João 19
Bruce Hurt · Citado em PreceptAustin
João 19
(John Commentaries) Charts from Jensen's Survey of the NT - used by permission Another Chart from Charles Swindoll John 19:1 Pilate then took Jesus and scourged Him. Pilate: Mt 27:26-31 Mk 15:15-20 Lu 23:16,23 scourged: Ps 129:3 Isa 50:6 Isa 53:5 Mt 20:19 23:34 Mk 10:33,34 Lu 18:33 Ac 16:22,23 22:24,25 2Co 11:24 Heb 11:36 1Pe 2:24 James Stalker's classic Trial and Arrest of Jesus Christ - 7. THE CROWN OF THORNS Matt. 27:26–30; Mark 15:15–20; Luke 23:25; John 19:1–5. Alfred Edersheim - The Morning of Good Friday Mt 27:1, 2, 11–14; St. Mk 15:1–5; Lk 23:1–5; Jn 18:28–38; Lk 23:6–12; Mt 27:3–10; Mt 27:15–18; Mk 15:6–10; Lk 23:13–17; Jn 18:39, 40; Mt 27:19; Mt 27:20–31; Mk 15:11–20; Lk 23:18–25; Jn 19:1–16 Related Passages: Isaiah 50:6 I gave My back to those who strike (Hebrew - nakah = smite; LXX = mastix = whip, lash, scourge) Me, And My cheeks to those who pluck out the beard; I did not cover My face from humiliation and spitting. Isaiah 53:5+ But He was pierced through for our transgressions, He was crushed for our iniquities; The chastening (LXX = paideia) for our well-being fell upon Him, And by His scourging (Hebrew = chabburah = stripe, blow, bruise; LXX = molops = MARKS LEFT BY A BLOW) we are healed. Matthew 27:24-30+ When Pilate saw that he was accomplishing nothing, but rather that a riot was starting, he took water and washed his hands in front of the crowd, saying, “I am innocent of this Man’s blood; see to that yourselves.” 25 And all the people said, “His blood shall be on us and on our children!” (cf. Acts 5:28+).26 Then he released Barabbas for them; but after having Jesus scourged, he handed Him over to be crucified. 27 Then the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the Praetorium and gathered the whole Roman cohort around Him. 28 They stripped Him and put a scarlet robe on Him. 29 And after twisting together a crown of thorns, they put it on His head, and a reed in His right hand; and they knelt down before Him and mocked Him, saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!” 30 They spat on Him, and took the reed and began to beat Him on the head. Mark 15:15-20+ Wishing to satisfy the crowd, Pilate released Barabbas for them, and after having Jesus scourged, he handed Him over to be crucified. 16 The soldiers took Him away into the palace (that is, the Praetorium), and they *called together the whole Roman cohort. 17 They *dressed Him up in purple, and after twisting a crown of thorns, they put it on Him; 18 and they began to acclaim Him, “Hail, King of the Jews!” 19 They kept beating His head with a reed, and spitting on Him, and kneeling and bowing before Him. 20 After they had mocked Him, they took the purple robe off Him and put His own garments on Him. And they *led Him out to crucify Him. Luke 23:25+ And he released the man they were asking for who had been thrown into prison for insurrection and murder, but he delivered Jesus to their will. (IT IS INTERESTING THAT LUKE IS THE ONLY GOSPEL WRITER WHO DOES NOT DESCRIBE THE FLOGGING). Note that many of the details in Jn 19:1-15 are NOT found in the other Gospels. Surprisingly, the Gospel of Luke has no description of the scourging or mocking of Jesus by the soldiers. Pilate then took Jesus and scourged (mastigoo different verb from phragelloo in Mt 27:26+, Mk 15:15+) Him - (See Pilate's movements) NET = "flogged severely" - Think about this for a moment -- what had Pilate declared in Jn 18:38? "Not guilty!" And yet now he scourges a man he knows is innocent. Some postulate that he may have reasoned that this punishment would satisfy the Jews and they would no longer demand the death penalty. For example, Lk 23:22 records Pilate spoke to the Jews and "said to them the third time, “Why, what evil has this man done? I have found in Him no guilt demanding death; therefore I will punish Him and release Him.” The Jews limited flogging to 39 lashes but the Romans had no such rule so it is likely Jesus received more that 39 lashes which would have inflicted major tissue damage and blood loss from His back. The scourging, crucifixion and resurrection fulfilled Jesus' prophecy in the Gospels: Mark 10:33-34+ “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be delivered to the chief priests and the scribes; and they will condemn Him to death and will hand Him over to the Gentiles.