, Tetrarch of northern territory (A.D. 50-70) his daughter was Bernice (1) consort of her brother (2) Acts 25:13-26:32 his daughter was Drusilla (1) wife of Felix (2) Acts 24:24
Atos 12:1-5
12:1 "Now about that time" There had apparently been a brief period of compatibility between the synagogue and the new growing sect of believing Jews, which is noted in Acts 9:31. But, Herod Agrippa I changed this time of peace in order to endear himself to the Jewish leadership. ▣ "Herod" This refers to Herod Agrippa I, the grandson of Herod the Great. He reigned over different areas of Palestine from A.D. 37-44. He was raised in Rome and became friends with Gaius, who followed Emperor Tiberius and who later became the Emperor Caligula. The Jews readily accepted Herod as a leader because his grandmother (Mariamne) was a Hasmonean/Maccabean (i.e., Jewish patriot) princess. He was a strict follower of Judaism (but possibly for political reasons). For a full discussion of this Herod, see Josephus' Antiq. 19.7.3; 19.8.2. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FAMILY OF HEROD THE GREAT ▣ "church" See SPECIAL TOPIC: CHURCH (ekklēsia) ▣ "in order to mistreat them" Herod did this to gain support and approval from the Jewish leadership (cf. Acts 12:3,11). Roman leaders did the same thing (cf. Acts 24:27; 25:9). Luke uses this term several times (cf. Acts 7:6,19; 12:1; 14:2; 18:10). It was a common term in the Septuagint for ill-treatment. Luke's vocabulary is greatly influenced by the Septuagint. It was the translation used in Greek speaking synagogues and churches. SPECIAL TOPIC: SEPTUAGINT 12:2 "James, the brother of John, put to death with a sword" This refers to the Apostle James, who was the brother of John (cf. Luke 5:10; 6:14; 8:51; 9:28,54). He was a member of the inner circle of disciples (cf. Matt. 17:1; 26:37; Mark 5:37; 9:2; 14:33; Luke 9:28). Why James should die and Peter be spared is a mystery of God. Beheading with a sword was the normal method of capital punishment for Roman citizens, but it apparently was odious to Jews. It is interesting that at this time the early church did not sense the need to replace James as they had Judas (cf. Acts 1:15-20). The reasons are unclear, but possibly it was Judas' treachery, not death, that caused the replacement (cf. Acts 1:15-26). Some may assert that Paul calling James, the half brother of Jesus and leader of the Jerusalem church, an apostle (cf. Gal. 1:19) constitutes a replacement. The question relates to the official position of the original Twelve versus the ongoing gift of apostleship (cf. Eph. 4:11). Reading James D. G. Dunn, Unity and Diversity in the New Testament has caused me to think about the possible different authority structures in the first century church. the Jerusalem Apostles the inner circle (Peter, James, John) of the Apostles James the Lord's half-brother, who led the Jerusalem church the Seven (Acts 6) who were leaders of the Greek-speaking Jews later Paul and Barnabas and their mission work promoted by the church in Antioch of Syria To this could be added the sects related to Christianity, Judaizers, Gnostics, Ebionites. Each of these also had their own leadership. The unity that Luke often refers to was difficult to maintain. The preaching of Jesus and the Scriptures were ambiguous enough to allow multiple interpretations. This is the reason that the "rule of faith" developed in the first centuries. There had to be a standard to evaluate a group's theology. The dynamic Spirit-led emphasis of the NT turned into the organized structure of the eastern and western church centers. Orthodoxy is a significant issue for those generations removed from the Founder and eyewitnesses. SPECIAL TOPIC: CHURCH POLITY SPECIAL TOPIC: ORTHODOXY OF THE PASTORALS 12:3 "arrest Peter" This is Peter's third arrest (cf. Acts 4:3; 5:18). Christian leaders were/are not spared from persecution. SPECIAL TOPIC: PETER SPECIAL TOPIC: WHY DO CHRISTIANS SUFFER? ▣ "during the days of Unleavened Bread" This refers to the Passover Feast (cf. Acts 12:4), combined with the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which lasted eight days (cf. Exod. 12:18; 23:15; Luke 22:1). Both celebrated Israel's deliverance from Egyptian bondage. It was celebrated on Nissan 14-21, which would be our March or April, depending on the Jewish lunar calendar. SPECIAL TOPIC: PASSOVER SPECIAL TOPIC: ANE CALENDARS 12:4 "four squads of soldiers" This would mean four squads of soldiers four times a day, or sixteen men. The number shows Herod's concern over Peter's possible escape (cf. Acts 5:19). 