Salmos 139
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Salmos 139
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS This Psalm uses Hebrew poetry to explain the theological Greek terms: omnipresence, omniscience, and omnificence. YHWH is the perfect Judge, v. 1. He is: all knowing, vv. 1-6 (He knows me) all present, vv. 7-12 (He is with me) all powerful, vv. 13-16,109-22, i.e. Creator and Judge (He made me) and still He loves and wants fellowship with mankind, because He made them (cf. Gen. 1:26-27; 3:8; 12:3; Exod.19:5-6; John 1:29; 3:16; 4:42; 12:47) SPECIAL TOPIC: HEBREW POETRY SPECIAL TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF ISRAEL'S GOD (NT) SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN This Psalm describes a faithful follower's personal knowledge of God. It is not linked to God's historical acts of the past but to current revelatory faith relationship (i.e. Ps. 23). SPECIAL TOPIC: Seek the Lord John Calvin has said, "Without knowledge of God there is no knowledge of self." This seems to be applicable to this Psalm. Without a knowledge of God we cannot live a happy life. SPECIAL TOPIC: KNOW, A. 5. Proposed authorship The Masoretic Hebrew (MT) text identifies the author of this Psalm as David The Talmud (Sanhedrin 38b) attributes it to Adam, the first. The Septuagint (Alexandrian text of the LXX) identifies authorship as Zechariah. The MT introductions are absent in the Dead Sea Scrolls. I do not consider them to be inspired. See Introduction to the Psalms, IV. SPECIAL TOPIC: MASORETIC TEXT SPECIAL TOPIC: SEPTUAGINT Brief Outline God's knowledge of me, Ps. 139:1-6 God's presence with me, Ps. 139:7-12 God's creative providence to me, Ps. 139:13-16 God's justice for me, Ps. 139:19-22 the faithful follower's appropriate response, Ps. 139:23-24 This Psalm can be understood in two opposite ways. God is with us, for us because He created us (vv. 1-6,7-12,13-16)! This emphasizes YHWH's mercy and grace. It is possible from the Hebrew syntax and lexicology of v. 11, to see it as evil people fleeing from God's presence (i.e. Jer. 23:23-24) evil people hiding from Him evil people experiencing the judgment of YHWH (vv. 19-22) evil people attacking God's faithful followers This, then, would focus on YHWH's justice! Because of v. 13-16 and vv. 23-24, it seems best to me to view the Psalm through the lens of God's mercy and love!
Salmos 139:1-6
139:1 "Lord" This covenant name for Israel's God, YHWH (first used in Gen. 2:4), is from the Hebrew VERB "to be," which implies the ever-living, only-living God (defined by God Himself in Exod. 3:14). SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, D. ▣ "You have searched me and known me" The first VERB (BDB 350, KB 347, Qal PERFECT) begins and ends the Psalm. Psalm 139:21 is an IMPERATIVE form, which implies Ps. 139:1 could also be understood in an IMPERATIVAL sense. The basic etymology is "to dig into so as to find." YHWH examines the hearts of humans ( cf. Job 13:9; 1 Sam. 16:7; 1 Kgs. 8:39; 1 Chr. 28:9; 2 Chr. 6:30; Ps. 7:9; 44:21; Prov. 15:11; 20:27; 21:2; Jer. 11:20; 17:9-10; 20:12; Luke 16:15; Acts 1:24; 15:8; Rom. 8:27). He is the perfect, righteous, faith Judge! This terminology is very similar to Ps. 26:2. SPECIAL TOPIC: GOD TESTS HIS PEOPLE ▣ "known me" The OT word "to know" is used here in the sense of "intimate, personal knowledge" (BDB 393, cf. Gen. 4:1; Jer. 1:5). This IMPERFECT is used in a JUSSIVE sense. SPECIAL TOPIC: KNOW, A. 5. 