Salmos 81
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Salmos 81
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS There is much debate over whether this relates to the Feast of Booths or Passover. SPECIAL TOPIC: FEASTS OF ISRAEL The Targum adds Tishri to Ps. 81:3, which is the month of the Feast of Booths. This Psalm obviously refers to the exodus and wilderness experience, so both the Passover and Feast of Booths fit. I think it is the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles, which commemorates the wilderness wanderings. JPSOA thinks it refers to the "New Year" liturgy. The difficulty is that Ps. 81:3 seems to refer to two different dates (i.e., first of the month and middle of the month).
Salmos 81:1-5
81:1-5 This strophe is an admonition of the psalmist to the covenant people to rejoice at YHWH's powerful deliverance of Israel from Egyptian bondage. sing for joy ‒ BDB 943, KB 1247, Hiphil IMPERATIVE, cf. Ps. 32:11 shout joyfully ‒ BDB 929, KB 1206, Hiphil IMPERATIVE raise a song ‒ BDB 669, KB 724, Qal IMPERATIVE strike the timbrel ‒ BDB 678, KB 733, Qal IMPERATIVE blow the trumpet ‒ BDB 1075, KB 1785, Qal IMPERATIVE 81:1 "to God our strength" "Strength" (BDB 738) is often linked with "refuge" (see SPECIAL TOPIC: REFUGE) to describe God (cf. Ps. 14:6; 46:1; 62:6-7). Faithful followers' hope, peace, and joy are in Him. ▣ "sing. . .shout" These were worship acts done in the temple on special gathering days. ▣ "the God of Jacob" This is an idiom for all the thirteen tribes of Israel. SPECIAL TOPIC: ISRAEL (the name) "God" is Elohim. This is the most common designation of Israel's Deity in Books 2 and 3 of the Psalter (i.e., Ps. 42-72; Ps. 73-89). SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, C. 81:2 "the timbrel" This musical instrument (BDB 1074, KB 1771) was a small handheld, circular frame with stretched animal skin. It was used in association with women dancing in the exodus victory in Exod. 15:20 (also note Jdgs. 11:34; 1 Sam. 18:6). ▣ "lyre" This stringed musical instrument (BDB 490, KB 484) was used in many cultural settings. ▣ "harp" This musical instrument (BDB 614) has been identified in several ways (see notes at Psalm 150). harp lute guitar 81:3 This verse is an admonition to worship God at the appropriate time and place. the new moon ‒ Israel's way to mark a new month (BDB 294, i.e., totally dark, cf. Num. 10:10; 28:11-15) full moon (BDB 409, i.e., totally bright, its use found only here and Prov. 7:20; it denoted the middle of the month) feast day (lists of several annual feast days, cf. Exodus 23 and Leviticus 23) Surprisingly Sabbaths are not mentioned (cf. 1 Chr. 23:31; 2 Chr. 2:4; Hos. 2:11). SPECIAL TOPIC: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN CALENDARS ▣ "Blow the trumpet" This instrument (BDB 1051) is mentioned in Exod. 19:16,19, when Israel prepared herself for YHWH's giving of His laws. Again this is an allusion to the exodus experience. SPECIAL TOPIC: HORNS USED BY ISRAEL SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FEASTS OF ISRAEL 81:4-5 "statute. . .ordinance. . .testimony" These terms are ways to designate YHWH's revelations to Israel. statutes ‒ BDB 349 ordinance ‒ BDB 1048 testimony ‒ BDB 730 In context these seem to refer to the revelations about feast days (cf. Exodus 23; Leviticus 23). See SPECIAL TOPIC: TERMS FOR GOD'S REVELATION. These laws seem to be the crux of what Ps. 81:5c means. Joseph's testimony of his faith in YHWH as he traveled through Egypt Moses' testimony as he shared YHWH's predictions of plagues the language of the Egyptians, which the Hebrews did not originally understand YHWH's laws that Israel rejected (cf. Ps. 81:8,11,13) the fearful voice of God on Mt. Sinai (i.e., relates Ps. 81:5c to Ps. 81:6) spoken in Hebrew, which by this time most Israelites did not understand because they spoke Egyptian. If so, Ps. 81:5c is more FIRST PERSON MASCULINE SINGULAR, which would denote YHWH. 81:5 "a language that I did not know" This is a literary idiom for Israel's time in Egypt (cf. Ps. 114:1). It is also used of the invasion and occupation of Canaan by Assyria ‒ Deut. 28:49 Babylon ‒ Jer. 5:15 Many modern translations see Ps. 81:5c as going with 81:6, not 81:5b. If so, it applies to YHWH speaking on Mt. Sinai (i.e., in Hebrew or in thunder). Israel was afraid of the powerful physical manifestation of YHWH on Mt. Sinai (cf. Exodus 19-20). The remaining verses record YHWH speaking (i.e., Ps. 81:6-16).
