João 21
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
João 21
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS TO VERSES 1-25 There has been much discussion about John 21 being an addition because the Gospel seems to end in John 20:31. However, there is no Greek manuscript that omits chapter 21. John 21:25 is often thought to be a later addition because in some manuscripts John 7:53 ‒ 8:11 is inserted after 21:24. Also, in the ancient manuscript Sinaiticus, the scribe originally omitted 21:25 and had to go back and erase an ornamental Colophon in order to insert it. Though not an integral part of the Gospel of John, John 21 was certainly from the hand of the Apostle. It answers two questions of the early church: was Peter re-instated? what about the legend concerning John's longevity?
João 21:1-3
21:1 "Sea of Tiberias" Tiberias was the Roman administrative capital of Galilee. This body of water is also known as the "Sea of Galilee" (cf. John 6:1) "Lake of Gennesaret" (cf. Matt. 14:34; Mark 6:53; Luke 5:1) in the OT as "Lake of Chinnereth" (cf. Num. 34:11; Deut. 3:17; Josh. 11:2; 12:3; 13:27; 19:35; 1 Kgs. 15:20) ▣ "He manifested Himself in this way" This VERB has the connotation of "to display fully or clearly" (cf. John 1:31; 2:11; 7:4; 9:3; 1 John 1:2; 2:28; 3:2; 4:9). In Matthew there is a meeting in Galilee which occurred on a mountain (cf. 26:32; 28:7,10,16), the setting for "the Great Commission." In John Jesus manifested Himself at the Sea of Tiberias. In this encounter Jesus deals with two questions the early church was interested in was Peter reinstated as a leader what about the legend that John would not die before Jesus' return 21:2 "Thomas called Didymus" Apparently seven of the eleven went fishing. SPECIAL TOPIC: CHART OF THE APOSTLES' NAMES ▣ "sons of Zebedee" This refers to James (Jacob) and John (Johanan, cf. Matt. 4:21). Neither James nor John are mentioned by name in John's Gospel. 21:3 "Simon Peter said to them, 'I am going fishing'" This is PRESENT TENSE. There are several theories concerning this fishing trip. it was a relaxing trip to pass the time until Jesus' appointed meeting (cf. Matt. 26:32; 28:7,10) it was for the purpose of making money it was a re-instigation of Peter's fishing vocation This chapter is very similar to Luke 5. ▣ "and that night they caught nothing" Notice that these men, who were able to heal the sick and cast out demons, did not have miraculous powers on all occasions for all purposes. This VERB is used nowhere else in the NT for catching fish. Usually it is used of arresting someone.
João 21:4-8
21:4 "yet the disciples did not know that it was Jesus" There have been several theories as to their inability to recognize Jesus. it was too dark He was too far away they were too tired Jesus looked slightly different (cf. John 21:12; Matt. 28:16-17; Luke 24:13ff) they were divinely prevented from recognizing Him (cf. Luke 24:16) SPECIAL TOPIC: JESUS' POST-RESURRECTION APPEARANCES 21:5 "Children" This is used as imagery. There are two terms for "little children" commonly used in the NT. This one (paidion) is used least and is different from the more common one (teknion) used in John and 1 John. This term occurs in the Gospel only in John 4:49; 16:21, and here. These terms seem to be used synonymously in 1 John, paidion in John 2:13,18, but teknion in John 2:1,12,28. ▣ "you do not have any fish" This term "fish" (prosphagion) really denotes food of any kind that is eaten with bread, but in this context, "fish" is demanded. This question expects a "no" answer. 21:6 Jesus was acting in the same manner as He did when he first called them, Luke 5:1-11. As a characteristic of this chapter (see note at John 21:15) two different Greek terms are used for boat, ploion in John 21:3 and 6 and ploiaron (little boat) in John 21:8. John shows his literary variety in the chapter several times. 