João 12
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
João 12
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS TO VERSES 1-50 All four Gospels record the anointing of Jesus by a woman. Therefore, this event must have held significance to the Gospel writers. However, Mark 14:3-9, Matt. 26:6-13, and John 12:2-8 identifies her as Mary of Bethany, Lazarus' sister, while Luke 7:36-50 identifies her as sinful woman in Galilee. John12 closes the public ministry of Jesus (cf. John 12:29). He had tried over and over again to bring the Jewish leaders to faith. John 11 was His attempt to bring the townspeople of Jerusalem to faith. There are five groups of people mentioned in this chapter. the crowd who witnessed Lazarus' resuscitation, John 12:17 a crowd from Jerusalem, John 12:9 the crowd of pilgrims coming to the Passover, John 12:12,18,29,34 possibly a crowd of Gentiles, John 12:20 possibly a crowd of Jewish leaders who believed in Him, John 12:42
João 12:1-8
12:1 "six days before the Passover" This is a different chronological sequence from Matt. 26:2. It must be remembered that the primary focus of the Gospels is not chronology, but representative actions of Jesus that reflect truth about His person and work. The Gospels are not biographies but evangelistic tracts to target groups. For a good discussion about this, see Gordon Fee and Doug Stuart, How To Read the Bible For All Its Worth, pp. 127-148. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PASSOVER 12:2 "they" This seems to refer to the townspeople of Bethany, who gave the supper for Jesus and His disciples in honor of the resusitation of Lazarus. However, in Matt. 26:6, this takes place in the home of Simon the Leper. 12:3 "pound" This was a Latin term that referred to the Roman pound, which equaled 12 ozs. This expensive spice may have been Mary's wedding dowry. Many unmarried women wore this type of perfume in containers around their necks. "a pound of very costly perfume of pure nard" "a pound of very costly oil of spikenard" NRSV, REB "a pound of costly perfume made of pure nard" "a whole pint of a very expensive perfume made of pure nard" "a pound of very costly ointment, pure nard" "a cruse containing pure and expensive nard" There has been much conjecture over the ADJECTIVE'S meaning: (1) pure; (2) liquid; or (3) a place name. The perfume itself was from an aromatic Himalayan root which was very expensive. See James M Freeman, Manners and Customs of the Bible, pp. 379-380. ▣ "anointed the feet of Jesus" Other Gospel accounts of this same event (possibly Mary's thankfulness for raising Lazarus, John 12:2) speak of the woman anointing His head. Apparently Mary anointed His whole body, beginning with His head and going clear to His feet. The reason Jesus' feet were exposed was that He was reclining on His left elbow at a low table. This is one of John's double entendres. This spice was used for preparing a body for burial (cf. John 19:40). Mary may have understood more of Jesus' message about His imminent death than the disciples did (cf. John 12:7). SPECIAL TOPIC: "ANOINTING" IN THE BIBLE (BDB 603) ▣ "and the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume" What a graphic eyewitness (editorial) detail. John clearly remembers the moment! 12:4 "Judas Iscariot" The term "Iscariot" has several possible etymologies: see Special Topic below. Of all the Gospel writers, John has the harshest statements about Judas (cf. John 12:6). See full note at John 6:70-71. SPECIAL TOPIC: JUDAS ISCARIOT ▣ "betray" This is another editorial comment. This term normally does not have this connotation. It literally means "to hand over" or "deliver up" in a judicial sense or to entrust something to another. See note at John 18:2. 12:5 "Three hundred denarii" A denarii was a day's wage for a soldier and a laborer, therefore, this was almost a year's wage. SPECIAL TOPIC: COINS USED IN PALESTIINE IN JESUS' DAY 12:6 This verse is another editorial comment. John, more than any other Gospel, condemns Judas. NASB, NKJV, REB "the money box" "the common purse" "the money bag" "the common fund" "the purse" This word means "a small box." It was originally used by musicians to carry their mouth pieces. ▣ "he used to pilfer what was put into it" The Greek term is "carry." It is used in two different senses: (1) he carried the box but (2) also he carried off the contents of the box. This statement may have been included to show that Judas' concern for the poor in John 12:5 was really an excuse to steal for himself. 12:7 This is a strange verse. It obviously links this act of generosity and devotion to a similar procedure done at one's burial (cf. John 19:40). This is another of John's prophetic statements. 12:8 "For the poor you always have with you" This is related to Deut. 15:4,11. It was not a disparaging remark concerning the poor but an emphasis on the Messiah's presence (cf. John 12:35; 7:33; 9:4). The OT is unique among the literature of the Ancient Near East on the rights of and mandated care for the poor.