Salmos 81:6-10
81:6-10 This strophe is a summary of all the gracious acts of YHWH in the exodus and wilderness wandering period. Notice all the FIRST PERSON MASCULINE SINGULAR VERBS! YHWH is directly addressing His people. I relieved (lit. "removed"), Ps. 81:6 ‒ BDB 693, KB 747, Hiphil PERFECT I rescued (lit. "delivered"), Ps. 81:7 ‒ BDB 322, KB 321, Piel IMPERFECT with waw I answered, Ps. 81:7 ‒ BDB 772, KB 851, Qal IMPERFECT I proved, Ps. 81:7 ‒ BDB 103, KB 119, Qal IMPERFECT I will admonish, Ps. 81:8 ‒ BDB 729, KB 795, Hiphil COHORTATIVE I, the Lord, am your God, Ps. 81:10 ‒ covenant language I will fill it, Ps. 81:10 ‒ BDB 569, KB 583, Piel IMPERFECT used in a COHORTATIVE sense Also notice I gave them over to, Ps. 81:12 ‒ BDB 1018, KB 1511, Piel IMPERFECT with waw (cf. Rom. 1:24,26,28) I would quickly subdue, Ps. 81:14 I would feed you, Ps. 81:16 ‒ BDB 37, KB 46, Hiphil IMPERFECT with waw I would satisfy you, Ps. 81:16 ‒ BDB 959, KB 1302, Hiphil IMPERFECT YHWH speaks from Ps. 81:6 through 16 by means of a priest or prophet. 81:6 This verse refers to the forced labor of the Hebrew slaves (i.e., Exod. 1:8-14). 81:7 "You called in trouble and I rescued you" This is an allusion to YHWH's dialog with Moses in Exod. 3:7-10. ▣ "I answered you in the hiding place of thunder" This seems to allude to Israel's Mt. Sinai experience (cf. Exod. 19:19; 20:18). ▣ "I proved you at the waters of Meribah" This refers to the Israelites' experience recorded in Exod. 17:6-7 and Num. 20:13. The AB (pp. 265-266) sees this line as "though I was provoked by you" (cf. Exod. 17:7; Num. 14:22; 20:24; 27:14; Deut. 33:8). Each of these texts states that Israel tested God, not God tested Israel. Deuteronomy 33:8 seems to support the MT of Ps. 81:7c as God testing the Israelites. ▣ "Selah" See notes at Psalm 3:2. 81:8 "Hear" This is a Qal IMPERATIVE! It begins a series of references to Israel's lack of responding appropriately to YHWH's revelation (cf. Neh. 9:34). if you would listen ‒ Ps. 81:8 My people did not listen ‒ Ps. 81:11 Israel did not obey Me ‒ Ps. 81:11 Oh that My people would listen to Me ‒ Ps. 81:13 Derek Kidner, in the Tyndale Commentary series (p. 326), thinks "Hear, O My people" is an allusion to the Shema prayer of Deut. 6:4-6. It may well be! SPECIAL TOPIC: LISTEN/HEAR (shema) 81:9 Israel was commanded not to make or go after foreign gods (cf. Exod. 20:3,23). The Israelites were attracted to the fertility gods of Canaan. Israel's uniqueness in the ANE was her monotheism, which allowed for no rivals! The Jewish Study Bible (p. 1374) asserts that Ps. 81:9-10 are an allusion to Exod. 20:1-2; Deut. 5:6, but in reverse order. SPECIAL TOPIC: MONOTHEISM SPECIAL TOPIC: CONSEQUENCES OF IDOLATRY 81:10 This refers to YHWH's provision of food and water during the wilderness wandering period.
Salmos 81:11-16
81:11-16 This strophe contrasts what Israel did with what YHWH wanted to do for them. Israel's history of rebellion (cf. Ps. 78:17,40; Nehemiah 9; Acts 7) did not listen did not obey had stubborn hearts walked in their own devices YHWH's reaction judgment (1) gave them over to (cf. Ps. 78:29; Isa. 6:9-10; Rom. 1:24,26,28) the stubbornness of their hearts, Ps. 81:12; see SPECIAL TOPIC: STUBBORNNESS (2) gave them over to walk in their own devices, Ps. 81:12; see SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PATH, THE WAY (3) those who pretend obedience would suffer eternal loss, Ps. 81:15 His desire (1) that they would listen to Him, Ps. 81:13 (2) that they would walk in His ways, Ps. 81:13 His blessings (1) subdue their enemies, Ps. 81:14 (2) turn His hand against their adversaries, Ps. 81:14; see SPECIAL TOPIC: HAND (3) feed them (a) the finest of the wheat (cf. Deut. 32:14) (b) honey from the rock (i.e., the best food of the land, cf. Deut. 32:13) (4) satisfy them 81:16 This verse is an allusion to the abundance of Canaan (cf. Deut. 8:8). for "the finest of the wheat," see Deut. 32:14 for "honey from the rock," see Deut. 32:13 81:15 The question is "To whom is this verse directed?" Israel's enemies (fits with v. 14) unfaithful Israelites? (fits with v. 13). YHWH's blessings and protection conditioned on covenant obedience ▣ "forever" See SPECIAL TOPIC: FOREVER ('olam)