Jeremias 19
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Jeremias 19:1-9
19:1 Jeremiah 18 and 19 are connected by the use of imagery, "potter" and "pottery jar" (BDB 132 CONSTRUCT BDB 427, i.e. a small drinking flask). The "pottery jar" would have been a fired clay vessel between 4" and 10" with a narrow neck used for liquids. This type of container was very common in the ANE. ▣ NASB, REB "earthenware jar" "earthen flask" NRSV, NJB, LXX, Peshitta "earthenware jug" "clay jar" "a jug of potter's ware" The MT has "a flask" (BDB 132) formed (BDB 427, KB 428, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE). This clay object was used for drinking a liquid. Its name is onomatopoeic, from the gurgling sound of drinking (i.e. בקבק, BDB 132). The Arabian cognate is "gurgling sound." ▣ "the elders of the people and some of the senior priests" "Elders" was the title of older, respected, established leadership. It was a carryover from the "tribal days" of Israel's past (cf. Exod. 3:16,18; 4:29; 12:21, etc.). These two groups would represent the civic and religious leadership of Judah/Jerusalem. This requirement of two witnesses reflects Num. 35:30; Deut. 17:6; 19:15. SPECIAL TOPIC: ELDER SPECIAL TOPIC: LEVITICAL PRIESTS 19:2 "the valley of Ben-hinnom" The following information on Gehenna is taken from the SPECIAL TOPIC: THE DEAD, WHERE ARE THEY? , II. D. Gehenna reflects the OT phrase, "the valley of the sons of Hinnom" (south of Jerusalem). It was the place where the Phoenician fire god, Molech (BDB 574) was worshiped by child sacrifice (cf. 2 Kgs. 16:3; 21:6; 2 Chr. 28:3; 33:6), which was forbidden in Lev. 18:21; 20:2-5. Jeremiah changed it from a place of pagan worship into a site of YHWH's judgment (cf. Jer. 7:32; 19:6-7). It became the place of fiery, eternal judgment in I Enoch 90:26-27 and Sib. 1:103. The Jews of Jesus' day were so appalled by their ancesators' participation in pagan worship by child sacrifice that they turned this area into the garbage dump for Jerusalem. Many of Jesus' metaphors for eternal judgment came from this landfill (fire, smoke, worms, stench, cf. Mark 9:44,46). The term Gehenna is used only by Jesus (except in James 3:6). Jesus' use of Gehenna fire, Matt. 5:22; 18:9; Mark 9:43 permanent, Mark 9:48 (Matt. 25:46) place of destruction (both body and soul), Matt. 10:28 paralleled to Sheol, Matt. 5:29-30; 18:9 characterizes the wicked as "son of hell," Matt. 23:15 result of judicial sentence, Matt. 23:33; Luke 12:5 the concept of Gehenna is parallel to the second death (cf. Rev. 2:11; 20:6,14) or the lake of fire (cf. Matt. 13:42,50; Rev. 19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8). It is possible the lake of fire becomes the permanent dwelling place of humans (from Sheol) and evil angels (Tartarus, 2 Pet. 2:4; Jude Jer. 19:6, or the abyss, cf. Luke 8:31; Rev. 9:1-11; 20:1,3). it was not designed for humans, but for Satan and his angels, Matt. 25:41 It is possible, because of the overlap of Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna, that origiinally all humans went to Sheol/Hades their experience there (good/bad) is exacerbated after Judgment Day, but the place of the wicked remains the same (this is why the KJV translated hades (grave) as gehenna (hell) the only NT text to mention torment before Judgment is the parable of Luke 16:19-31 (Lazarus and the Rich Man). Sheol is also described as a place of punishment now (cf. Deut. 32:22). However, one cannot establish a doctrine on a parable. SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH ▣ "the potsherd gate" NKJV, NJB "the Potsherd Gate" "Harsith Gate" "the gate Charsith" Peshitta, KJV "the east gate" A gate of Jerusalem by this name is found only here in the OT. Here are the suggestions. Dung (refuse) Gate of Neh. 2:13; 3:13-14; 12:31 (Jerusalem Targum). This would be the place for garbage to be dumped. Gate on the south side of Jerusalem, which led to the Hinnom Valley, would be close to the potters' workshops. The Peshitta gets "east" from the similarity of the Hebrew name with the Greek heres for sun. This is surely inaccurate. The NKJV changes it to "Potsherd Gate." 19:3 "Hear the word of the Lord" This is the VERB "hear" or "listen" (BDB 1033, KB 1570, Qal IMPERATIVE. It meant "to hear so as to obey." SPECIAL TOPIC: LISTEN/HEAR (shema) ▣ "the Lord. . .the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel" Notice that these are covenant titles and are repeated several times in the chapter. The covenant people are being confronted by the God of the covenant. They have totally failed as YHWH's revelation to "the nations" (cf., Jer. 19:15; Ezek. 36:22-36). SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, D. SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD OF HOSTS SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN ▣ "a calamity" "a catastrophe" NRSV, TEV, NJB, REB, JPSOA "a disaster" LXX, Peshitta "evil" The root (רעה) has several distinct meanings. pasture, project, or shepherd ‒ BDB 944 I, KB 1258 I, 27 times in Jeremiah be associated with (i.e. friend or companion) ‒ BDB 945 II, KB 1262 II, used 21 times in Jeremiah pleasure or desire ‒ BDB 946 III that which is harmful (from רע, BDB 948, used 32 times in Jeremiah) ‒ BDB 949, KB 1262, used 92 times in Jeremiah. The word is translated by NIV in several different ways. disaster wickedness trouble evil punishment harm sin calamity offense ruin crimes evil deeds discomfort destruction cruelty ▣ "the ears of everyone that hears it will tingle" This is a Hebrew idiom of a surprising judgment (cf. 1 Sam. 3:11; 2 Kgs. 21:12). This is similar to the "lips quivering" in Hab. 3:16. 