João 12:9-11
12:9 "The large crowd of the Jews then learned that He was there" This is an unusual use of the term "Jews" in John. Usually it refers to the religious leaders in opposition to Jesus. However, in John 11:19, 45; 12:17, it seems to refer to the townspeople of Jerusalem who were friends of Lazarus and had come to his funeral. SPECIAL TOPIC: JEWS 12:10 "the chief priests planned to put Lazarus to death also" They wanted to remove the evidence! Their motives were fear (cf. John 11:48) and jealousy (cf. John 11:48; 12:11). They must have thought Jesus' act of resuscitation was an isolated, rare event. The blindness and bias of these Jewish leaders reflect the darkness of fallen humanity. 12:11 This relates back to John 11:45.
João 12:12-19
12:12-19 This is John's version of Jesus' triumphant entry to Jerusalem (cf. Matt. 21:1-11; Mark 11:1-11; Luke 19:29-38). 12:12 "the large crowd who had come to the feast" There were three required feast days for Jewish males (cf. Exod. 23:14-17; Leviticus 23; Deut. 16:16). The lifetime desire of the Jews who lived outside of Palestine (Diaspora) was to attend a feast in Jerusalem. During these set feasts, Jerusalem swelled from three to five times her normal population. This phrase refers to this vast number of curious pilgrims who heard of Jesus and wanted to see Him (cf. John 11:56). SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FEASTS OF ISRAEL 12:13 "the branches of palm trees" This is an unusual Greek phrase for palm branches. Some believe that at one time palms grew on the slopes of the Mount of Olives (i.e., Josephus), while others believe they were imported from Jericho. They seem to have been a symbol for victory or triumph (cf. Rev. 7:9). They were used every year in the ritual of the Feast of Tabernacles (cf. Lev. 23:40) and the Passover (tradition from Maccabean period). ▣ "began to shout" This is an IMPERFECT TENSE which represents repeated action in past time the beginning of an action in past time ▣ "Hosanna" This term meant "save now" or "save please" (cf. Ps. 118:25-26). During the Passover ritual the recitation of the Hillel Psalms (cf. Ps. 113-118) occurred while the pilgrims were marching to the temple. Many of these actions and phrases were repeated every year during the feast of Passover. But this particular year they found their ultimate meaning in Jesus! The crowd sensed this. The Pharisees recognized this. ▣ "He who comes in the name of the Lord" This is exactly what Jesus has been claiming. He was the sent One! He represented YHWH. SPECIAL TOPIC: "THE NAME" OF YHWH "even the King of Israel" NKJV, NRSV, TEV, NJB, Peshitta "the King of Israel" This phrase was not part of the Psalm, but was added by the crowd. It seems to be a direct reference to Jesus as the Messianic King promised in 2 Samuel 7 (cf. John 1:49; 19:19). This title was used of Jesus by Nathanael in John 1:49. SPECIAL TOPIC: OT TITLES FOR THE SPECIAL COMING ONE 12:14 "a young donkey" Donkeys were the royal military mount of the kings of Israel (cf. 1 Kgs. 1:33,38,44). Only the king rode on his donkey, therefore, it was very important that Jesus rode on a donkey that had never been ridden before (cf. Mark 11:2). SPECIAL TOPIC: MULES/DONKEYS 12:14-15 "as it is written" This is a quote from Zech. 9:9. The colt of the donkey speaks not only of Messianic kingship but also of humility. Jesus did not come as the conquering military figure of Jewish expectation, but the Suffering Servant of Isaiah 53 riding on the colt of a donkey. 