Deuteronômio 33
F.B. Meyer · Citado em PreceptAustin
Deuteronômio 33
Meyer - Deuteronomy 33:1–17. The glorious nature of God is the opening theme here. The reference is to the giving of the Law when, amid fire and the mediation of angels, God descended on Sinai, Psa. 18:7–9; Hab. 3:3, 4. Oh, that we, too, may sit as pupils in God’s school and receive his words, verse 3. Though Reuben could not excel, he was not forgotten. Simeon is omitted because of Numbers 25:14. Judah was to receive prosperity in prayer, in work and in war. Some render the benediction thus: “Bring him in safety from his wars!” But our warfare is different, Eph. 6:12. Levi receives special blessing. Note R. V. margin: “Thy Thummim and thy Urim are with him whom thou lovest.” This is the white diamond-stone flashing with God’s “Yes” or dimming with his “No,” Rev. 2:17. Exod. 32:26 was never forgotten. See Matt. 25:37. But God forgets our sins, Heb. 8:12. Benjamin’s portion may be yours. The precious things of Joseph’s heritage pale to insignificance when contrasted with the riches of God’s grace, Eph. 1:18. Deuteronomy 33:2 He said, "The LORD came from Sinai, And dawned on them from Seir; He shone forth from Mount Paran, And He came from the midst of ten thousand holy ones; At His right hand there was flashing lightning for them. came from Sinai: Ex 19:18-20 Jud 5:4,5 Hab 3:3 ten thousand : Ps 68:7,17 Da 7:9 Ac 7:53 Ga 3:19 2Th 1:7 Heb 2:2 Jude 1:14 Rev 5:11 a fiery law: Heb. a fire of law, De 5:22 2Co 3:7,9 Ga 3:10 Heb 12:20 Related Passages: Judges 5:4-5+ “LORD, when You went out from Seir, When You marched from the field of Edom, The earth quaked, the heavens also dripped, Even the clouds dripped water. 5“The mountains quaked at the presence of the LORD, This Sinai, at the presence of the LORD, the God of Israel. Psalm 68:7-8+ O God, when You went forth before Your people, When You marched through the wilderness, Selah. 8The earth quaked; The heavens also dropped rain at the presence of God; Sinai itself quaked at the presence of God, the God of Israel. Habakkuk 3:3+ God comes from Teman, And the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor covers the heavens, And the earth is full of His praise. He said, "The LORD came from Sinai, And dawned on them from Seir; He shone forth from Mount Paran - Moses, in introducing his blessing (cf. Jacob's in Ge49), recounts God's advancing with His people from Sinai, Seir (Edom), and Paran (NE part of the Sinai Peninsula). NIDOTTE - Several texts refer to Yahweh arising out of Seir (Deut 33:2; Judg 5:4; cf. Hab 3:3, where Teman is parallel with Mount Paran). These statements could be taken to support a Seir located south of Judah, but caution must be exercised when dealing with poetic language and geographic details. Bartlett has proposed that Esau and Seir originally were connected with lands south of Judah and that the connections with Edom and the lands east of the Arabah are secondary. What seems clear is that Seir finds limited use by the prophets; in prophetic literature Seir and Edom are synonymous. Carl Amerding - Unlike the blessing of Jacob which begins with an address to Reuben his firstborn, that of Moses begins with a majestic vision of the Lord coming from Sinai, rising up from Seir, and shining forth from Mount Paran. In addition to the fact that the places here mentioned are related to Israel, Esau, and Ishmael respectively, we may also note progress in the coming, the rising up, and the shining forth. It is the Lord in His government coming from, or with, His holy ones and having a law of fire in His right hand. The fact that reference is made to His coming from Sinai would seem to connect this with the initial giving of the law and all of the fiery phenomena, symbols of His holiness, which attended that solemn occasion. (The Last Words of Moses: Deuteronomy 33). And He came from the midst of ten thousand holy ones - Who are the holy ones? KJV is a bit misleading translating it as "thousands of saints." These were not saints (believers all of whom are saints) but surely were angelic hosts as substantiated by the passages below. In addition, the Septuagint says when the Lord came from Sinai there were “at his right hand angels with him.” (ek dexion autou aggeloi [aggelos/angelos] met autou) ( Ps 68:17) The rabbis also thought angels were there on that great occasion. In fairness here is the full Septuagint - note that the Jewish translators has "with ten thousands of Cades" not "ten thousands of angels." The meaning of Cades is uncertain but probably refers to "Kadesh" or "Meribah-kadesh" (qadesh means something like "sacred"). The upshot is that we do well to not be dogmatic about what this passage states remembering Dt 29:29 -- Septuagint - "And he said, The Lord is come from Sina, and has appeared from Seir to us, and has hasted out of the mount of Pharan, with the ten thousands of Cades; on his right hand were his angels with him. (Deu 33:2 LXE) Acts 7:53 you who received the law as ordained by angels, and yet did not keep it.” Galatians 3:19 Why the Law then? It was added because of transgressions, having been ordained through angels by the agency of a mediator, until the seed would come to whom the promise had been made. Hebrews 2:2 For if the word spoken through angels proved unalterable, and every transgression and disobedience received a just penalty, NET NOTE -- With slight alteration (מִמְרִבַת קָדֵשׁ [mimrivat qadesh] for the MT’s מֵרִבְבֹת קֹדֶשׁ [merivvot qodesh]) the translation would be “from Meribah Kadesh” (cf. NAB, NLT; see Deut 32:51). However, the language of holy war in the immediate context favors the reading of the MT, which views the Lord as accompanied by angelic hosts.