“They will mock Him and spit on Him, and scourge Him and kill Him, and three days later He will rise again.” Matthew 20:18-19+ “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem; and the Son of Man will be delivered to the chief priests and scribes, and they will condemn Him to death, 19 and will hand Him over to the Gentiles to mock and scourge and crucify Him, and on the third day He will be raised up.” Luke 18:32-33+ For He will be handed over to the Gentiles (ROMAN SOLDIERS), and will be mocked and mistreated and spit upon, 33 and after they have scourged Him, they will kill Him; and the third day He will rise again.” The scourging of Jesus was considered to be the preparation of a criminal who was to be crucified. There as some writers (SEE NOTE DISCUSSING POSSIBILITY OF 2 FLOGGINGS - SEE EXCELLENT SUMMARY DISCUSSION OF THIS ISSUE BY D A CARSON) who think that Jesus may have experienced two types of scourging, the first a milder form in an attempt to appease the Jews and a severe form in preparation for the Cross. Pilate clearly did not think Jesus was guilty of any crime and might have been attempting to appease the Jews with some degree of punishment. In any event, it is clear that Pilate underestimated the intense hatred the Jewish leaders had for Jesus. In fact the desire to murder Jesus had been on their heart and mind for a long time, John recording in Jn 5:18+ "the Jews were seeking all the more to kill Him, because He not only was breaking the Sabbath, but also was calling God His own Father, making Himself equal with God." William L. Lane details for us the horrific beating and punishment scourging entailed: “A Roman scourging was a terrifying punishment. The delinquent was stripped, bound to a post or a pillar, or sometimes simply thrown to [the] ground, and was beaten by a number of guards until his flesh hung in bleeding shreds. The instrument indicated by the Marcan text, the dreaded flagellum, was a scourge consisting of leather thongs plaited with several pieces of bone or lead so as to form a chain (ED: SEE DEPICTION BELOW). No maximum number of strokes was prescribed by Roman law, and men condemned to flagellation frequently collapsed and died from the flogging. Josephus records that he himself had some of his opponents in Galilee scourged until their entrails were visible (War II.xxi.5), while the procurator Albinus had the prophet Jesus bar Hanan scourged until his bones lay visible (Josephus War VI. v. 3).” (The Gospel According to Mark: The English Text - Page 557). Schematic of Roman Scourging - click to enlarge A T
João 19:30
John 19:30 Therefore when Jesus had received the sour wine, He said, "It is finished!" And He bowed His head and gave up His spirit. (NASB: Lockman) Greek: hote oun elaben (3SAAI) to oxos [o] Iesous eipen, (3SAAI) Tetelestai; (3SRPI) kai klinas (AAPMSN) ten kephalen paredoken (3SAAI) to pneuma. Amplified: When Jesus had received the sour wine, He said, It is finished! And He bowed His head and gave up His spirit. (Amplified Bible - Lockman) BBE: So when Jesus had taken the wine he said, "All is done". And with his head bent he gave up his spirit. CEV: After Jesus drank the wine, he said, "Everything is done!" He bowed his head and died. ESV: When Jesus had received the sour wine, he said, “It is finished,” and he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. KJV: When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost. NET: So when he had received the sour wine, Jesus said, "It is completed," and he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. NJB: After Jesus had taken the wine he said, ‘It is fulfilled'; and bowing his head he gave up his spirit.