Salmos 11
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Salmos 11:1-3
11:1 "refuge" See notes at Ps. 2:12; 5:11-2. This (BDB 340, KB 337, Qal PERFECT) is wonderful recurrent imagery for protection and security (cf. Ps. 34:22; 37:40). David's advisors (or enemies) said, "run" (Ps. 11:1b), but David said, "why run?" (Ps. 11:1a, 2-3). God is our refuge and He knows what we are going through. He is with us and for us. Focus on Him and not the circumstances! SPECIAL TOPIC: REFUGE ▣ "soul" See SPECIAL TOPIC: NEPHESH ▣ "flee as a bird to your mountain" The MT has the MASCULINE PLURAL (BDB 626, KB 678, Qal IMPERATIVE), but the Qere (i.e., suggested textual change by the Masoretic scholars) reading is FEMININE SINGULAR. It seems that the wicked (i.e., PLURAL VERB) are addressing the faithful to flee to YHWH's protection (i.e., "refuge" and "mountain" are parallel, cf. Ps. 121:1). The phrase is, therefore, a taunt. The UBS Handbook says verses 1 and 4 occur at the temple and, therefore, it is the psalmist's friends/co-worshipers who call on him to flee in silence to a desert fortress. I think "the foundations" of Ps. 11:3 is also parallel to "refuge" and "mountains." They refer to the personal presence and trustworthy truth that YHWH (cf. Ps. 87:1; 119:152) is with His people. This the wicked deny (cf. Ps. 10:4). 11:2-3 It is possible to view these verses in several ways. the advice of the wicked friends at worship continue through Ps. 11:3 the psalmist answers those who call on him to flee in Ps. 11:1b 11:2 This describes the malicious activity and plans of the wicked. bend the bow ‒ BDB 201, KB 131, Qal IMPERFECT, cf. Ps. 7:12; 37:14 make ready the arrow ‒ BDB 465, KB 464, Polel PERFECT, cf. Ps. 64:3 shoot ‒ BDB 434, KB 436, Qal INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT, cf. Ps. 64:6 ▣ "in darkness" This is imagery of their stealthy attacks (cf. Ps. 10:8-10). ▣ "the upright in heart" There are no sinless humans. However, there are obviously two kinds. those who seek YHWH and live to please Him those who live for themselves as if there were no covenant or covenant God SPECIAL TOPIC: BLAMELESS, INNOCENT, GUILTLESS, WITHOUT REPROACH 11:3 The righteous person's only hope is the truth and presence of YHWH. He is the only source of help! If there is no God (cf. Ps. 10:4; 14:1; 36:1) then the faithful follower is the fool, but if there is an ethical Creator before whom all conscious life must stand and give an account (cf. Ps. 11:4-7), then the disobedient, wicked, self-centered human (pagan or Israelite) is the fool! There is a possibility that the second line of Ps. 11:3 refers to God (i.e., "the Just One," cf. AB, p. 69, and footnote in Jewish Study Bible, p. 1294). See Ps. 11:5, where YHWH and righteous (BDB 843) may be referring to Him and His faithful followers. ▣ "foundations" The etymology of this word/root, שׁת (BDB 1011, KB 1666-1667) is uncertain. It is a rare word but consensus is that it refers to the covenant laws. KB has the latest scholarly speculations.
Salmos 11:4-7
11:4-7 This strophe answers the implied question of the wicked in Ps. 11:3. As it happens, "the foundations" of Ps. 11:3 are not destroyed! 11:4 YHWH dwells in heaven, but He manifests Himself (i.e., makes Himself available) between the wings of the Cherubim over the ark of the covenant (cf. Isa. 66:1). Heaven and earth meet in the Holy of Holies in the temple in Jerusalem. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HEAVENS AND THE THIRD HEAVEN SPECIAL TOPIC: ARK OF THE COVENANT SPECIAL TOPIC: CHERUBIM 11:4b-5a YHWH knows (IMPERFECTS which denote characteristic actions) what happens on earth the motives of the human heart He tests (BDB 103, KB 119, Qal IMPERFECT, cf. Job 7:18; Ps. 7:9; 26:2; 139:1,23) the sins of men (ben Adam), both the righteous and the wicked. The NT records the event in Matt. 12:36-37; 16:27; 25:31-46; Acts 10:42; Rom. 2:16; 14:10,12; 1 Pet. 4:5; and Rev. 20:11-15. God's testing is both in time (temporal) and beyond time (eschatological). Often we do reap in this life what we sow, but if not, a day is coming! SPECIAL TOPIC: ANTHROPOMORPHIC LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE GOD SPECIAL TOPIC: The Day of the Lord SPECIAL TOPIC: GOD TESTS HIS PEOPLE 11:5 "His soul hates" This is anthropomorphic language. See Exod. 15:9; Isa. 1:14; Jer. 5:9,29; 6:8; 9:9; 32:41; Ezek. 23:18 for the same use of nephesh (BDB 659, see note at Ps. 3:2 and Gen. 35:18). It is possible that this verse deals with only the wicked and that "the righteous" is a title for God (cf. Ps. 11:3b). If so, YHWH and "the Just One" are in apposition (cf. Ps. 11:3b, 7a). The OT lists several things YHWH hates. idolatry ‒ Deut. 12:31; 16:22; Jer. 44:4; Hos. 9:15 all who do iniquity ‒ Ps. 5:5 one who loves violence ‒ Ps. 11:5 see lists in Prov. 6:16-19 (also note Zech. 8:16-17) same as #4 same as #4 same as #4 same as #4 same as #4 same as #4 the false, sham worship of Israel ‒ Isa. 1:14; Amos 5:21; 6:8 divorce ‒ Mal. 2:16 SPECIAL TOPIC: ANTHROPOMORPHIC LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE GOD SPECIAL TOPIC: NEPHESH 11:6 NASB, NKJV, NRSV, NJB, JPSOA, LXX "He will rain" "May the Lord rain down" "like rain" The VERB (BDB 565, KB 574) is a JUSSIVE which the NET Bible and the Anchor Bible translate accurately, but the other translations assume it is JUSSIVE in form but not in meaning. ▣ NASB, MT, LXX "snares" NASB margin "coals of fire" NKJV, NRSV, TEV, NJB, JPSOA "coals" "fire" The context seems to demand an emendation from "snares," פחים (BDB 809) to "coals," פחמי (BDB 809). The UBS Text Project gives "snares" a "B" rating. 11:6b Does this refer to hyperbolic poetic imagery about the circumstances of this life the reality of judgment in the afterlife (cf. Deut. 32:22) SPECIAL TOPIC: WHERE ARE THE DEAD? SPECIAL TOPIC: JUDGMENT IN THE NT ▣ "fire" This is a recurrent imagery for judgment and cleansing. SPECIAL TOPIC: FIRE ▣ NASB, NKJV "burning wind" NRSV, TEV, NJB, JPSOA, REB "scorching wind" "a wind of a tempest" "whirlwind" "destructive tempest" This rare term (BDB 273) basically means "heat." It is used in Psalm 11:6 — describing a wind Psalm 119:53 — as burning indignation Lamentation 5:10 — as burning famine The interpretive question is, "Does this term continue the series of NOUNS (BDB 809, 77, 172, cf. Job 1:16) or start new imagery?" destructive whirlwind (cf. Ps. 58:9; Prov. 1:27; Hos. 8:7; Amos 1:14; Nah. 1:3) hot desert wind (cf. Ps. 90:5-6; 103:15-16) ▣ "the portion of their cup" This is a Hebrew idiom for a person's destiny, usually negative (cf. Ps. 75:8, but occasionally positive, cf. Ps. 16:5). It is associated with drunkenness (cf. Isa. 51:17; Jer. 25:15). JPSOA translates it as "their lot." This same idiom was used by Jesus in Matt. 20:22; Mark 10:38,39 Matt. 26:39,42; Mark 14:36; Luke 22:42 John 18:11 SPECIAL TOPIC: CUP 11:7 YHWH is characterized as righteous, cf. Exod. 9:27; Ezra 9:15; Neh. 9:8; Ps. 119:137; Jer. 12:1; Lam. 1:18; John 17:25; Rev. 16:5,7). Some of the actions of the righteous God are: He tests the hearts of men ‒ Ps, 7:9; 11:5; Jer. 20:12 He judges in righteousness ‒ Ps. 7:11 He loves righteousness ‒ Ps. 11:7; 33:5; 146:8 He is gracious and righteous ‒ Ps. 116:5 He cuts the cords of the wicked ‒ Ps. 129:4 He is righteous in all His ways ‒ Ps. 145:7; Dan. 9:14 SPECIAL TOPIC: RIGHTEOUSNESS 11:7b "The upright will behold His face" One wonders if this is the source of Jesus' words in the opening Beatitudes in His Sermon on the Mount in Matt. 5:8. God is holy (Lev. 19:2; Matt. 5:48). No one can see God and live (i.e., Exod. 33:11,17-23), yet those who are pronounced righteous in Him/Jesus will have intimate fellowship with Deity (cf. Job 19:25-27; Ps. 17:15; Matt. 5:8; 1 John 3:2)! SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HOLY ONE SPECIAL TOPIC: HOLY SPECIAL TOPIC: CAN HUMANS SEE GOD AND LIVE?