139:2 "when I sit down and when I rise up" YHWH's complete knowledge of each individual life (i.e. Deut. 6:7) is described in Ps. 139:2-4. sit down ‒ rise up, Ps. 139:2 journeying ‒ lying down, Ps. 139:3 before a word ‒ You know it, Ps. 139:4 ▣ "You understand my thought from afar" The word translated "thought" (BDB 946 III, KB 1256 III) is found only here and in v. 17. BDB has its meaning as "purpose" or "aim." The LXX translates it as a similar root, "friends" (BDB 946, KB 1255, #5) in Ps. 139:17 but has "thoughts" in 139:2. thought, רעי friend, רע 139:3 You scrutinize my path" The VERB "scrutinize" (BDB 279, KB 280, Piel PERFECT) normally means "to scatter" but here, and here alone, it seems to denote a winnowing or sifting. KB sees the root as also possibly meaning "to measure" (KB 280 II) in the sense of "know." The term "path" (BDB 73) is imagery of one's life (i.e. "number my steps," cf. Job 14:16; 31:4). The concept is parallel to "the everlasting way" of Ps. 139:24. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PATH, THE WAY ▣ "my lying down" The Septuagint has the term "bed." This seems to refer to nightly stopping places where one sleeps while traveling one's sexual activity (i.e. God knows all humans' activities). ▣ "intimately acquainted" NKJV, NRSV, Peshitta "acquainted" "know" "every detail" JPSOA, REB "familiar" "foresaw" "aware" This Hebrew root (BDB 698) has several meanings. 698 I ‒ Qal, "be of service" or "benefit" ‒ Hiphil used here and in Num. 22:30; Job 22:21, "know intimately" 698 II ‒ "incur danger," Eccl. 10:9 (Niphal) 698 III ‒ "be poor," Isa. 40:20 (Pual) They all have the same root consonants and Masoretic vowel points. Only context can give a clue to its connotation. 139:4 "Even before there is a word on my tongue" The Peshitta has "deception," while the Septuagint has the phrase "unrighteous word." It is obvious that the ancient versions believed that Ps. 139:4 was related to mankind's evil side. Humans' spoken words reveal who we truly are (cf. Matt. 12:36,37; Mark 7:15). 139:5 "You have enclosed me" The Septuagint and the Peshitta have the VERB "formed" (BDB 428, KB 429), Ps. 103:14, instead of "enclosed" (BDB 848, KB 1015, Qal PERFECT). However, because of the following phrase, "enclosed" seems to be more contextually appropriate. This Hebrew root (BDB 848 II) has a military connotation (cf. Isa. 29:3) or a sense of confinement (cf. Song of Songs 8:9). Here it denotes YHWH's sovereign control and guidance of a person's life. enclose ‒ צור form/shape ‒ יצר ▣ "behind and before" The Hebrew words "behind" and "before" reflect the Hebrew words "east" and "west" (cf. Job 18:20). ▣ "laid Your hand upon me" This is anthropological language (see SPECIAL TOPIC: GOD DESCRIBED AS HUMAN [anthropomorphism]). The "hand" is a Hebrew idiom of power and control (see SPECIAL TOPIC: HAND). Psalm 139:5b is a statement of YHWH's sovereignty and control of His human creatures (cf. Ps. 139:10). This knowledge is comforting to faithful followers and terrifying to the disobedient and unbelieving! SPECIAL TOPIC: PREDESTINATION 139:6 "Such knowledge is too wonderful for me" The Septuagint puts Ps. 139:6 with the next paragraph. This phrase reflects a knowledge of YHWH which is too much for mankind to comprehend (cf. Ps. 139:14, 17,18; Ps. 40:5; Isa. 55:8,9; Rom. 11:33). Ultimately we must trust God without fully understanding (i.e. Job 1-2,42). The Hebrew term "wonderful" can mean "difficult" (cf. Deut. 30:11 and Prov. 30:18). SPECIAL TOPIC: WONDERFUL THINGS
Salmos 139:7-12