12:5 "prayer for him was being made fervently by the church to God" The church is praying (cf. Acts 12:12), but will be surprised when God answers! "Fervently" is a very intense ADVERB (cf. Luke 22:44). It is used only three times in the NT (cf. 1 Pet. 1:22). "The church of God" is made up of all who have trusted Jesus (cf. 1 Cor. 1:2; 10:32; 11:22; 15:9; 2 Cor. 1:1; Gal. 1:13; 1 Tim. 3:5,15). It is the new people of God. SPECIAL TOPIC: INTERCESSORY PRAYER
Atos 12:6-17
12:6 "On the very night" Luke's writings are characterized by time indicators (cf. Acts 12:3,4,5,6,7,8,10,18). But be careful of interpreting this as western, sequential, chronological history. Luke has a theological evangelistic purpose. See Fee and Stuart, How To Read the Bible for All Its Worth, pp. 127-148. ▣ "between two soldiers" This verse shows the impossibility of Peter's escape. It is almost as if they expected an attempt to release him (like Acts 5:19; note v. 4). 12:7 "an angel of the Lord suddenly appeared" It is unusual that the supernatural interventions of the angel of the Lord (cf. Acts 5:19; 7:30,35,38,53; 8:26; 10:3,7,22) and the Holy Spirit (cf. Acts 8:29,39; 10:19) are interchanged throughout the book of Acts. Apparently the Spirit speaks intuitively, but the angel is an outward physical manifestation. It is interesting to see the combination of the natural and the supernatural in this account (similar to the plagues of the Exodus, which were natural occurrences with supernatural intensity, timing, and locality). SPECIAL TOPIC: The Angel of the Lord ▣ "and a light shone in the cell" Often the presence of the spiritual realm is accompanied by "light." ▣ "Get up quickly" This is an AORIST ACTIVE IMPERATIVE which denotes urgency. Why is the angel in a hurry? Is he not in control of events? 12:8 "Gird yourself and put on your sandals" These are both AORIST MIDDLE IMPERATIVES. ▣ "Wrap your cloak around you and follow me" This is an AOARIST MIDDLE IMPERATIVE followed by a PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE. The angel was really in a hurry to perform this task! This was one nervous angel! 12:9 Peter was uncertain whether this was a vision, dream, or reality (cf. Acts 12:11-12; 10:17,19; 11:5). SPECIAL TOPIC: WAYS OF REVELATION 12:11 "When Peter came to himself" Luke uses a similar phrase in describing the Prodigal Son (cf. Luke 15:17). Suddenly the reality of the experience and its implications dawned on him (cf. Acts 12:12). 12:12 "the house of Mary" Mary was a very common name. There are several Marys mentioned in the Gospels. the mother of Jesus (cf. Luke 1:27) Mary of Magdala, a disciple from Galilee (cf. Luke 8:2; 24:10) mother of James and John (cf. Luke 24:10) sister of Martha and Lazarus (cf. Luke 10:39,42) wife of Cleophas (cf. John 19:25) mother of John Mark (here) SPECIAL TOPIC: THE WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED JESUS ▣ "the mother of John" This refers to John Mark's mother. The early church met in this family's house in Jerusalem (cf. Acts 12:12). It was also the site of the Lord's three post resurrection appearances and the coming of the Spirit at Pentecost. John Mark accompanied Paul and his cousin Barnabas (cf. Col. 4:10) on the first missionary journey (cf. Acts 12:25-13:13). For some reason he deserted the team and returned home (cf. Acts 15:38). Barnabas wanted to include him on the second missionary journey, but Paul refused (cf. Acts 15:36-41). This resulted in Paul and Barnabas separating. Barnabas took John Mark to Cyprus (cf. Acts 15:39). Later, while Paul was in prison, he mentions John Mark in a positive way (cf. Col. 4:10) and still later in Paul's second imprisonment at Rome, just before his death, he mentions John Mark again (cf. 2 Tim. 4:11). Apparently John Mark became part of Peter's missionary team (cf. 1 Pet. 5:13). Eusebius' Eccl. His. 3.39.12 gives us an interesting account of John Mark's relation to Peter. "In his own book Papias gives us accounts of the Lord's sayings obtained from Aristion or learnt direct from the presbyter John. Having brought these to the attention of scholars, I must now follow up the statements already quoted from him with a piece of information which he sets out regarding Mark, the writer of the gospel: This, too, the presbyter used to say. 