19:4-5 The calamity is coming on Judah because they have forsaken YHWH (cf. Jer. 1:16; 2:13,17,19; 5:7,19; 16:11; 17:13; Deut. 28:20; 31:16; see full note at Jer. 18:15) they worship foreign gods (cf. Deut. 11:28) in the valley of Ben-hinnom they have either sacrificed their children to Molech (Jer. 19:4,5; 2 Kgs. 17:17; Ps106:37) killed innocent people, cf. Jer. 2:34; 7:6; 12:3,17; 26:15; Ps. 106:38, cf. TEV they built high places to Ba'al (cf. Jer. 7:9; 11:13,17) 19:4 NASB, NKJV "an alien place" TEV, NET "defiled this place" "made this place unrecognizable" "because of alien worship" "have made this place alien [to Me]" "have polluted this place" LXX, NRSV "profaned this place" The MT has "have profaned this place" (BDB 649, KB 699, Piel IMPERFECT with waw). It denoted that which was unclean and polluted by contact with foreign nations and their pagan worship. Judah had committed "spiritual apostasy" with pagan idolatry. This resulted in the shedding of innocent blood. YHWH's land, and especially His city and temple, had become tainted and impure. It no longer could be used as a place of worship to YHWH. 19:5 "a thing which I never commanded or spoke of nor did it ever enter My mind" This reflects YHWH's thoughts about human sacrifice. It is possible some misunderstood Gen. 22:2 or Exod. 13:2 and used it as a "proof-text" for the child sacrifices to Molech (see SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH) Ba'al (SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF THE ANE) Even the death of Job's family (cf. Job 1) could be seen by some as instigated by YHWH to test Job. The one thing that must be added to this issue is that YHWH will sacrifice His only, unique "Son" (symbolized in Abraham's offering Isaac, cf. Gen. 22:9-19) for the good of the whole (cf. John 3:16; 2 Cor. 5:21). Jesus' death was a human/divine death/gift for human sin (i.e. child sacrifice)! 19:6-9 YHWH describes the judgments He will send on them for their wickedness. the name of the valley of Ben-hinnom will be changed to the valley of Slaughter the counsel of their wise men will be voided (cf. Jer. 8:8-9) many will be killed by invasion there will be no proper burial, cf. Jer. 7:33; 16:4 Jerusalem will be turned into an object of hissing, cf. Jer. 15:4; 18:16 cannibalism will develop (i.e. siege warfare), cf. Lev. 26:29; Deut. 28:53,55,57; Lam. 4:10 19:7 "I shall make void" This VERB (בקק, BDB 132 II, KB 150, Qal PERFECT with waw), BDB says it is used "of a mug dipped in water, or emptied of water." Therefore, this is an intentional play on the word for "drinking flask" (בקבק, BDB 132) in Jer. 19:1. SPECIAL TOPIC: HORROR, REPROACH, RUIN, CURSE
Jeremias 19:10-13
19:10 In chapter 18 the potter remade a lump of clay, but here, after firing, the clay could not be saved, only destroyed! There was no hope of repentance on Judah's part or YHWH's part (cf. Jer. 18:8). Invasion, destruction, slaughter, and exile are coming! Jeremiah's breaking the clay water flask to symbolize the destruction of Jerusalem is theologically parallel to Ezekiel making a brick to symbolize Jerusalem and then hitting it with a cooking pan (cf. Ezekiel 4). The image of a broken clay pot as a symbol of judgment and destruction is common in the ANE (i.e. Sumer and Egypt). 19:13 "on whose rooftops they burned sacrifices to all the heavenly host" The worship of the lights of the sky was common in the ANE (cf. Deut. 4:19; 17:3; Jer. 8:2; 32:29; 2 Kgs. 17:16; 21:3,5; 23:5,12; 2 Chr. 33:3,5; Zeph. 1:5). Egypt Mesopotamia It was YHWH who created, named, and controlled these objects (cf. Gen. 1:14-19). SPECIAL TOPIC: MOON WORSHIP ▣ "to all the heavenly host" See SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD OF HOSTS ▣ "pour out libations to other gods" This was part of the worship of "the queen of heaven" (cf. Jer. 7:18; 44:18).
Jeremias 19:14-15
19:14-15 Since these two verses are in the third person, possibly they are Baruch's (Jeremiah's scribe) later editorial comments. 19:14 "Topheth" The word (BDB 1075 II) means "fire-place" (possibly from an Aramaic root), which denotes a valley south of Jerusalem in the Kidron Valley. Josiah turned it into a landfill where garbage was burned (see SPECIAL TOPIC: WHERE ARE THE DEAD?, II. D. for Gehenna). It was a place where the god Molech (cf. Lev. 18:21; see SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH) was worshiped by child sacrifice, cf. Jer. 7:31; 2 Kgs. 23:10 (note Isa. 30:33) it is imagery for the slaughter of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, cf. Jer. 7:32; 19:6 it is a burial place of the dead of Jerusalem, cf. Jer. 19:11-12 ▣ "the court of the Lord's house" The temple of Jeremiah's day was Solomon's temple. It had several outer courts where the people of Israel could gather. Jeremiah is said to proclaim YHWH's message there several times (cf. Jer. 7:2; 26:2). 19:15 "stiffened their necks so as not to heed My words" The covenant people refused to hear and respond to the covenant God (cf. Jer. 7:26; 17:23; Neh. 9:17). They were His people in name only! SPECIAL TOPIC: STUBBORNNESS