139:7 "Where can I go from Your Spirit" It is uncertain in exactly what sense this question is to be understood. Some see it as mankind's attempt to flee from YHWH because he/she is evil. Others see it as a rhetorical device to show God's omnipresence. It is obvious that "Your Spirit" in this verse is parallel to "Your presence" (lit. "face," BDB 815) in the next line (note "Your are there" repeated in v. 8a nd b). This is not the full NT Trinitarian (see SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TRINITY) use of the term "Spirit," but it is a way of speaking of God's active presence (cf. Gen. 1:2). If I could paraphrase this concept it would be, "There is no hiding place from God" (cf. Job 22:13-14; Jer. 23:23,24). SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PERSONHOOD OF THE SPIRIT 139:8 "If I ascend to heaven, You are there" The VERB occurs only here in the Hebrew Bible but it is well attested in Aramaic. This is literally "scale" (BDB 701, KB 758, Qal IMPERFECT). This is very similar to Ps. 103:11 in describing YHWH's omnipresence, as far as heaven above and Sheol below. Notice how in the next few verses "contrasts" (antithetical parallelism) are used to show the full extent of truths about God's omniscience and omnipresence. ascend to heaven ‒ make my bed in Sheol, Ps. 139:8 wings of the dawn (i.e. east) ‒ remotest part of the sea (i.e. Mediterranean Sea to the west), Ps. 139:9 the darkness ‒ the light, Ps. 139:12 God is present everywhere. No one can flee from Him! No one can hide from Him (cf. Jer. 23:23-24)! ▣ "I make my bed in Sheol, behold, You are there" There are several passages in the OT that speak of YHWH being present in the realm of the dead (cf. Job 26:6; Amos 9:2). The term "Sheol" is synonymous with the NT term "Hades" and should be translated "the realm of the dead" or "the nether world." SPECIAL TOPIC: WHERE ARE THE DEAD?, I. B. and II. B. 139:9 "If. . ." The HYPOTHETICAL PARTICLE (BDB 49) appears only in Ps. 139:8a but is assumed in 8b,9a, 9b,11a. The ADVERB "even" (BDB 168) is used in a similar way in Ps. 139:10a,12a. Psalm 139:8-12 answers the two questions of 139:7. It is hypothetical language used to make a point. ▣ "in the remotest part of the sea" Literally this phrase is "from the sunrise to the sunset," which is similar to Ps. 50:1; 113:3. 139:10 "Even there Your hand will lead me, And Your right hand will lay hold of me" Traditional translation has assumed this verse to express God's personal guidance and protection. However, the Hebrew of Ps. 139:10 and 11 possibly suggests the personification of darkness or a personal enemy pursuing the man of God. 139:11 "Surely the darkness will overwhelm me" The words "darkness," Ps. 139:11; "night," Ps. 139:11; "darkness, Ps. 139:12; "night," Ps. 139:12 seem to refer to Sheol (cf. Ps. 139:15). The ancient Jewish commentators, Rashi and Eben Ezra, along with the NIV, suppose Ps. 139:11 to be an attempted escape by sinful man in the darkness the faithful from sinful persecutors SPECIAL TOPIC: SHEOL SPECIAL TOPIC: DARKNESS, I. ▣ "overwhelm" "fall on" lXX, NRSV, NJB, Vulgate "cover" "hide" "conceal" "steal over" The MT has שׁוף (BDB 1003, KB 1446, Qal IMPERFECT), which means "bruise" (cf. Gen. 3:15; Job 9:17) but this does not seem to fit the context unless v. 11 denotes an enemy or personified evil. Some scholars suggest an emendation to שׂוך (BDB 962 I, KB 1312) "hedge" or "fence about" (i.e. protect or cover, cf. Job 1:10). Whatever is meant by "the darkness," God controls it (cf. Gen. 1:4-5), and His faithful followers need not fear it! It may even be an opportunity for His revelation (i.e. night vision, cf. Gen. 15:12) deliverance (plague of Egypt, cf. Exod. 10:21-19; Ps. 105:28). ▣ NASB, NRSV, TEV "the Light around me" "Light about me" "the day around me" "the night wrap itself around me" "night will provide me cover" "night be illumination in my delight" "the night shall be Light before my face" "the Light will turn to night all around me" The MT has "and night Light about me." The UBS Text Project, p. 422, has two