'Mark, who had been Peter's interpreter, wrote down carefully, but not in order, all that he remembered of the Lord's sayings and doings. For he had not heard the Lord or been one of His followers, but later, as I said, one of Peter's. Peter used to adapt his teaching to the occasion, without making a systematic arrangement of the Lord's sayings, so that Mark was quite justified in writing down some things just as he remembered them. For he had one purpose only—to leave out nothing that he had heard, and to make no misstatement about it'" (p. 152). In this quote Papias refers to "John the elder." Irenaeus says "and these things are borne witness to in writing by Papias, the hearer of John, and a companion of Polycarp." This implies Papias heard it from John the Apostle. SPECIAL TOPIC: JOHN MARK ▣ "many were gathered together and were praying" The grammatical forms of these words reveal that the church had gathered and intended to remain in prayer (PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE followed by a PRESENT MIDDLE [deponent] PARTICIPLE). 12:13 "door of the gate" This was a small door on the street. There was a larger door upstairs. ▣ "Rhoda" Her name means "rose." It is uncertain whether she worked for the homeowners or was a member of the prayer meeting. 12:15 "You are out of your mind" The church was praying for God to act, but they were extremely surprised (cf. Acts 12:16) when He did. ▣ "They kept saying" There are two IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVES in this context, which implies that Rhoda's affirmation and that of those in the prayer meeting in the upper room's response happened more than once. ▣ "It is his angel" Angels play a prominent role in Luke's writings. Apparently the Jews believed that one's guardian angel could take their physical shape (for a good discussion of Jewish sources and beliefs about guardian angels, see Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 2, p. 963; another good source for rabbinical thought and theology is Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, vol. 2, appendix 13). There is no Scriptural basis for this belief. This development of angeology may have come from the concept of fravashi in Zoroastrianism. Much of rabbinical angelology can be traced to this Persian influence. There is some Scriptural evidence for guardian angels for new believers (cf. Matt. 18:10). Angels are servants of the redeemed (cf. Heb. 1:14). There is an interesting article in Hard Sayings of the Bible, pp. 526-527, that documents some angelic person taking the form of humans (i.e., Tobit 5). 12:17 "motioning to them with his hand to be silent" This is obviously an eyewitness detail (cf. Acts 13:16). Luke records this gesture several times (cf. Acts 13:16; 19:33; 21:40). Remember, much of Luke's information in the early chapters of Acts came from his interviewing of many eyewitnesses in Palestine while he was waiting for Paul in prison at Caesarea. ▣ "Report these things to James and the brethren" This shows that James, the half-brother of Jesus, was already the leader of the Jerusalem church (cf. Acts 15:13-21). SPECIAL TOPIC: JAMES, THE HALF-BROTHER OF JESUS ▣ "went to another place" No one knows where Peter went (Luke transitions now to Paul's ministry), but apparently he did not go to Rome as some supposed because he is present at the Jerusalem Council recorded in Acts 15. Even though God supernaturally delivered Peter, this did not imply that he could be reckless or expect this miraculous intervention every time. Remember James had been killed! Peter also sends word to the church to expect more physical persecution because of his deliverance.
