Deuteronômio 22
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Deuteronômio 22:1-4
22:1 "You shall not see. . .and pay no attention" Purposeful or apathetic neglect ("hide oneself," BDB 761, KB 834, Hithpael PERFECT with waw, cf. Deut. 22:1,3,4; Lev. 20:4; Prov. 28:27; Ezek. 22:26) of a needy covenant brother's property is prohibited (cf. Deut. 22:3; Exod. 23:4-5). ▣ "bring them back" This common VERB (BDB 996, KB 1427, Hiphil) is used three times in Deut. 22:1-2. Its basic meaning is "return" or "turn back." Israel was meant to function as a caring family unit. Paragraphs like this spell out what Lev. 19:18 means in practical, specific ways. Brothers look out for brothers! This first usage is intensified by the use of the INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE and the IMPERFECT VERB of the same root, "you shall certainly bring them back!" This same type of intensification is used in Deut. 22:4, "you shall certainly help him to raise them up" (i.e. INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE and IMPERFECT VERB of BDB 877, KB 1086).
Deuteronômio 22:5
22:5 This verse has been proofed-texted to dictate appropriate dress for modern worship (i.e. women cannot wear slacks to church). It must be remembered that both male and female wore robes in the ANE. The only difference being that women's robes in Israel had blue decoration around the shoulders. The basic thrust of this text is the rejection of Canaanite worship practices (i.e. "abomination," cf. Lev. 18:26,27,29,30). There is to be a appropriate distinction between the God-given difference between males and females (i.e. the created order). This is not meant to be a negative, restricting distinction, but an affirmation of the different strengths and cultural functions of the sexes! See note on "Transvestism in the ANE" in IVP Bible Background Commentary (OT), p.194 It is surely possible that this text is connected to the Mosaic covenant's condemnation of homosexuality (cf. Lev. 18:22; 20:13) practiced in worship settings by the Canaanites. SPECIAL TOPIC: HOMOSEXUALITY
Deuteronômio 22:6-7
22:6-7 These verses seen to relate to the preservation of food sources through many generations of Israelites. After Genesis 3 humanity could eat meat, but they must guard against the destruction of the source of the meat for the benefit of future generations of covenant brothers (i.e. "that you may prolong your days," cf. Deut. 4:40). Wild animals were God's gift of protein for His people. Many of these specific detailed regulations were meant to cause Israelites to think about their covenant responsibility to love, protect, and provide for the health and growth of the covenant people. SPECIAL TOPIC: NATURAL RESOURCES 22:7 "you shall certainly let the mother go" The same type of emphasis found in Deut. 22:1 and 4 (i.e. INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE and IMPERFECT VERB of the same root, BDB 1018, KB 1511) is repeated.
Deuteronômio 22:8
22:8 "parapet for your roof" A parapet (BDB 785, which in Arabic means "hinder") was a protective barrier around the top of flat-roofed homes to keep people from falling. Again Israel was to think about how to protect covenant brothers, sisters, and family members!
Deuteronômio 22:9
22:9 "You shall not sow your vineyard with two kinds of seed" This apparently does not specifically refer to the types of grapevines in a field, but it is assumed the principle would dictate only one type per vineyard. This refers to the seasonal crops sowed between the grapevines. This may reflect (1) a Canaanite practice to appease the gods or (2) the mentality that mixing things causes the loss of purity (cf. Lev. 19:19). ▣ "defiled" Kadosh (BDB 872, KB 1073, Qal IMPERFECT) means set apart for God (cf. Deut. 15:19). This could mean (1) it had to be destroyed or (2) given to the priests. Does this principle apply today? I would assert that OT laws must be repeated in the NT to be binding on New Covenant believers (cf. Acts 15; 1 Corinthians 8-10; Galatians 3). Jesus, Himself negated both the sacrificial system and the food laws (cf. Mark 7:17-23). The whole structure of the NT book of Hebrews is the superiority of the NT over the OT. Two books that have helped me think through the issue are: How To Read the Bible For All Its Worth by Gordon Fee and Doug Stuart Gospel and Spirit by Gordon Fee SPECIAL TOPIC: THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW COVENANT OVER THE MOSAIC COVENANT SPECIAL TOPIC: MOSAIC LAW AND THE CHRISTIAN
Deuteronômio 22:10
22:10 "You shall not plow with an ox and a donkey" Oxen were clean, donkeys were unclean, but this prohibition, so said the rabbis, was done as a humanitarian gesture to animals of different strengths and characteristics. However, in context, it is just one more example of "do not mix things!"