21:7 "Therefore that disciple whom Jesus loved" This refers to the author of the Gospel, the Apostle John (cf. John 13:23; 20:2,3,8; 21:20). John is never named in the Gospel. "he put his outer garment on (for he was stripped for work)" "put on his outer garment (for he had removed it)" "he put on some clothes, for he was naked" "he wrapped his outer garment around him (for he had taken his clothes off)" "Peter tied his outer garment around him (for he had taken his clothes off)" "he took his cloak and girded it around his waist, because he was naked" In first century Palestine people wore an outer robe and close-fitting long underwear. Peter had removed his outer cloak/robe and rolled down his underwear to the waist. ▣ "It is the Lord" The term kurios was the Greek term for "mister," "sir," "master," "owner," "husband," or "lord." In some contexts it is simply a polite address, but in others it is a theological affirmation of Jesus' Deity. In this context these fishermen recognized this person on the beach as the glorified, resurrected Lord! The origin of the translation comes from OT usage, where YHWH is translated as Lord. This occurred because the Jews were afraid to pronounce this covenant name for Deity, so they substituted another Hebrew term, Adonai (my Lord), which corresponds to kurios. "Lord" is the title which is above every name in Phil. 2:9-11. It was the part of the early church's baptismal confession, "Jesus is Lord" (cf. Rom. 10:9-13). SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD (adon and Kurios) 21:8 "the other disciple" Apparently all the inner circle had gone with Peter and John for a fishing retreat as a way to get some spending money (they could no longer depend on the women who traveled with Jesus). ▣ "the net full of fish" Even at this late date Jesus is still building their faith providing their needs confirming His resurrection and authority (over nature)
João 21:9-14
21:9 "a charcoal fire already laid and fish placed on it, and bread" The purpose of this early morning breakfast was for fellowship and for theological reflection. The theological implications are This section deals with Peter's denial in a setting of another charcoal fire (cf. John 18:18). This term is found here and there. The Gospel of John and 1 John were written to combat the heresy of Gnosticism which denied true humanity to Jesus, the Messiah. Jesus ate with them. This chapter reaffirms the Apostles' original call to follow Jesus and do His will (i.e., Luke 24:46; Matt. 28:19-20; Acts 1:8). 21:10 There are two different terms for fish in this paragraph: in John 21:9,10, and 13 the term is opsarion, which meant small fish in John 21:6,8 and 11 the term is ichthus, which meant large fish. They seem to be used interchangeably in this context. 21:11 "a hundred and fifty-three" In context there seems to be no symbolic significance to this number; it is simply an eye-witness detail. However, the inappropriate tendency of the early church to allegorize all numbers and details forced this verse to mean: Cyril stated that 100 stood for Gentiles and 50 stood for Jews and 3 for the Trinity. Augustine asserted that this number refers to the Ten Commandments and the seven gifts of the Spirit, which equals the number seventeen. If you add up each number 1,2,3,4 through 17 you get 153. Augustine said this was the total number who came to Christ through the law and grace. Jerome said there are 153 different kinds of fish, therefore, this is symbolic of all nations coming to Christ. This allegorical method of interpretation speaks of the cleverness of the interpreter and not the intent of the original, inspired author! SPECIAL TOPIC: ALEXANDRIAN SCHOOL OF BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION ▣ "and although there were so many, the net was not torn" This is either a usual eyewitness detail or an implied miracle. 21:14 "This is now the third time that Jesus was manifested to the disciples" This must refer to the two accounts in John 20 added to this one.