12:16 "These things His disciples did not understand at the first" This is another eyewitness, painful memory of John. It is a recurrent theme (cf. John 2:22; 10:6; 12:16; 16:18; Mark 9:32; Luke 2:50; 9:45; 18:34). Only after the Ascension and Pentecost were their spiritual eyes fully opened. The fact that these men followed Jesus for years, saw His miracles, heard His teachings, but still did not full comprehend His message (i.e., John 2:20; 10:6; 12:16; 16:18), is encouraging to me as one who tries to understand the Bible! Understanding is possible only by a touch of the Spirit (i.e., John. 14:26; 16:13-14; 1 John 2:20,27) at the appropriate time! ▣ "but when Jesus was glorified, then they remembered" This was one of the ministries of the Holy Spirit (cf. John 14:26 and 1 John 2:22,27). "Glorified" in John refers to Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. This verse also shows that the Gospel writers structured their Gospels from personal experience of the resurrected Christ. The Synoptics present Jesus in historical development and hide his glory until the climax of their presentations of the last week in Jerusalem, but John writes his entire Gospel in light of Jesus as the glorified Messiah (i.e., John 1:1-18). The Gospels reflect the later memories of the eyewitnesses faith community needs these inspired men were writing to Therefore, there are two historical settings (Jesus' time and the time the Gospels were written), both of which are inspired. SPECIAL TOPIC: INSPIRATION ▣ "glorified" See note at John 1:14. SPECIAL TOPIC: GLORY (doxa, NT) SPECIAL TOPIC: GLORY (kabod, OT) 12:17 See Contextual Insights, C. and SPECIAL TOPIC: WITNESSES TO JESUS 12:19 "the Pharisees said to one another" This is another prophetic foreshadowing. It relates to (1) scattered Judaism, John 11:48; 12:11 and (2) Gentiles, John 12:20-23. It reflects two historical settings: Jesus' life and the early church. SPECIAL TOPIC: PHARISEES
João 12:20-26
12:20 "some Greeks" This was used in the sense of Gentiles, not specifically ethnic Greeks. ▣ "among those who were going up to worship at the feast" The PERFECT TENSE implies they were in the habit of going to the Feast. They were either God-fearers proselytes of the Gate The first were regular worshipers at the synagogue and the second had officially become converts to the Jewish faith. SPECIAL TOPIC: BAPTISM, I. A. #2 12:21 "and began to ask him" This is IMPERFECT TENSE which means they asked over and over again they began to ask They wanted a private interview with Jesus. Apparently this was the last tick on the prophetic clock before Jesus' death (cf. John 12:23). 12:22 Phillip ("lover of horses") and Andrew ("manly") are the only two Apostles to have Greek names. Perhaps this allowed these Greeks (i.e., Gentiles) to feel as if they could approach them. 12:23 "The hour has come" This is PERFECT TENSE. John often used the term "the hour" to refer to the crucifixion and resurrection as the climatic events of Jesus' mission (cf. John 12:27; 13:1, 32; 17:1). Jesus stated that He had come to the lost sheep of Israel (cf. Matt. 15:24). Now His message was reaching Gentiles, which was always God's intent! SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HOUR SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN ▣ "the Son of Man" This is an Aramaic phrase that simply meant "human being" (cf. Ps 8:4; Ezek. 2:1). However, it is used in Dan. 7:13 with the added connotation of Deity. This is Jesus' self-designated title that combines His two natures, human and divine (cf. 1 John 4:1-3). SPECIAL TOPIC: SON OF MAN ▣ "to be glorified" Jesus' death is always referred to as "His glory." The term "glory" is used several times in this context (cf. John 12:28 [twice]; 32, and 33). It is often used to designate Jesus' death and resurrection (cf. John 13:1,32; 17:1). See note at John 1:14. 