Deuteronômio 22:11
22:11 "You shall not wear a material mixed" This is another exclusion of mixed things (cf. Lev. 19:19). It may have been imagery of mixing YHWHistic and Canaanite worship practices. Some even see it (1) connected to magic clothes (i.e. patterns of mixed materials) or (2) the Dead Sea Scrolls (i.e. 4QMMT) mentions that only certain types of clothing could be mixed (i.e. priestly garments were made from wool and linen, which would denote a sacred sense. Maybe that is why unsanctioned mixing was considered "defiled."
Deuteronômio 22:12
22:12 In this context this probably continues the rejection of anything Canaanite. Israel was to have different worship, different God, different dress! In Num. 15:37-42 these tassels have the added meaning of reminding the Israelites to keep and cherish the law. This same type of symbolism is reflected in the tallith (prayer shawl) of Jesus' day. The garment referred to was a rectangular cloth used to cover the upper part of the person, especially during worship, prayer, and reading Scripture. It is unsure if the tassels were also required (or allowed) on women's clothing. This may be another item related to cross-dressing (cf. Deut. 22:5).
Deuteronômio 22:13-19
22:13 "goes in to her" This is one of three euphemisms for sexual intercourse used in this context: "goes in to her," Deut. 22:13 (BDB 97) "when I came near her," Deut. 22:14 (BDB 897) "lying with," Deut. 22:22,23,25,28,29 (BDB 1011) There are several VERBS which denote sexual activity. lie with, BDB 1011, KB 1486, cf. Gen. 19:32; 26:10; 30:15; 39:7; Lev. 18:22 approach, BDB 897, KB 1132, cf. Gen. 20:4; Lev. 18:6,14,19; 20:16 go in to, BDB 97, KB 112, cf. Gen. 19:31; 29:21,23,30; 30:3,4,16; 38:8,9,16; 39:14 know, BDB 393, KB 390, cf. Gen. 4:1,17,25; 19:5,8; 24:16; 38:26; Num. 31:17,18,35; Jdgs. 19:22,25; 21:12 ▣ "turns against her" This is the Hebrew word "hates" (BDB 971, KB 1338). It is the same word used in Deut. 21:15, which is translated "unloved" and is a Hebrew idiom of comparison, which is the concept of "loved more," "preferred." However, here it takes on the meaning of "rejects" or "is not happy with." SPECIAL TOPIC: HATE 22:14 NASB, NJB "publicly defames her" NKJV, REB, LXX, Peshitta "brings a bad name on her" "slandering her" "makes up false charges against her" Literally this is "brings upon her an evil name" (VERB ‒ BDB 422, KB 425, Hiphil PERFECT with waw and NOUN ‒ BDB 1027, and ADJECTIVE ‒ BDB 948). This is similar to Deut. 24:1-4, where a certificate of divorce is issued for "some indecency," which is assumed to be sexual in nature. The accused woman has little or no recourse for the loss of her (and her family's) reputation. Her future marriage opportunities and the inheritance of her child (if one is conceived early) is at stake. This was a very serious issue to Near Eastern people! SPECIAL TOPIC: CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE ▣ "I did not find her a virgin" The Hebrew society put a premium on virginity (cf. Deut. 22:19). Inheritance was a very important gift from God. Promiscuity was aggressively condemned! The VERB "find" (BDB 592, KB 619) is used several times in this context: to find, to discover legally, Deut. 22:14,17,20 physically, Deut. 22:23,27,28 to catch in an act, Deut. 22:22,23 22:15 "the girl's father and mother shall take and bring out the evidence" This is either (1) the Deuteronomy concept of mutuality of the raising up of women to be included in the Law or (2) two witnesses being required. ▣ "the evidence of the girl's virginity" This (BDB 144) can refer to: the parents broke the hymen before they gave their daughter to be married and kept fluids on a garment the bed covering at the time of the initial consummation of the marriage was given to and kept by the parents evidence that the girl was regularly menstruating before the wedding to prove that she was not pregnant Number 1 seems to be ruled out because the husband would not have known for sure when this was done. ▣ "elders of the city at the gate" This would refer to the appointed judges who held court at the city gate or at a designated place (i.e. large tree, unique landmark, or main road). SPECIAL TOPIC: ELDERS 22:18 "shall take the man and chastise him" This may mean to beat the man with forty stripes (cf. Deut. 25:2-3), but if so it is the only usage of this term (BDB 415, KB 418) in the OT where it usually refers to instruction (cf. Deut. 21:18, NIDOTTE, vol. 2, pp. 479-481). 22:19 "fine him" The man was to be punished and fined because he had defamed (literally, "brought an evil name") a virgin of Israel. The fine was apparently double what he paid (dowry) for the girl as a bride (cf. Deut. 22:29). The implication may be that he simply wanted to get his money back from the girl's father. ▣ "a virgin of Israel" This (BDB 143) was an honorific (but expected) descriptive title of all brides-to-be in YHWH's theocracy. SPECIAL TOPIC: VIRGIN 22:19, 29 "she shall remain his wife; he cannot divorce her all his day" This was a limit on the man's rights. Women in Israel had no right to divorce. This rule was protecting the woman's children's rights to inheritance (cf. Deut. 21:15-17). SPECIAL TOPIC: CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE
Deuteronômio 22:20-21
22:20, 21 Normally, stoning was done outside the gate of the city. Because of the Hebrew concept of corporality, the father was responsible for his daughter's actions and, therefore, the punishment occurred at his door! The penalty for a false witness was usually death. A clear double standard is seen here where, if the husband's accusation is true the girl is stoned, but if it is false (even malicious) he is chastened and fined, but not stoned (cf. Deut. 19:19). Women did not have the same legal rights and protection as males in the OT. Compassion is shown, but no legal rights! SPECIAL TOPIC: THE DEATH PENALTY IN ISRAEL SPECIAL TOPIC: STONE TO DEATH 22:21 "an act of folly" This term (BDB 615) is used of inappropriate sexual activity: Gen. 34:7 (non-Israelite forces himself on Jacob's daughter) Deut. 22:21 (loss of virginity) Jdg. 19:23; 20:6,10 (pagans attack a Levite's concubine) 2 Sam. 13:12-13 (Amnon, David's first son, rapes his half-sister) ▣ "playing the harlot" This term is the Qal INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT of a term (BDB 275, KB 275) which denoted inappropriate sexual activity involving fornication (sex before marriage) adultery (sex after marriage with someone other then your spouse) prostitution (sex for hire) SPECIAL TOPIC: ADULTERY
Deuteronômio 22:22
22:22 "If a man is found lying with a married woman" Even if there is suspicion there is recourse (cf. Num. 5:11-31). The phrase "a married woman" is literally "the wife of another man," which is a double use of the term b'l (BDB 127, KB 142, Qal PASSIVE PARTICIPLE and NOMINATIVE MASCULINE SINGULAR NOUN form). This term, normally translated "lord" or "husband," has the same root as Ba'al, the male Canaanite fertility god. The husband was "lord" over his home. His wife and children were, in a legal sense, property. In actuality sexual violations were seen as a sin against God (cf. Gen. 39:9; 2 Sam. 12:13). It violates the God-given order and stability of society and affects the God-given inheritance of families and clans. ▣ "both of them shall die" The later rabbis interpreted this to mean the child, too, if the woman was pregnant, because of the idea of corporate sin (Joshua 7). Notice the equality of the punishment (both man and woman), which is unusual in the OT. The Mosaic legislation parallels the Code of Hammurabi at this point (see R. K. Harrison, OT Times, p. 59).
Deuteronômio 22:23-24
22:23 "virgin" See SPECIAL TOPIC: VIRGIN ▣ "engaged" In Israel being engaged (BDB 76, KB 91, Pual PARTICIPLE) was as legally binding as being married (i.e. Joseph and Mary, cf. Matt. 1:18-19). 22:24 "you shall stone them. . .because she did not cry out in the city" Both would be stoned to death (cf. Lev. 20:10); the man because he violated a neighbor's wife, the woman because she did not cry out (BDB 858, KB 1042, Qal PERFECT) for help. ▣ "Thus you shall purge the evil from among you" See note at Deut. 13:5. Because of the influence of Canaanite fertility worship, Israel must behave differently and appropriately with women in the home and society.
Deuteronômio 22:25-27
22:25-27 The legislation of Israel was meant to be fair, not just legalistic. There were innocent parties to sinful acts!
Deuteronômio 22:28-29
22:28 "If a man finds a girl who is a virgin, who is not engaged, and seizes her and lies with her" Considering the early age at which Jewish girls were usually engaged, it seems to me this might be referring to (1) child abuse or (2) the abuse of poor families. The Mosaic covenant protects the under privileged and socially powerless! 22:29 "the man . . .shall give to the girl's father fifty shekels. . .cannot divorce her" If a father was too poor to have his daughter engaged or the girl was mentally incapacitated and a man defiled her, then he must pay for her and marry her for life (cf. Exod. 22:16). SPECIAL TOPIC: ANE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, II. A. 2.
Deuteronômio 22:30
22:30 "A man shall not take his father's wife" This probably means a man cannot marry his stepmother (possibly one of several wives), even if the father has died or the woman has been divorced. ▣ "his father's skirt" This is an idiomatic way of referring to the father's marital activities (cf. Ruth 3:9; Ezek. 16:8). To be intimate with a woman who had previously been intimate with one's father was, in a sense, a violation of the father (cf. Deut. 27:20; Lev. 18:8; 20:11).