Atos 12:18-19
12:18 "there was no small disturbance" It is interesting that Luke states things in the negative, often by understatement (cf. Acts 12:18; 15:2; 19:11,23,24; 20:12; 26:19,26; 27:30; 28:2, see footnote #8, p. 134, of G. B. Caird, The Language and Imagery of the Bible). This literary feature is unknown in Hebrew literature, but is used often in Greek literature. Luke was a highly educated Greek! 12:19 "he examined the guards and ordered that they be led away to execution" This is the implication of the text (cf. NKJV, NRSV, TEV), but it is not stated explicitly (cf. NJB). Some translations use italics to identify words that are not in the Greek text. In this Roman time, if a guard lost his prisoner, he had to bear the prisoner's punishment (cf. Acts 16:27; 27:42, Code of Justinian 9.4.4). ▣ "he went down. . ." In context this must refer to Herod Agrippa I and not Peter (NRSV).
Atos 12:20-23
12:20 "Now he was very angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon" Herod's basic personality was "very angry" and continued to be so (PERIPHRASTIC IMPERFECT). The particular historic incident is not known in history, but the region of Tyre and Sidon depended on the agricultural produce from the area of Galilee (cf. 1 Kgs. 5:11; Ezra 3:7; and possibly Ezek. 27:17). ▣ "Blastus the king's chamberlain" This would have been a high attendant to the king, with full access and influence. 12:21 "On an appointed day Herod, having put on his royal apparel" This occurred in A.D. 44. For a more complete account of this event see Josephus' Antiq. 19.8.2 (translated by William Whiston, Kregal). "At which festival, a great multitude was gotten together of the principal persons, and such as were of dignity through his province. On the second day of which shows he put on a garment made wholly of silver, and of a contexture truly wonderful, and came into the theatre early in the morning; at which time the silver of his garment being illuminated by the fresh reflection of the sun's rays upon it, shone out after a surprising manner, and was so resplendent as to spread a horror over those that looked intently upon him: and presently his flatterers cried out, one from one place, and another from another, (though not for his good,) that he was a god: and they added,—'Be thou merciful to us; for although we have hitherto reverenced thee only as a man, yet shall we henceforth own thee as superior to mortal nature.' Upon this the king did neither rebuke them, nor reject their impious flattery. But, as he presently afterwards looked up, he saw an owl sitting on a certain rope over his head, and immediately understood that this bird was the messenger of ill tidings, as it had once been the messenger of good tidings to him; and fell into the deepest sorrow. A severe pain also arose in his belly, and began in a most violent manner. He therefore looked upon his friends, and said,—'I, whom you call a god, am commanded presently to depart this life; while Providence thus reproves the lying words you just now said to me; and I, who was by you called immortal, am immediately to be hurried away by death'" (p. 412). Herod's temper and the physical condition which accompanied it are also described in gruesome detail in Antiq. 17:6:5. The Jerome Biblical Commentary (vol. 2, p. 191) informs us that these gruesome details of a person's death was ancient writer's way of showing what happens to those who offend God. Antiochus IV Epiphanes – II Macc. 9:5-18 Herod the Great – Josephus, Antiq. 17.6.5 12:23 "the angel of the Lord" Here, the phrase refers to the Death Angel (cf. Exod. 12:23; 2 Sam. 24:16; 2 Kgs. 19:35). Death is in the hands of God, not Satan. This is an example of temporal judgment. SPECIAL TOPIC: The Angel of the Lord
Atos 12:24
12:24 This is a characteristic Lukan summary statement (cf. Acts 6:7; 9:31; 12:24; 16:5; 19:20; 28:31).
Atos 12:25
12:25 This begins the account of Paul's missionary journeys. There is a textual variant in this verse relating to whether they returned "to" Jerusalem (cf. eis, MSS א and B; the UBS 4 gives this a "D" rating [great difficulty]) "from" Jerusalem (cf. apo, MS D or ek, MSS P 74 , A) Acts 13 begins with Barnabas and Saul in Antioch ("from Jerusalem to Antioch," cf. MS E and Old Latin, Syrian, and Coptic versions). For a list of Paul's visits to Jerusalem, see Acts 9:26. ▣ "Mark" See note at "Persons Mentioned," Acts 16 Introduction, A. and SPECIAL TOPIC: JOHN MARK