suggestions for interpreting this ambiguous phrase. "even darkness covers me and the light is night around me" "even in the darkness [God] watches me and during the night is Light about me" The question, is v. 11 opposite v. 10 and 12, or is it parallel? See Contextual Insights, F. SPECIAL TOPIC: LIGHT 139:12 "the darkness is not dark to You" Darkness can be the opposite of light the enemy of light one's personal enemy simply night time Nightfall was terrifying to the ancients. They often personified its sounds and lights in the sky as gods or omens. YHWH controls the night (cf. Gen. 1:4-5,14-19)! ▣ "Darkness and light are alike to You" There is no where to run or hide from the Creator (cf. Ps. 139:7; Jer. 23:23-24)! sinners cannot hide or flee faithful followers always know God is with them guiding, protecting, and loving
Salmos 139:13-16
139:13 NASB, NKJB, NRSV "formed" TEV, NJB, JPSOA "created" "fashioned" "possessed/procured" Peshitta, NET "made" The VERB (BDB 888, KB 1111, Qal PERFECT) normally means "to buy," but here, it is used of God's creative activities several times. heaven and earth ‒ Gen. 14:19,22 Israel ‒ Deut. 32:6 wisdom ‒ Prov. 8:22 Here, it denotes God's special, personal care in the formation of each human person. As He created Adam (Gen. 2:7) and Eve (Gen. 2:18,21-22) with special care and purpose, so too, each human is made in His image and likeness (cf. Gen. 1:26-27). Humans are special, designed for fellowship with God (i.e. Gen. 3:8) ▣ NASB, NKJV, NRSV, REB "inward parts" "inmost self" "conscience" JPSOA (footnote) "kidneys" "heart" "reins" This Hebrew term (BDB 480, KB 479) denotes the lower viscera of mankind (esp. "kidneys"), which is a Hebraic idiom for a person's emotions and will. This creation by God implies prenatal formation (cf. Jer. 1:5) of the person and his personality. SPECIAL TOPIC: INWARD PARTS ▣ "You wove me in my mother's womb" The term "weave" (BDB 697 II, KB 754 II) is literally the rare Hebrew word "knit." It is found in only a few places. Qal ‒ Ps. 139:13 Niphal ‒ Prov. 8:23 (possibly related term) Poel ‒ Job 10:11 The same root (KB 754 III) is translated "cover" (cf. Lam. 3:43,44). The word is rare and ambiguous but from the context the meaning is clear. Hebrew parallelism is very helpful in interpreting these rare terms. Many see this as parallel to Job 1:21 and Eccl. 5:15 and thereby "womb" would denote the underworld of the earth. The ANE, as well as Greek thought, wondered about the place souls were held/formed the time souls were created 139:14-16 The UBS Translator's Handbook On the Psalms (p. 1130) says "The translation of verses 14-16 is full of difficulties, and very few commentators or translators are dogmatic about the exact meaning of the Masoretic text." This being so, no doctrine that is not clearly taught in other Scriptures should be based on these verses. ANE poetry is slippery stuff. It was written for emotional impact and does not lend itself to grammatical and lexical analysis. Remember, context, context, context is crucial. Hebrew parallelism is also a better guide than cognate Semitic roots! SPECIAL TOPIC: HEBREW POETRY 139:14 NASB, NKJV, NRSV "I am fearfully and wonderfully made" TEV (following DSS) "You are to be feared" "A wonder am I, and All Your works are wondrous" "You fill me with awe; Wonderful you are; And wonderful Your works" "I am awesomely, wonderously made; Your work is wondrous "because of the wonders which you have done" Marvelous are Your works "For you are fearfully wondrous: Wondrous are Your works" The two terms fearfully ‒ BDB 431, KB 432, Niphal PARTICIPLE wonderfully ‒ BDB 811, KB 930, Niphal PERFECT If these two terms refer to God, then they are parallel