Deuteronômio 33
Meyer - Deuteronomy 33:8 Thy Thummim and thy Urim are with Him whom thou lovest. (R.V., marg.) What a contrast between the blessings of Jacob and of Moses! In Jacob’s farewell charge, we find the ominous words, “Cursed be Levi”; and he foretells that this tribe should be divided and scattered in Israel. But here the curse is turned into a blessing; and the scattering is transformed into a holy ministry for the whole of Israel, “They shall teach Jacob thy judgments and Israel thy law.” See to what a place of privilege they are exalted! “They shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt-offering upon thine altar.” If ever there was an illustration of the power we have to turn a curse into a blessing, it is here. Step by step the results of that awful sin, for which Jacob cursed his sons, are changed into benedictions. Where sin abounded, grace has much more abounded; indeed, it has reigned, it has broken out into radiant and royal glory. Do not sit down hopeless, because of the consequences of an early sin that threaten to follow thee to thy grave. Thou mayest yet get honey out of the lion’s carcase. The way to this was by entire devotion to the call of God. After the sin of the golden calf, Levi said of his father and of his mother, I have not seen them; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor know his children. The cause of God, which Aaron had so ruthlessly betrayed, was dearer to him than the tenderest ties of blood. So he came into God’s secret counsels of love, and knew the Urim and Thummim answers of the One whom he loved. “The secret of the Lord is with them that fear Him.” It is only to those with whom He dwells that He can communicate his blessed will and purposes. Oh, may such bliss be mine! Deuteronomy 33:9 Who said of his father and his mother, 'I did not consider them'; And he did not acknowledge his brothers, Nor did he regard his own sons, For they observed Your word, And kept Your covenant. Who said: Ex 32:25-29 Lev 10:6 21:11 Mt 10:37 12:48 22:16 Lu 14:26 2Co 5:16 Ga 1:10 1Th 2:4 1Ti 5:21 not: Ge 29:32 1Ch 17:17 Job 37:24 for they: Jer 18:18 Mal 2:5-7 LEVI REMAINED FAITHFUL Who said of his father and his mother, 'I did not consider them'; And he did not acknowledge his brothers, Nor did he regard his own sons, For they observed Your word, And kept Your covenant - "He said to his father and mother, "I have not seen him," and he did not acknowledge his own brothers (ED: cf Ex 32:27-28) or know his own children, for they kept your word, and guarded your covenant." (Dt 33:9NET) The NET NOTE explains "This statement no doubt alludes to the Levites' destruction of their own fellow tribesmen following the golden calf incident (Ex 32:25–29)." Exodus 32:25-29+ Now when Moses saw that the people were out of control–for Aaron had let them get out of control to be a derision among their enemies– 26 then Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, “Whoever is for the LORD, come to me!” And all the sons of Levi gathered together to him. 27 He said to them, “Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, ‘Every man of you put his sword upon his thigh, and go back and forth from gate to gate in the camp, and kill every man his brother, and every man his friend, and every man his neighbor.’” 28 So the sons of Levi did as Moses instructed, and about three thousand men of the people fell that day. 29 Then Moses said, “Dedicate yourselves today to the LORD–for every man has been against his son and against his brother–in order that He may bestow a blessing upon you today.”