12:24 "unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies" This is phenomenological language or descriptive language, things as they appear to the five senses. One seed can produce many seeds (cf. John 15:2,4,5,8,16; 1 Cor. 15:36). His death brought many to true life (cf. Mark 10:45; 2 Cor. 5:21; also note Isa. 53:11,12). ▣ "if" There is a series of THIRD CLASS CONDITIONAL SENTENCES in this context which means potential action (cf. John 12:24,26,32,47). SPECIAL TOPIC: GREEK GRAMMATICAL TERMS, VII 12:25 "He who loves his life loses it" This is a play on the Greek term psychē, which refers to the essence of a human's personality or life force (cf Matt. 10:39; 16:24-25; Mark 8:34-35; Luke 9:23-24). Once someone trusts Christ, he is given new life. This new life is a gift from God for service, not for personal use. Believers are stewards of this new life (cf. 1 Cor. 4:1; Titus 1:7; 1 Pet. 4:10). We are freed from slavery to sin to become servants of God (cf. Rom. 6:1-7:6). The false shepherds of John 10 tried to "save" their lives by running. But Jesus lays down His life, so too, must believers do the same (cf. 2 Cor. 5:12-15; Gal. 2:20; Phil. 2:1-11; 1 John 3:16). ▣ "loses it" This is a PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE. The term means "to destroy," another word with two connotations. This is the opposite of "eternal life." If one does not have faith in Christ, this is the only alternative. This destruction is not annihilation, but the loss of personal fellowship with God (which is the essence of Hell). SPECIAL TOPIC: DESTRUCTION (apolllumi) SPECIAL TOPIC: HELL (Gehenna) ▣ "hates" This is a Hebrew idiom of comparison. God must be priority (cf. Jacob's wives, Gen. 29:30,31; Deut. 21:15; Esau and Jacob, Mal. 1:2-3; Romans 10-13; one's family, Luke 14:26). SPECIAL TOPIC: HATE ▣ "life" This is the Greek term zoē. It is used consistently in John to refer to spiritual life eternal life new age life resurrection life True life is a freedom from the tyranny of "self," which is the essence of the Fall. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FALL OF MANKIND 12:26 "If" This is a THIRD CLASS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE which means potential action. ▣ "he must follow me" This is a PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE which speaks of an ongoing relationship (cf. John 15). This is the neglected biblical issue of perseverance This issue is often confused by the theological tension between a Sovereign God and human volition. However, it is best to see salvation as a covenental experience. God always initiates (cf. John 6:44,65) and sets the agenda, but He also demands that mankind respond to His offer in repentance and faith (cf. Mark 1:15; Acts 20:21), both as an initial decision and a lifelong discipleship. Perseverance is evidence that we know Him (cf. Matt. 10:22; 13:20-21; Gal. 6:9; 1 John 2:19; Rev. 2:7,11,17,26; 3:5,12,21). Christian doctrine, being Bible-based, often comes in paradoxical, tension-filled pairs. Eastern literature is characterized by this figurative, contrasting thought patterns. Often modern western readers force the paradoxes into either/or choices when they are meant to be both/and truths. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE NEED TO PERSEVERE SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT SPECIAL TOPIC: EASTERN LITERATURE ▣ "where I am, there shall My servant also be" This theme is repeated in John 14:3; 17:24; 2 Cor. 5:8; Phil. 1:23; 1 Thess. 4:17! Christianity is primarily a personal relationship with the Triune God! The goal is relational: His presence, His fellowship! We were created for fellowship with God (cf. Gen. 1:26-27; 3:8). Salvation is the restoration of the broken fellowship of the Garden of Eden. John emphasizes that this fellowship is restored now (i.e., realized eschatology)! ▣ "If anyone serves Me, the Father will honor him" This is the stark truth that God's favor rests on Jesus and those who choose to follow and serve Him (cf. 1 John 5:10-12).