with the next line of poetry, "wonderful are Your works" (Ps. 139:14b). The JPSOA translates this strophe (Ps. 139:13-16) as if it refers to God's creation of a human (i.e. Jer. 1:5) and not a description of God as in Ps. 139:14b. The UBS Text Project, p. 424, gives two options. נפליתי ‒ I am a wonder נפלית ‒ you are a wonder The committee gives option #1 a "B" rating. The MT has "I am wonderful," which continues the thought from v. 13. This same question about, "Does this refer to the individual or to YHWH?" is continued in v. 14c. I ‒ NASB, NRSV, NKJV, TEV, LXX, Peshitta you ‒ NJB, REB, NET 139:15 NASB, NKJV, NRSV, JPSOA, LXX "frame" "bones" "body" "substance" The Hebrew NOUN (BDB 782, KB 869 I) usually means "might" (cf. Deut. 8:17; Nah. 3:9). Here, BDB has "bones" (cf. Job 19:20; Prov. 15:30; 16:24; see NIDOTTE, vol. 3, pp. 499-500). The sense here is human skeleton (KB 869 I. #1). ▣ "When I was made in secret" There are several understandings of this verse: relates the term "secret" (BDB 712) and the parallel phrase, "in the depths of the earth," another name for Sheol (cf. Ps. 63:9; Job 14:13; 40:13; Isa. 45:19) relates this to the creation of Adam from the dust (cf. Gen. 2:7) and our creation from the dust being personified as the depths of the earth (cf. Ecclesiasticus 40:1) another possibility is to use the "hiddenness" of the womb and the "hiddenness" of the nether world (see note at v. 13b) as poetic imagery, not theological assertions ▣ NASB, NKJV "skillfully wrought" "intricately woven" "put together" "being formed" "shaped" "formed" "marvelously wrought" The Hebrew root, רקם (BDB 955), means "variegated." The Pual is found only here. The NRSV is literal. But the root could refer to "kneading" clay or dough (AB, p. 294; TEV, NJB, JPSOA, REB, cf. Gen. 2:7). 139:16 "Your eyes" The OT often uses anthropomorphic language to describe God. Humans have no other language to use but it is always only analogous. SPECIAL TOPIC: GOD DESCRIBED AS HUMAN (anthropomorphism) ▣ "unformed substance" This hapax legomenon has also been understood in two different ways: of fetal development which is known by God (cf. Ps. 139:13-16a; AV, RV, NEV, JPSOA) of all of life being known by God, even before birth (cf. Jer. 1:5; LXX, REV, JB, NASV, TEV), based on the contextual link with Ps. 139:16b The "unformed" (BDB 166) is from the root "to roll up" (cf. 2 Kgs. 2:8) but here in the Aramaic sense of "unfinished vessel" AB (p. 295) translates it as "life stages," from Ugaritic root. ▣ "in Your book they were all written" This refers to the two books mentioned in Dan. 7:10 and Rev. 20:12:, the Book of Life (cf. Exod. 32:32; Ps. 69:28; Luke 10:20) the Book of Remembrances (cf. Ps. 56:8; Mal. 3:16). YHWH knows our lives, thoughts, and deeds before they are done in time. This is a recurrent emphasis in Scripture (cf. 1 Sam. 2:3; 16:7; 1 Kgs. 8:39; 1 Chr. 28:9; Ps. 7:9; 11:4-5; 17:3; 26:1-2; 139:23; Prov. 16:2; 21:2; 24:12; Jer. 11:20; 17:10; 20:12; Luke 16:15; Acts 1:24; 15:8; Rom.8:27; Rev. 2:23). Nothing is hidden from YHWH! Interestingly, Jewish scholars have had other opinions of the nature/content of this scroll. Rashi ‒ a list of all humans Ibn Ezra ‒ a precise divine guide of the formation of every person SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TWO BOOKS OF GOD ▣ "ordained" NKJV, REB "fashioned" NRSV, JPSOA "formed" "alloted" "inscribed" The VERB (BDB 427, KB 428; Owens, Analytical Key to the OT, calls it a Pual PERFECT, while OT Parsing Guide calls it a Qal PASSIVE) denotes the creations of a potter (cf. Gen. 2:7; Jer. 1:5). This VERB, like so many in this Psalm, denotes God's sovereign acts and knowledge related to His human creations.