Deuteronômio 33
Meyer - Deuteronomy 33:18–29. Zebulun and Issachar, sons of Leah, were neighbors in Canaan, and, being on the seaboard, became wealthy by commerce. The calling of the peoples may refer to the Gentile proselytes who were influenced by these tribes, 1 Kings 5:1–6; Mark 7:26. The blessing of the other tribes is suggested by their position in Canaan: Gad, the leader of the west; Dan, standing on the southern frontier, like a lion at bay; Naphtali, possessing the sea of Galilee, see R. V. margin; Asher on the northwest, with mountain barriers against invasion. “Iron and brass!” Let your soul dwell in the timeless, changeless, tireless God. There is none like him. He will ride through heaven to help you, will thrust out the enemies that resist your progress, will be your fountain and dew, your corn and wine, and will place beneath you arms as tender as they are loving. However low you fall, they will always be underneath. As your day, so your strength! Deuteronomy 33:18 Going Out with Joy - Faith's Checkbook “And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out.”—Deuteronomy 33:18 THE blessings of the tribes are ours (BY APPLICATION); for we are those who worship God in the spirit, and have no confidence in the flesh. Zebulun is to rejoice because Jehovah will bless his going out; we also see a promise for ourselves lying latent in this benediction. When we go out, we will look out for occasions of joy. We go out to travel, and the providence of God is our convoy. We go out to emigrate, and the Lord is with us both on land and sea. We go out as missionaries, and Jesus saith, “Lo, I am with you unto the end of the world.” We go out day by day to our labor, and we may do so with pleasure, for God will be with us from morn till eve. A fear sometimes creeps over us when starting, for we know not what we may meet with; but this blessing may serve us right well as a word of good cheer. As we pack up for moving, let us put this verse into our traveling trunk; let us drop it into our hearts and keep it there; yea, let us lay it on our tongue to make us sing. Let us weigh anchor with a song or jump into the carriage with a psalm. Let us belong to the rejoicing tribe and, in our every movement, praise the Lord with joyful hearts. QUESTION - Who was Issachar in the Bible? ANSWER Issachar was Jacob’s ninth son and ancestor of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. In Hebrew, Issachar means either “man of reward” or “hired man.” His name is associated with the circumstances of his birth. Issachar’s mother was Leah. After she gave birth to her fourth son, Judah, Leah stopped having children and was presumed to be barren (Genesis 29:35). One day her oldest son, Reuben, came across mandrakes in the field. In folk medicine, these flowering herbs were thought to enhance a woman’s fertility. Reuben picked the mandrakes and brought them to his mother. Leah and her younger sister, Rachel, argued over the mandrakes, but finally came to an agreement. Leah would give Rachel some of the mandrakes as a reward or payment for allowing Leah to sleep with their husband, Jacob. That night, Leah became pregnant and later gave Jacob her fifth (and his ninth) son, Issachar (Genesis 30:14–18). As a Bible character, Issachar plays almost no role in the family story. We know he fathered four sons: Tola, Puah, Jashub, and Shimron (Genesis 46:13). To escape the famine, Issachar joined Jacob in relocating his family to Egypt, where Issachar eventually died and was buried. Later his body was moved to Shechem with the rest of the patriarchs (Acts 7:16). Like his brothers, Issachar received a blessing from his father before Jacob’s death: “Issachar is a rawboned donkey lying down among the sheep pens. When he sees how good is his resting place and how pleasant is his land, he will bend his shoulder to the burden and submit to forced labor” (Genesis 49:14–15). The blessing seems more like a curse, possibly indicating that the tribe of Issachar was forced to work for a Canaanite king at some point. The territory of the tribe of Issachar, described in Joshua 19:17–23, incorporated the fertile eastern section of the valley of the Jezreel River, a western tributary of the Jordan, with Mount Tabor to the north and the Jordan River to the east. Issachar shared a border and close connection with the tribe of Zebulon. This link is evident in the common blessing given by Moses before this death: “About Zebulun he said: ‘Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and you, Issachar, in your tents. They will summon peoples to the mountain and there offer the sacrifices of the righteous; they will feast on the abundance of the seas, on the treasures hidden in the sand’” (Deuteronomy 33:18–19). Issachar was a large tribe. Its battle-ready men numbered 54,400 in the first census (Numbers 1:29). By the time of the second census, it had increased to 64,400 (Numbers 26:25). During the reign of King David, Issachar’s