João 12:27-36
12:27 "My soul has become troubled" This is a PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE. The agent (the Father, Satan, circumstances, etc.) is not expressed. It is a strong term used in several ways in the NT. Herod's fear (Matt. 2:3) the disciples' fear (Matt. 14:26) Jesus' unsettled anxiety (John 12:27; 13:21; also note Matt. 26:38; Mark 14:34) the Church in Jerusalem (Acts 15:24) false teachers' disruption of the churches of Galatia (Gal. 1:7) This was John's way of relating Jesus' human struggle with the upcoming trauma of His crucifixion (cf. Mark 14:32ff). John does not record Jesus' agony in Gethsemane, but this is the same occasion. ▣ "save Me from this hour" There is much discussion about the exact meaning of this statement. Is this a prayer (i.e., Matt. 26:39)? Is this a surprised reaction at what should not be done (NET Bible)? SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HOUR ▣ "for this purpose I came to this hour" Jesus' life unfolded according to a divine plan (cf. Luke 22:22; Acts 2:23; 3:18; 4:28) which Jesus fully understood (cf. Matt. 20:28; Mark 10:45). 12:28 "glorify Your name" The Father responds in John 12:28b. This term "glorify" is very fluid. It can refer to pre-existent glory (cf. John 17:5) Jesus' revelation of the Father (cf. John 17:4) Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection (cf. John 17:1) See note at John 1:14. ▣ "a voice out of heaven" The rabbis called this a bath-kol. Since the time of Malachi (i.e., 2 Chronicles) there had been no prophetic voice in Israel. If God's will was to be confirmed, it would be done by a voice from heaven. The Gospels record that God spoke three times during Jesus' life. at Jesus' baptism, Matt. 3:17 at the transfiguration, Matt. 17:5 here in this verse 12:29 "So the crowd of people who stood by and heard it were saying" There are two interpretations of what happened: It was thunder. This was used of God speaking in the OT (cf. 2 Sam. 22:14; Job 37:4; Ps. 29:3; 18:13; 104:7). An angel spoke to Him. This is similar to the confusion about Saul's experience in Acts 9:7; 22:9. 12:30 "Jesus answered and said, 'This voice has not come for My sake, but for your sakes'" This phrase is a Semitic comparison. This means it was not solely for them but primarily for them (cf. John 11:42). 12:31 "Now judgement is upon this world" This is a parallel construction with the following phrase ("the ruler of this world will be cast out"). The time when this occurred is not specified. I surely agree with F. F. Bruce, Answers to Questions (p. 198), that John 12:31 is another example of what C. H. Dodd called "realized eschatology." For John, Jesus has already brought both salvation to believers and judgment to unbelievers. In a sense this is similar to a grammatical form called "PROPHETIC PERFECT." A future something is so certain that it is expressed as already occurring! ▣ "the ruler of this world" This refers to a personal evil force (cf. John 14:30; 16:11) known in Hebrew as "Satan" or "adversary" (cf. Job 1-2; Zechariah 3) in Greek as "the devil" or "slanderer" (cf. Matt. 4:1,5,8,11; 13:39; 25:41; John 6:70; 8:44; 13:2; 2 Cor. 4:4; Eph. 2:2) These two names are synonymous in Matt. 4:1-11 and John 13:2,27. He is cast out of heaven so that he cannot continue to accuse/slander Jesus' followers. SPECIAL TOPIC: PERSONAL EVIL ▣ "will be cast out" This is a FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE. Scripture does not indicate the exact time of Satan's fall from heaven. Satan may be discussed in Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28, but only in a secondary sense. The prophetic passages deal with the prideful