Salmos 139:17-18
139:17 "How precious also are Your thoughts to me, O God" The translation "precious" (NKJV, Peshitta) is from the Hebrew root "heavy" or "weighty" (BDB 429, KB 431, Qal PERFECT, NRSV, JPSOA, cf. Ps. 116:15). It is possible to see this root as meaning "difficult" (KB 432, Qal, #1, TEV, NET; see Aramaic form in Dan. 2:11). The Septuagint follows a different Hebrew text and translates this phrase, "Thy friends, Oh God, have been greatly honored by me." For a parallel to Ps. 139:17 see Ps. 40:5. ▣ "How vast is the sum of them" There are several interpretive issues in this phrase. The term "vast" (BDB 782 I) is translated "bones" in Ps. 139:15 (BDB 782) but there seems to be no contextual link between them. The term "sum" (BDB 910 I) is literally "head." It could be "sum of a column of numbers." The ancients added up, not down. This would make a good parallel to Ps. 139:18a. However, AB (p. 296) asserts a better translation is "essence," following Ps. 119:160. The LXX interpreted this word as "rulers" or "principalities." There is obviously ambiguity here. Remember, this is Hebrew poetry, using many hapax legomena and rare words. SPECIAL TOPIC: DEMONS (fallen angels) and UFOs SPECIAL TOPIC: ANGELIC LEVELS IN PAUL'S WRITINGS 139:18 "If I should count them, they would outnumber the sand" Psalm 139:17 and 18 are amazing in the sense that the all-knowing, all-powerful, always-present God cares about each of His human creatures! ▣ "When I awake, I am still with You" The term "awake" (BDB 884, KB 1098, Hiphil PERFECT, LXX, Peshitta, TEV, NKJV) has several possible meanings. that it refers to the Hebrew concept of God's presence (cf. Ps. 73:23) that some Hebrew manuscripts have the term "finished" (JPSOA, REB) to give the sense of "finished counting your blessings" some take this as imagery for eternal life with God (NRSV, NJB, cf. Ps. 17:15; 23:6) the psalmist falling asleep while counting God's blessings and waking again to find Him still present (because he could not finish the counting, cf. Ps. 3:5; Prov. 3:24). Here are the two Hebrew forms. You can see how easily a human copyist could confuse them. I awoke ‒ הקיצתי I finished ‒ הקצתי
Salmos 139:19-22
139:19 "O that You would slay the wicked, O God" At first this last strophe (vv. 19-22) seems to be a radical break in the context, but it is really continuing the thoughts of a righteous God and His Personal Presence in a sinful world. The wicked are characterized in five phrases. they are murderers, Ps. 139:19b they speak wickedly, Ps. 139:20a they take God's name in vain, Ps. 139:20b they hate God, Ps. 139:21a they rise up against God, Ps. 139:21b The psalmist wishes that they would experience the curses of Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 27-30. The "two ways" of the performance-based Mosaic covenant has clear consequences in time and eternity (cf. Deut. 30:15,19; Psalm 1). ▣ "Depart from me" Note Ps. 6:8; 119:115; Matt. 7:23. This is exactly opposite from Ps. 139:18b, which speaks of God's presence with His faithful followers. This last strophe is characterized by IMPERATIVES (seven). There are no other IMPERATIVES in this Psalm. depart from me, Ps. 139:19 ‒ BDB 693, KB 747, Qal IMPERATIVE addressed to "the wicked" search me, Ps. 139:23 ‒ BDB 350, KB 347, Qal IMPERATIVE; the