mighty men numbered 87,000 (1 Chronicles 7:5). In the time of the judges, Issachar’s tribe joined with Deborah and Barak to defeat Jabin, the king of Hazor (Judges 5:15). From Issachar’s tribe came a later judge, Tola (Judges 10:1–2), as well as two kings of Israel, Baasha and his son Elah (1 Kings 15:27 – 16:14). As one of the northern tribes in the divided kingdom, Issachar was taken into captivity when the northern kingdom fell. There is a brief mention in the Bible of another man named Issachar: a Levite and descendant of Korah. This Issachar was one of the door-keepers of the temple. He is listed as the seventh son of Obed-edom and was one of the “capable men with the strength to do the work” (1 Chronicles 26:8). GotQuestions.org QUESTION - What can we learn from the tribe of Issachar? ANSWER Each of the twelve sons of Israel / Jacob received a blessing from his father just before Jacob’s death. The twelve sons were the progenitors of the twelve tribes of Israel, and Jacob’s blessings contained prophetic information about each tribe. In the case of the tribe of Issachar, Jacob prophesied, “Issachar is a rawboned donkey, lying down between two burdens; He saw that rest was good, and that the land was pleasant; He bowed his shoulder to bear a burden, and became a band of slaves” (Genesis 49:14-15). The first part of the prophecy about the tribe of Issachar, whose name means either “he will bring a reward” or “man of wages,” is somewhat obscure. The word translated “rawboned” in the NIV is translated “strong” in other versions. It can also mean “bony” as in “nothing but skin and bones.” Therefore, the prophecy could either mean that the descendants of Issachar would be strong and robust, able to bear burdens, or that they would be thin and weak and unable to do so. The image of a donkey lying down between its burdens can also be interpreted two ways. On one hand, it could portray a sturdy animal resting for the task ahead. On the other hand, donkeys also are known to stubbornly crouch between their burdens to keep from having to do the work! Again, the prophecy eludes a dogmatic interpretation. The subsequent history of Issachar in the Bible does not conclusively favor either construal. As for the second part of the prophecy, some commentators believe it is an indication that the descendants of Issachar would be farmers—the reference to “a band of slaves” means they would be servants of the land. Others see it as a prediction of forced labor, although nothing in Scripture indicates that the tribe of Issachar was ever forced into slavery of any kind. In fact, the Hebrew wording is so obscure that English translations vary widely. Consider the following: KJV: “Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens: And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute.” ESV: "Issachar is a strong donkey, crouching between the sheepfolds. He saw that a resting place was good, and that the land was pleasant, so he bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant at forced labor.” NASB: “Issachar is a strong donkey, Lying down between the sheepfolds. When he saw that a resting place was good And that the land was pleasant, He bowed his shoulder to bear burdens, And became a slave at forced labor.” NIV: “Issachar is a rawboned donkey lying down between two saddlebags. When he sees how good is his resting place and how pleasant is his land, he will bend his shoulder to the burden and submit to forced labor.” There is another reference to the men of Issachar during the time of David’s struggle against Saul (1 Chronicles 12:32). The two hundred chiefs of Issachar who are faithful to David are described as those who “understood the times and knew what Israel should do.” Scholars are divided on the meaning of the phrase “understood the times.” Some portray the men of Issachar as politically astute, knowing how to use current events to their own advantage. Others interpret the phrase to mean they were known for their understanding of astronomy and physical science. Still others see them as men of prudence and wisdom who, because of their religious scholarship, knew that this was the proper time for David to become king. The truth is that we really don’t know for sure. As part of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, the territory of Issachar was conquered by the Assyrians around 720 B.C. and the tribe exiled. After that, all explicit biblical references to the tribe cease. How are we to understand these references to Issachar and their different interpretations, and what do they mean to us as Christians? First, it’s important to understand that Jacob’s prophecies to his sons were just that—prophecies to his sons. We should be very careful when applying Old Testament passages to the Church Age or to Christians in general. We can, however, glean certain general principles regarding work and its rewards. The Bible makes it clear that work is a gift from God for the