kings of Babylon and Tyre. Their sinful arrogance reflects Satan's (cf. Isa. 14:12,15; Ezek. 28:16). However, Jesus said He saw Satan fall during the mission trip of the seventy (cf. Luke 10:18). There is a development of Satan throughout the OT. Originally he was a servant angel, but through pride, became an enemy of God. The best discussion of this controversial subject I have seen is in A. B. Davidson's Old Testament Theology pp. 300-306. SPECIAL TOPIC: WAR IN HEAVEN SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FALL OF SATAN AND HIS ANGELS 12:32 "and I, if I am lifted up" This is a THIRD CLASS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE which meant potential action. This term can mean lifted up (cf. John 3:14) crucified (cf. John 8:28) exalted (cf. Acts 2:33; 5:31) highly exalted (cf. Phil. 2:9) It is this multiple connotation of terms (double entendre) that characterizes John's Gospel. ▣ "will draw all men to Me" This may be an allusion to YHWH's covenant love for Israel in Jer. 31:3 which, of course, is the passage on "the new covenant" (cf. Jer. 31:31-34). God woos people by His love for and actions toward them. This same imagery is in John 6:44 and explained in John 6:65. Here the "all" is the universal invitation and promise of redemption (cf. Gen. 3:15; 12:3; Exod. 19:5; Isa. 2:2-4; John 1:9,12,29; 3:16; 4:42; 10:16; 1 Timothy 2:4; 4:10; Titus 2:11; 2 Pet. 3:9; 1 John 2:2; 4:14)! There is a significant variant in this phrase. The "all" can be MASCULINE, which would be translated "all men" and is found in the ancient Greek manuscripts P 75 (VID) , אi 2 , B, L, and W, while the NEUTER, which would be translated "all things," is found in P 66 and א. If it is the NEUTER it would speak of the cosmic redemption of Christ similar to Col. 1:16-17, which would probably refute the Gnostic heresy so evident in 1 John. The UBS 4 gives the MASCULINE a "B" rating (almost certain). SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN 12:33 "He said this to indicate the kind of death by which He was to die" This is yet another editorial comment by John. This is related to Deut. 21:23 where hanging on a tree was termed "cursed by God" (i.e., Phil. 2:8). This was why the religious leaders wanted Jesus crucified, not stoned (see SPECIAL TOPIC: STONED TO DEATH). Jesus bore the curse of the Law for us (cf. Gal. 3:13). 12:34 "The crowd then answered Him. . .the Christ is to remain forever" This may be an allusion to Ps. 89:4,29,35-37. The OT expected only one coming of the Messiah and His establishing of a global reign of world peace (cf. Ps. 110:4; Isa. 9:7; Ezek. 37:25 and Dan. 7:14). SPECIAL TOPIC: FOREVER ('olam) ▣ "Son of Man" The crowd (see Contextual Insights, C) must have heard Jesus teach/preach (possibly in John 12:23-24 for the title and John 12:30-32 for the VERB "lift up") because they use His unique self-designation. This is the only place it is used by others. It was not a standard title or Messianic designation within Judaism. SPECIAL TOPIC: SON OF MAN 12:35 "Walk while you have the Light" Jesus is urging His hearers to respond immediately to His words. His time on earth was limited. He was about to enter His last week on earth. His predestined hour had come (John 12:23). In a sense this phrase (as so much in John) has a historical referent and an existential referent. What Jesus said is true for everyone who hears the gospel (i.e., the Parable of the Soils). This is the imagery for "walk" as lifestyle (cf. Eph. 4:1,17; 5:2,15). This is a PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE, which continues Jesus emphasis on belief as an ongoing relationship and discipleship, not just an initial decision (cf. John 12:44-46). SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PATH, THE WAY 12:36 This theme of Jesus as the light of the world was a major recurrent emphasis in John (cf. John 1:4,5,7,8,9; 3:19,20,21; 5:35; 8:12; 9:5; 11:9,10;12:35,36,46). Darkness and light were also contrasting spiritual realities in Jewish Wisdom Literature and the Dead Sea Scrolls. SPECIAL TOPIC: DEEP DARKNESS