same root appears in Ps. 139:1, addressed to God, cf. Ps. 26:2; numbers 2-7 are addressed to God by the psalmist know my heart, Ps. 139:23 (twice) ‒ BDB 393, KB 390, Qal IMPERATIVE, see Ps. 139:1,2,14, addressed to God try me, Ps. 139:23 ‒ BDB 103, KB 119, Qal IMPERATIVE, cf. Ps. 7:9; 11:5 know, Ps. 139:23 ‒ same as #3 see, Ps. 139:24 ‒ BDB 906, KB 1157, Qal IMPERATIVE lead me, Ps. 139:24 ‒ BDB 634, KB 685, Qal IMPERATIVE, cf. Ps. 5:8; 31:3 139:20 NASB, NKJB, Peshitta "they speak against You" "those who speak of you maliciously" REB, NET "they rebel against you" "those who speak blasphemously about you" "they say wicked things about you" "you will speak against contriving" "who invoke You for intrigue" The MT has "who say of You wickedly." The UBS Text Project, p. 427, shows two options. MT, "who speak" ‒ אמר RSV, REB, NET, "who rebel" ‒ מרה It gives option #1 a "B" rating. ▣ NASB, NKJV, JPSOA "your enemies" "they" "your adversaries" MT, LXX, Peshitta "your cities" The UBS Text Project, pp. 427-428, gives the MT, LXX, Peshitta ("cities)" reading a "C" rating (i.e. considerable doubt). The Analytical Key to the OT by John J. Owens, p. 505, gives two options. cities ‒ עיר (BDB 746) enemies ‒ ער (BDB 786 II) ▣ NASB, NKJV, LXX "in vain" "falsely" "in malice" "for evil" "speaking evil" "without cause" It is possible to revocalize "in vain" (BDB 996, cf. Deut. 5:11; Ps. 24:4) in the sense of "to array against." It is uncertain if the men (or "cities") referred to are simply ignorant of YHWH or if they are aggressive enemies. 139:20-22 This is the psalmist's righteous indignation!
Salmos 139:23-24
139:23 "Search me" See full note at v. 1. ▣ "God" This is the general name for diety in the ANE, El. SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, A. ▣ "know" This is a parallel Qal IMPERATIVE. SPECIAL TOPIC: KNOW, A. #5. ▣ "my heart" See SPECIAL TOPIC: HEART. ▣ "Try me" In Ps. 26:2, this is one of three IMPERATIVES directed at YHWH. prove me (BDB 103, KB 119, Qal) try me (BDB 650, KB 702, Piel) test (BDB 864, KB 1057, Qal) kidneys (BDB 480) mind (BDB 524) ▣ "anxious thoughts" This is a rare root (BDB 972) which can denote anxious doubts about life circumstances ‒ Ps. 94:19 secret thoughts open to God ‒ Ps. 139:23 fear of enemies (vv. 11-12's implication) 139:24 "hurtful way in me" Some translate this as "idolatrous way" (BDB 780 I). This may be possible because the term "way" can be revocalized "idol." pain (BDB 780), עצב idol (BDB 781), עצב It is obvious that the author wants none of the attitudes or actions of the wicked, which are discussed in Ps. 139:19-22, in his life even if he does not immediately recognize them. The other option (AB, p. 285) is to see this Psalm as being from a godly person accused of idolatry (KB 865, NET). ▣ "the everlasting way" This is contrasted to the way of the wicked (cf. Ps. 1:1,4-5). Their way will pass away but following God's will results in eternal life (cf. Ps. 16:11; Jer. 6:16; 18:15; Job 22:15). This ancient way developed into the OT concept of biblical faith as a lifestyle and became fully developed in the NT title for the early church called "The Way." The NOUN "everlasting" (BDB 761) is the Hebrew 'olam, see SPECIAL TOPIC: FOREVER ('olam). SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PATH, THE WAY