João 21:15-19
21:15 "Simon, son of John" Notice that Jesus did not call him "Simon Peter;" this man was anything but a rock! There is a manuscript variant related to Simon's father's name. John ‒ אi 1 , B, C * , D, L W Jona ‒ A, C 2 omit ‒ א * The UBS 4 gives option #1 a "B" rating (almost certain) following John 1:42 (P 66 , P 72 , א, B * , L, W). SPECIAL TOPIC: TEXTUAL CRITICISM ▣ "love. . .love. . .love" There is an obvious threefold repetition which seems to relate to Peter's threefold denials in the courtyard of the High Priest (cf. John 18:17,25,27). There is a variety of parallels and contrasts throughout this section. love (phileō) versus love (agapaō) lambs versus sheep know (ginoskō) versus know (oida) There has been much discussion as to whether this refers to literary variety or if there is an intended contrast between these terms. John often uses variety, especially in this chapter (two terms for "children," "boat," and "fish"). There seems to be some distinction in this context between the Greek words agapaō and phileō, but this cannot be pushed because in Koine Greek they are synonymous (cf. John 3:35; 5:20; 11:3,5). SPECIAL TOPIC: LOVE (agapē) ▣ "do you love Me more than these" The syntax is ambiguous as to the object of this question. Some assert that it refers to fishing as a vocation Peter's previous statements of loving Jesus more than the other disciples (cf. Matt. 26:33; Mark 14:29 and John 13:37) the first shall be servant of all (cf. Luke 9:46-48; 22:24-27) ▣ "Tend My lambs" This is a PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE. All three of these statements are the same grammatical form (cf. John 21:16 and 17), but slightly different wording (shepherd My sheep and tend My sheep). 21:17 "Lord, you know all things" Peter is learning not to speak so fast. He expresses an answer which reflects good theology (cf. John 2:25; 6:61,64; 13:11; 16:30). ▣ "You know that I love You" There is a change in the Greek word for "know" between John 21:16 (oida) and John 21:17 (oida and ginoskō). The exact reason is uncertain and may simply involve variety. 21:18 "stretch out your hands" This may be a technical idiom used (1) in the early church and (2) in Greek literature for "crucifixion." 21:19 "signifying by what kind of death he would glorify God" Tradition asserts that Peter died by crucifixion in an upside-down position. In The Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 3:1, Eusebius says, "Peter was believed to have preached in Pontius, Galatia, Bithynia, Cappadocia, and Asia unto the Jews of the Diaspora. Having gone to Rome he was crucified head down at his own request." See note at John 1:14. ▣ "Follow Me" This is a PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE, as is John 21:22. This is related to the renewal and reaffirmation of Peter's call to leadership (cf. Matt. 4:19-20).
João 21:20-23
21:20 "the disciple whom Jesus loved" This refers to the account found in John 13:25. Why he is designated in this cryptic manner is uncertain (cf. John 13:23; 19:26; 20:2; 21:7,20). Possible theories are traditional Jewish writings of the first century did not mention the author by name John was so young when he became a follower of Jesus John was the only Apostle who stayed with Jesus during the trials and crucifixion 21:22 "Jesus said to him, 'If I want him to remain until I come, what is that to you'" This is a THIRD CLASS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE. We must remember that we are to deal with our own gifts and ministries and not be concerned with what God has planned for others! A possible reason for adding John 21 was to answer the misunderstanding over this very issue. Apparently there was an early rumor (possibly Gnostic) that John was to live until the Second Coming (John does speak of the Parousia, cf. 1 John 3:2). The phrase "if I want him to remain" is repeated in v. 23. This phrase, in the Vulgate, was used to support celebacy. For a good brief note, see Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, pp. 256-257. ▣ "follow Me" This almost summarizes the personal invitation of John's Gospel (cf. John 1:43; 10:27; 12:26; 21:19,22). This emphasizes the personal aspect of the gospel, while "believe that" emphasizes the content aspect of the gospel. SPECIAL TOPIC: JOHN'S USE OF THE VERB "BELIEVE", D.
João 21:24
21:24 "wrote these things" Does this refer to (1) John 21:20-23: (2) John 21; or (3) the whole Gospel? The answer is uncertain but I would choose #3. ▣ "we know that his witness is true" The specific group referred to by the PRONOUN "we" is uncertain. It is obvious that others are being brought into the affirmation of the truth of the Gospel of John. This probably refers to the Ephesian elders. This was the area in which John lived, ministered, and died. Early tradition asserts that the Ephesian leaders urged the aged John to write his own Gospel because of the death of all the other Apostles and the growing heresies about Jesus. SPECIAL TOPIC: WITNESSES TO JESUS
João 21:25
21:25 John 21:25 has been disputed for two reasons: (1) in several manuscripts John 7:53 - 8:11 is inserted between John 21:24 and 25 (2) in the manuscript Sinaiticus (א) the scribe erased an ornamental colophon and inserted John 21:25 later. This was observed by ultra-violet rays at the British Museum. This verse specifically informs us that the Gospel writers were selective in what they recorded. The hermeneutical question is always to ask, "Why did they record this in the way they did and not rush to combine the four Gospels?" (see Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart, How To Read the Bible For All Its Worth, pp. 127-148).