João 12:36-43
12:37 What a sad comment. Spiritual blindness is terrible (cf. 2 Cor. 4:4). This verse characterizes "the unpardonable sin" as well as "the sin unto death." SPECIAL TOPIC: THE UNPARDONABLE SIN SPECIAL TOPIC: THE SIN UNTO DEATH 12:38 "the word of Isaiah the prophet" This is a quote from the suffering servant passage of Isa. 53:1. 12:39-40 These are difficult verses. Does God harden people so that they cannot respond? I have inserted my comments from Isaiah 6:9-10 and Romans 11:7. SPECIAL TOPIC: GOD HARDENED Isaiah 6:9-10 As YHWH reveals His purpose for Isaiah's ministry, He also reveals to Isaiah the response his message will have on Judah. go, Isaiah 6:9, BDB 229, KB , Qal IMPERATIVE tell, Isaiah 6:9, BDB 55, KB , Qal PERFECT keep listening, Isaiah 6:9, Qal IMPERATIVE and Qal INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE of BDB 1033, KB 1570 but do not perceive, Isaiah 6:9, BDB 106, KB 122, Qal IMPERFECT used in a JUSSIVE sense, cf. Isa. 1:3; 5:21; 10:13; 29:14 keep looking, Qal IMPERATIVE and Qal INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE of BDB 906, KB 1157 but do not understand, Isaiah 6:9, BDB 393, KB 380, Qal IMPERFECT used in a JUSSIVE sense render the hearts of this people insensitive (lit. "fat"), Isaiah 6:10, BDB 1031, KB 1566, Hiphil IMPERATIVE their ears dull, Isaiah 6:10, BDB 457, KB 455, Hiphil IMPERATIVE and their eyes dim, Isaiah 6:10, BDB 1044, KB 1612, Hiphil IMPERATIVE These IMPERATIVES are followed by the consequences (three IMPERFECTS of previously used VERBS, "see," "hear," and "perceive"). God knows (either by His foreknowledge or His hardening of their already wayward hearts/minds) that they will not respond and be saved. lest they repent, BDB 996, KB 1427, Qal PERFECT negated lest they be healed, BDB 950, KB 1272, Qal PERFECT negated Isaiah will preach and though some may respond, the vast majority of his people/his society will not (cf. Rom. 1:24,26,28; Eph. 4:19) or cannot respond (cf. Isa. 29:9,10; Deut. 29:4; Matt. 13:13; Rom. 11:8)! Isaiah is not an evangelist here, but a prophet of covenant disobedience/consequences (cf. Matt. 13:13; Mark 4:12; Luke 8:10). His message of hope is for a future day, not his day! Romans 11:7 "the rest were hardened" This is an AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE (cf. 2 Cor. 3:14). The implication is that God hardened them (cf. Rom. 11:8-10). The agent of hardening is the evil one (cf. 2 Cor. 4:4). "Hardened" (pōroō) is a medical term for callousness or blindness (cf. Rom. 11:25; 2 Cor. 3:14; Eph. 4:18). This same term is used of the Apostles in Mark 6:52. It is a different Greek term from Rom. 9:18 (sklērunō) which is the opposite of mercy (cf. Heb. 3:8,15; 4:7). This verse is very clear and is a summary of Rom. 11:1-6. Some who were chosen believed, some who were not chosen were hardened. However, this verse was not written in isolation, as a theological slogan. It was part of a sustained theological argument. There is a tension between the truth stated so clearly in this verse and the universal invitations of Romans 10. There is mystery here. But the solution is not to negate or minimize either of the horns of the dilemma, the paradoxical poles. 