benefit of His people (Ecclesiastes 3:12-13; 5:18-20) and those who don’t work shouldn’t eat (2 Thessalonians 3:10). The Bible contains numerous references to those who work as reaping rewards, both in the temporal and spiritual realms (2 Chronicles 15:7; 1 Corinthians 3:8,14; 2 John 1:8; Revelation 2:23; 22:12). There are some who would point to the different translations of Genesis 49:14-15 as evidence of the unreliability of the Bible. However, it must be remembered that such cases of obscurity are extremely rare, and none of the cardinal doctrines of the Christian faith are ever in question. Whether the donkey was bony or robust does not affect the Bible’s teaching on sin, death, judgment, heaven, hell, the atonement of Christ, or a myriad other doctrines. Scripture contains ample information regarding these doctrines to make them clearly understood to all who have “ears to hear” (Mark 4:9, 23). GotQuestions.org Deuteronomy 33:19 "They will call peoples to the mountain; There they will offer righteous sacrifices; For they will draw out the abundance of the seas, And the hidden treasures of the sand." call peoples: Isa 2:3 Jer 50:4,5 Mic 4:2 they will: Ps 4:5 50:13-15 51:16,17 107:22 Heb 13:15,16 1Pe 2:5 draw out: De 32:13 Isa 60:5,16 66:11,12 MORE BLESSINGS ON ZEBULUN & ISSACHAR They will call peoples to the mountain. here they will offer righteous sacrifices - "there offer sacrifices of righteousness." (Dt 33:19NIV)This is not clear, but does suggest a worship setting. In the context of the apparent blessings they received from the sea, this would support the premise that this section refers to grateful worship. For they will draw out the abundance of the seas, And the hidden treasures of the sand - "they will feast on the abundance of the seas, on the treasures hidden in the sand." (Dt 33:19NIV) In Ge 49:13 Jacob identified Zebulun with the sea declaring "Zebulun will dwell at the seashore; And he shall be a haven for ships, And his flank shall be toward Sidon." NIDOTTE - Like many of the terms for abundance, the nom. שֶׁפַע is poetic and occurs in the OT only in Moses’ blessing of Zebulun and Issachar in Deut 33:19. The prosperity of the two tribes is linked to the seas (cf. the association of Zebulun with the sea in Jacob’s blessing, Gen 49:13). The “superabundance” of the seas (i.e., fishing, maritime commerce, and seacoast industries like dye-making from shellfish and glass-making from sand) will provide great wealth for the peoples of Zebulun and Issachar. Deere - the source of their prosperity was clearly the seas (in Gen. 49:13–15 only Zebulun is associated with the sea). Though neither tribe apparently touched the Mediterranean Sea, Issachar was near the Sea of Kinnereth (Galilee), and Zebulun was only a few miles from the Mediterranean; merchants probably traversed both tribal territories with sea products. (Bible Knowledge Commentary) Deuteronomy 33:20 Of Gad he said, "Blessed is the one who enlarges Gad; He lies down as a lion, And tears the arm, also the crown of the head. Blessed: Ge 9:26,27 Jos 13:8,10,24-28 1Ch 4:10 12:8,37,38 Ps 18:19,36 He lies down as a lion: 1Ch 5:18-21 12:8-14 tears: Mic 5:8 Related Passages: 1 Chronicles 5:18-21 The sons of Reuben and the Gadites and the half-tribe of Manasseh, consisting of valiant men, men who bore shield and sword and shot with bow and were skillful in battle, were 44,760, who went to war. 19 They made war against the Hagrites, Jetur, Naphish and Nodab. 20 They were helped against them, and the Hagrites and all who were with them were given into their hand; for they cried out to God in the battle, and He answered their prayers because they trusted in Him. 21 They took away their cattle: their 50,000 camels, 250,000 sheep, 2,000 donkeys; and 100,000 men. Genesis 48:19 But his father refused and said, “I know, my son, I know; he also will become a people and he also will be great. However, his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his descendants shall become a multitude of nations.” Gad Click to Enlarge Look at map showing shrinking of the lands of Reuben, Gad, Manasseh by 830 BC! Of Gad he said, "Blessed (barak) is the one who enlarges Gad - "Blessed is the one who enlarges Gad's territory!" (Dt 33:20NLT) The blessing would seem to actually be bestowed on Yahweh Himself for He is the One Who can truly enlarge territory. Merrill - Moses celebrated the goodness of the Lord who had enlarged Gad (i.e., its territory, as in NIV; cf. Exod 34:24; Deut 12:20; 19:8; Isa 54:2; Amos 1:13) and equipped him to live (there) in strength and security (v. 20). (New American Commentary) He lies down as a lion, And tears the arm, also the crown of the head - "Gad is poised there like a lion to tear off an arm or a head." (Dt 33:20NLT) NET has "he will tear at an arm – indeed, a scalp" picturing Gad attacking prey. He would tear to sheds any who dared to harm him. Gad’s militancy is emphasized both by Jacob (Gen. 49:19) and here by Moses.