12:39 "For this reason they could not believe" This is an IMPERFECT MIDDLE (deponent) INDICATIVE and a PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE. They were unable to continue in a faith relationship with Jesus. His miracles attracted them, but did not lead them into saving faith/trust in Jesus as the Messiah. In John "belief" has levels. All do not attain salvation. See notes at John 8:31-59 and the Parable of the Soils in Matthew 13. ▣ "for Isaiah said again" Isaiah 6:10; 43:8 refers to the hardness of Israel's heart concerning the message of God through Isaiah (cf. Jer 5:21; Ezek. 12:2; Deut. 29:2-4). ▣ "heart" See SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HEART 12:41 "These things Isaiah said because he saw His glory" This is an assertion that OT prophets were informed about the Messiah (cf. Luke 24:27; 1 Pet. 1:10-12). See note on "glory" at John 1:14. 12:42 "Nevertheless many even of the rulers believed in Him" Jesus' message did bear fruit (cf. John 3; 12:11; Acts 6:7). SPECIAL TOPIC: JOHN'S USE OF "BELIEVE" ▣ "they were not confessing Him" See Special Topics below. SPECIAL TOPIC: CONFESSION/PROFESSION SPECIAL TOPIC: WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO "RECEIVE," "BELIEVE," "CONFESS/PROFESS," AND "CALL UPON"? ▣ "for fear that they would be put out of the synagogue" (cf. John 9:22; 16:2). SPECIAL TOPIC: EXCOMMUNICATION 12:43 This implies that true faith can be weak and fearful, even undeclared! John's Gospel uses "believe" (pisteuō) in several senses, from initial attraction emotional response only to true saving faith See Jesus' discussion on this in Matthew 13.
João 12:44-50
12:44 "He who believes in Me, does not believe in Me but in Him who sent Me" The goal of faith is ultimately in the Father (cf. 1 Cor. 15:25-27). This is a recurrent theme (cf. Matt. 10:40; John 5:24). To know the Son is to know the Father (cf. 1 John 5:10-12). SPECIAL TOPIC: FAITH, BELIEVE, OR TRUST 12:45 What is God like? To see Jesus is to see God (cf. John 14:7-10)! 12:46 The world is in darkness since Genesis 3 (cf. Gen. 6:5,11-12; 8:21; Ps. 14:3; Isa. 53:6; Rom. 3:9-23). SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FALL OF MANKIND 12:47 "If anyone hears My sayings and does not keep them" This is a THIRD CLASS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE, which speaks of potential action. Continuing obedience is a sign in our continuing personal relationship by faith! Assurance is based on a changed and changing life of obedience and perseverance. SPECIAL TOPIC: ASSURANCE SPECIAL TOPIC: CHRISTIAN ASSURANCE SPECIAL TOPIC: KEEP SPECIAL TOPIC: THE NEED TO PERSEVERE 12:47-48 "for I did not come to judge the world, but to save the world" Jesus came primarily to redeem the world, but the very fact of His coming forces humans to decide. If they reject Him, they judge themselves (cf. John 3:17-21). 12:48 "the last day" See SPECIAL TOPIC: THE LAST DAYS 12:49-50 Jesus spoke in God's authority, not His own. 12:50 NASB, NKJV, Peshitta "His commandment is eternal life" NRSV, TEV, NET "his command brings eternal life" "his commands mean eternal life" "his commands are eternal life" "his command leads to eternal life" NET Bible (footnote) "his commandment results in eternal life" "his commandment is life everlasting" The first option (NASB) is the literal Greek text. The others are trying to interpret its meaning. The NASB has John 6:68 as a parallel passage. Michael Magill's NT TransLine has John 17:8. The Jerome Biblical Commentary (p. 451) has John 10:18 as the parallel. Obviously the phrase is ambiguous. In John there is a fluctuation between the SINGULAR and PLURAL of "commandment," with no exegetical significance. SPECIAL TOPIC: USE OF "COMMANDMENT" IN JOHN'S WRITINGS